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在近几期英语训练营中,“英语写作怎么练”是同学们常问的高频话题。
全国卷的英语作文板块分数有40分,包括读后续写和作文两个题型,可谓占比不低。但我发现,绝大部分同学是不知道怎么练英文写作的,往往是背了不少范文和高级句型,却不懂落地运用;更有不少同学由于不懂如何练习,甚至半放弃了写作板块,在考场上想到什么写什么,把几句车轱辘话滚来滚去,不仅得分不高,还花了很多时间。
其实只要掌握方法,写作板块的提升并不难,可以在短期内达到一个中上水准的分数。今天就把练习方法分享给大家,其中包括一些英语训练营的内部付费技巧,首次公开,请认真学习。参加了训练营的同学也可以通过本文复习下练习方法,看看自己是否执行有什么遗漏。
读后续写如何练
读后续写板块既考察学生的英语基础能力,又考察了思维能力。
英语基础能力体现在,给你一篇续写题目,你是否能读懂文段大意,有些同学直接卡在单词、句型看不懂,那么就难以推进了,需要提升基础功。
思维能力则是我们今天要解决的重点,在能看懂背景文段的情况下,该如何把握背景文段关键信息,合理推测续写方向,并且写出一篇逻辑顺畅、内容丰富的续写文段呢?
首先,你需要用到两种思维方法,结构化思维和逻辑链条。
此外,还要准备一篇配有优秀范文的读后续写题目,要以范文为标杆,来对比出我们思路上、语言表达的不足,从而找到提升的方向。
下面来讲练习方法:
一、通读背景文段,了解重点信息,并对文章做结构化。
在通读过程中,你需要把一些重点信息、关键细节圈画出来,这一方面可以帮你判断续写的情节走向;另一方面,故事细节可以用于续写中,丰富你的续写内容。读完后,画出本文的思维导图,这将让你对文章重点内容非常清晰明了。
以《母亲节》这篇题目为例,给大家演示下练法。其中划线句子,是关键情节或细节。
阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。
The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the surprise they were planning for Mother’s Day. How pleased and proud Mother would be when they brought her breakfast in bed. They planned to make French toast and chicken porridge. They had watched their mother in the kitchen. There was nothing to it. Jenna and Jeff knew exactly what to do.(Para1:双胞胎为母亲节准备惊喜,计划早餐做吐司和鸡肉粥)
The big day came at last. The alarm rang at 6 a.m.The pair went down the stairs quietly to the kitchen. They decided to boil the porridge first. They put some rice into a pot of water and left it to boil while they made the French toast. Jeff broke two eggs into a plate and added in some milk. Jenna found the bread and put two slices into the egg mixture. Next,Jeff turned on the second stove burner to heat up the frying pan. Everything was going smoothly until Jeff started frying the bread. The pan was too hot and the bread turned black within seconds. Jenna threw the burnt piece into the sink and put in the other slice of bread. This time,she turned down the fire so it cooked nicely.(Para2:具体的准备过程)
Then Jeff noticed steam shooting out of the pot and the lid starting to shake.The next minute,the porridge boiled over and put out the fire.Jenna panicked.Thankfully,Jeff stayed calm and turned off the gas quickly.But the stove was a mess now.Jenna told Jeff to clean it up so they could continue to cook the rest of the porridge.But Jeff’s hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain.Jenna made him put his hand in cold water.Then she caught the smell of burning.Oh dear!The piece of bread in the pan had turned black as well.(Para3:粥溢出,吐司糊了,厨房脏了,Jeff受伤)
读完后,可以整理出思维导图:
二、结合背景文段和题目提示,做逻辑链推理
读后续写题中,除了背景文段,续写中还会给两句提示,提醒我们情节发展的方向。比如在《母亲节》这道题里,就提示了两个关键情节:1.在双胞胎失望之际,爸爸出现了。2.双胞胎带着早餐叫醒了妈妈。
读到这里,不难推测接下来的发展方向:爸爸出现帮忙做好了饭,孩子们端给妈妈吃了。并且明确了故事中的三个对象:孩子、爸爸、妈妈。确定了情节发展方向和主要人物,我们就可以适当展开想象,填充细节:例如爸爸出现后做了哪些事去帮助完成早餐,妈妈看到饭后反应如何,双胞胎和爸爸的感受、反应如何?从而形成整体框架。
(先不要看后文,自己构思一个逻辑链试试吧!)
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暂停想一想
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你是不是胸有成竹,感觉自己已经会写逻辑链了?但很多同学刚开始练逻辑链,是无从下手的,写出来是这个样子:
爸爸出现→爸爸教双胞胎做饭→双胞胎端饭给妈妈→妈妈感动
你写的是不是和这个高度雷同?实际上,考场上80%的同学都是这样想的。当然,整体的思路并没有错,但问题在于太简略了。这会导致两个问题:1.由于情节太少,实际写作时无话可说。2.由于情节单一,和其他人内容高度雷同,分数无法拉开差距。
没有训练过逻辑链的同学,很容易会陷入上述问题中,语文的写作也是同理。而想练好逻辑链,最简单的方法是,向范文学习。
三.梳理出范文的逻辑链条,与自己的链条做对比。
仍以《母亲节》为例,下述是它的范文,通读后,我们需要整理出逻辑链条。
范文:
Paragraph 1:As the twins looked around them in disappointment, their father appeared.One look and he knew what they were up to.Seeing their disappointed faces, he advised them to clean up the kitchen while he helped them make breakfast secretly for Mother. The twins immediately cheered up and did as told. Within half an hour, the kitchen was clean, and the children went back to write a card.,Father made some egg sandwiches and cooked some oat porridge, and then he sneaked back to bed.After a while, the twins prepared the breakfast tray, adding the delicate card they had made.
Paragraph 2:The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up. They hugged her and yelled, "Happy Mother’s Day! Room service!"Mother hugged back the twins.An inviting smell of breakfast hung in the air, Mother’s eyes automatically rested on the breakfast tray.So sweet was the surprise that she excitedly shook Father, who was pretending to snore. He feigned astonishment when he saw the breakfast. Mother bit into a sandwich and exclaimed it was the best she had ever tasted. Jeff instantly begged to have a bite. Jenna exchanged a glance with Father and they winked at each other secretly.
范文逻辑链条如下,不同的颜色对应不同的动作发出者:
可以看到,相比于大多数同学粗糙的逻辑链,范文的情节更加细致,例如“孩子清理现场”呼应了前文厨房弄脏的细节,“孩子祝福”、“孩子和爸爸演戏,假装饭是孩子独立完成的”则是额外的想象,让续写内容更丰富,与他人的作文形成区分,更易在考场获得老师青睐。
逻辑链条是文章的骨架,通过逻辑链的比较,能更直观的发现自己情节构建上的不足。完成这一步后,我们来做语言表达上的提升训练。
第四步,用范文的逻辑链条自己写作一遍,与范文对比。
这一步可以和之前的步骤隔一到两天进行,防止之前阅读范文时留下的短期记忆干扰。如果说逻辑链条是文章的骨架,那么词汇和句式则是文章的皮肉,自己写一遍,就你对比出相同骨架下,“皮肉”的差距了。
练完这一步,你可能会发现:
自己写的简单句过多,而范文里句式丰富
自己表达某个感情的词汇单一,而范文则用了多种词汇
自己的叙述像流水账,范文的一些描述更富有画面感、情绪渲染力
自己的情节转折生硬,范文的情节推动更自然
……
对应的,你可以积累范文里的词汇、句式,学习范文描写思路甚至行文风格,不断提升自己。
很多同学往往看了范文,觉得很好,但说不出哪里好,自然也无法用它来学习。但在这种对比下,你能学到一篇好文章是怎么写的,并逐步向它靠近。
回顾一下读后续写的练习方法,主要分为四步:
1. 对背景文段做结构化
2. 结合背景文段和题目提示,构建逻辑链条
3. 对比范文逻辑链条和自己链条的区别
4. 用范文的逻辑链写一遍续写,对比范文和自己作文的区别
上述方法是训练营中读后续写题型的部分练习技巧,强烈建议大家用下,相信对这类题会更游刃有余。当然,为了保护付费学员的权益,更深层的练习方法是没有公布出来的,如果想学可以蹲一蹲后续的英语训练营。
普通作文如何练
普通作文的提升,需要运用到用结构化思维来拆解和研究,如何高效的学习英语作文。
我们首先要来拆解,一篇高考英语作文,可以分为哪几个部分?也就是结构化中的第一级分类。
我们可以这样思考:
首先,作文会有一些常见的万能开头句型吧,如果我们背下来一些常见模板,那么开头写作就比较容易了。
这一部分(开头模板)的准备,其实有部分同学是已经做过的,但他们也就做到此步骤而已了,没有再往下做了。
那后面就不能再准备模板了吗?
开头完以后,中间一大段内容写什么呢?有人说这个就根据每个作文题目的不一样,而会区别很大了,所以没法准备。其实你仔细分析就会发现,还是可以的。
比如开头完之后,很多作文会要求我们对某些现象做评价,或者是以某个现象作为引子,想要引出我们的观点。我们这个时候是不是需要一个类型的句式——引出现象型的句式。
提完了现象以后再该干嘛呢?是不是需要我们给出一些观点,对现象做出解释,表达一下原因?所以我们需要解释原因型的句式。
解释完原因以后,我们还需要表达自己的观点吧?那表达观点的句式也需要准备一些。
那表达观点当然不能只是抽象的说理论,当然需要给出一些案例喽,所以举例型的句式也得准备。
现在我们观点和案例都讲完了,是不是需要做个总结结尾?最后再准备些万能结尾/常见结尾,整个文章差不多就搞定了模式来组织一下。
当然,如果你非常谨慎和细心的话,你可能会考虑到这不同的段落句子之间,该怎么衔接呢?也就是说我们需要一些过渡型、衔接型的句式。
下面我们用结构化的模式来总结一下上面说的内容:
常用开头句型
引出现象句型
解释原因句型
表达观点句型
举例句型
总结性句型
万能结尾句型
衔接句型
下面是我们收集的一些对应句型:
常用开头句型
English
As far as...is concerned 就……而言
It goes without saying that... 不言而喻......
It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......
As the proverb says… 正如谚语所说的……
It has to be noticed that... 必须注意到......
It's generally recognized that... 普遍认为......
What calls for special attention is that... 需要特别注意的是......
There's no denying the fact that... 不可否认......
Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比......更重要
There are different opinions among people as to ______. Some people suggest that_.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
Everything has two sides and ______is not an exception, it has both advantages and disadvantages. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
引出现象句型
English
Nowadays more and more sth are commonly and widely in everyday life. 如今,在日常生活中,越来越多……被广泛……
In recent years sth is gaining a growing popularity with sb. 近年来,……收到越来越多……的欢迎。
Recent years have seen a boom in sth 近年来,……出现了迅速增长。
Nowadays, …has become a very common matter in……如今,……已经成为……的常见现象。
Nowadays, there is a growing tendency in…… 如今,在……方面出现了上升的趋势。
Recently, ……has aroused wide concern. /… has been brought into focus.最近,……引起了广泛关注/ 受到了人们的关注。
Most of us may have such experience that…我们当中许多人可能都有……这种经历。
With the development of science and technology,
more and more...随着科技的发展,越来越多的……
Recently , …has become the focus of the society. 近期,……成为了社会的热点
解释原因句型
English
There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones. 有很多因素可以解释...…,但以下是最典型的因素。
Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective. 许多方法可以有助于解决这个问题,但以下的可能是最有效的。
Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows... 一般而言,优势可以列举如下……
This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, …这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先,……;第二,,……;第三,……
Why did …? For one thing …,for another …. Perhaps the primary reason is…为什么会……?一个原因是……,另一个原因是……;或许其主要原因是……
I quite agree with the statement that … The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下:
Many factors weigh heavily for… 很多因素对…影响很大
Another contributing factor/ cause is …另一个有影响的因素是…The factors that contribute to this situation include…导致此情况发生的因素包括…
A number of factors are accountable for this situation.很多因素对(当前的)形势负责。
表达观点句型
English
From my point of view,从我的观点看来,
according to my understanding, 根据我的理解,
from my perspective,在我看来,
as far as I am concerned,我所关心的是,
as for me,对我来说,
in terms of my own recommendation/suggestion/proposal/advice 我的观点是……
Some people like / prefer …, while others are / feel inclined to …有些人喜欢……但另一些人更偏向于……
Some people claim that … Others , however , disagree with it .有人声称……然而另一部分人并不同意。
Some people suggest … Others , however , hold the opposite opinion.有人建议……但其他人持相反观点。
Some people argue that … Others , in contrast , believe that …有人争论道……,作为对比,另一部分则相信……
From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。
I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …我无法完全同意这一观点……
Personally, I am standing on the side of …就个人而言,我站在……的一边。
In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do ….在我个人看来,做……比做……更明智。
举例句型
English
Here is one more example. 这里还有一个例子
Take … for example. 以……为例
The same is true of… ......同样是真实的
This offers a typical instance of... 这提供了一个关于......典型的实例
We may quote a common example of… 我们可以引用一个关于......共同的例子
let's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this. 让我们用以上图标做例子来阐明这一点。
This offers a typical instance of…. 这为......提供了一个典型的例子。
We may quote a common example of…. 我们可以引用一个关于......的常见例子。
There is one impressive example I want to mention here.这里我想提一个让人印象深刻的案例
It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of ...它是一个能够证明……的强力证据
总结性句型
English
I will conclude by saying… 最后我要说……
Therefore, we have the reason to believe that… 因此,我们有理由相信……
All things considered, ... 总而言之……
Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisable… 因此,在我看来,更可取的是……
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that… 通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论……
The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that… 通过数据我们得到的结论是……
It can be concluded from the discussion that… 从中我们可以得出这样的结论
Taking into account all the factors, we may safely come to the conclusion that… 考虑到所有的因素,我们可以得出结论......
From what is mentioned above, we may come to the conclusion that… 从上面提到的,我们可以得出这样的结论......
In short/brief/a word/conclusion/sum/, it is… 简而言之/总之,这是......
Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……
衔接句型
English
As stated in the previous paragraph, 如前段所述,
But the problem is not so simple. Therefore,...... 但是问题并非如此简单,所以,……
In spite of the fact that... 尽管事实......
Further, we hold opinion that... 此外,我们坚持认为......
However , the difficulty lies in... 然而,困难在于......
Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样,我们要注意......
In view of the present station, 鉴于目前形势,
As has been mentioned above,正如上面所提到的,
In this respect, we may as well say...... 从这个角度上我们可以说......
However, we have to look at the other side of thecoin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面,即......
好了,上面列了一大堆资料,我觉得已经够绝大部分同学用了。如果你把这些模板背熟,那么高中三年的作文就不用愁了,15分的作文一般不会低于12分,甚至13-14也有可能。
你看,高考英语作文的问题是不是基本上解决了?
再回顾一下我们解决问题的过程,我们是怎么解决问题的呢?
你会发现解决问题的步骤非常简单。
第一,我们把高考英语作文做了一个结构化拆解。
第二,我们按照结构化的分类去收集了一点儿资料。(而且这些资料收集起来并不难,教辅书上面一大堆。)
然后问题就解决了。
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