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我们对咖啡与帕金森病的了解
定期摄入咖啡因可以降低患帕金森病的风险
本文要点：
· 研究表明，喝咖啡的人患帕金森病的风险较低。
· 研究发现，咖啡因可能是帮助预防帕金森病的关键成分。
· 没有证据表明喝咖啡能帮助已经患上帕金森病的患者缓解症状。
全球有超过一千万的人患有帕金森病，这是一种神经系统疾病，会导致不自主和不可控的动作，如震颤、僵硬、平衡和协调困难。
科学家们正在努力更好地理解帕金森病的机制。基本上，他们知道这种疾病发生在控制运动的大脑基底神经节中的神经细胞受损或死亡时。大多数研究人员认为遗传和环境因素的混合触发了这种疾病。
虽然没有办法预防或治愈帕金森病，但科学家们已经确定了一种简单的方法可以降低患病风险：喝咖啡。大量证据表明，喝咖啡的人患帕金森病的风险较不喝咖啡的人低。
一项大型研究跟踪了超过10万名男性和女性超过10年的时间。在研究过程中，有288名参与者患上了帕金森病。喝最多咖啡的男性——每天最多喝五杯——相比喝最少咖啡的男性，患帕金森病的风险显著降低。对于女性来说，咖啡摄入量与帕金森病风险之间的关系呈U形，适量咖啡摄入（一到三杯）与最低的患病风险相关。
早期的一项研究跟踪了超过8000名日裔美国男性长达30年；在研究期间，有102名参与者患上了帕金森病。调整了包括年龄在内的其他因素后，研究人员发现不喝咖啡的参与者患帕金森病的风险是喝咖啡者的两到三倍。
最近的研究调查了其机制。去年发表的一项研究发现，咖啡因摄入有助于预防与帕金森病相关的炎症。研究人员还指出，咖啡因摄入可能增加患心血管疾病的风险，因此建议将增加的咖啡因摄入限制在具有帕金森病遗传倾向的人群中。
根据去年《柳叶刀》杂志发表的一项研究，增加咖啡因摄入对于亚洲人群可能特别重要，因为他们更有可能携带与帕金森病相关的基因。
最后，尽管有明确证据表明咖啡因摄入可以帮助预防帕金森病，但根据今年早些时候发表在《神经病学年鉴》上的一项研究，没有证据表明咖啡或咖啡因可以帮助减轻已经患有帕金森病的人的症状。
结论是：证据表明，定期饮用含咖啡因的咖啡可以降低患帕金森病的风险。对于有遗传倾向患病的人来说，这尤其适用。
What We Know About Coffee and Parkinson’s Disease
Research shows regular caffeine consumption lowers the risk of Parkinson's.
KEY POINTS
· Research shows coffee-drinkers have a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
· Studies find that caffeine may be a key ingredient that helps protect against Parkinson's.
· There is no evidence that drinking coffee helps with symptoms once someone has developed Parkinson's.
Across the globe, more than 10 million people suffer from Parkinson’s disease, a neurological disorder that leads to unintended and uncontrollable movements such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination.
Scientists are working to better understand the mechanisms involved in Parkinson’s disease. At a basic level, they know that the disease occurs when nerve cells in the basal ganglia, an area of the brain that controls movement, become impaired or die. Most researchers believe a mix of genetic and environmental factors trigger the disease.
There is no way to prevent or cure Parkinson’s, but scientists have identified a simple way to reduce the risk of developing the disease: drinking coffee. A substantial body of evidence finds that coffee drinkers have a lower risk of developing Parkinson’s disease compared to people who don’t drink coffee.
One large study followed more than 100,000 men and women for more than 10 years. Over the course of the study, 288 participants developed Parkinson’s disease. Men who consumed the most coffee—up to five cups a day—were significantly less likely to develop Parkison’s disease compared to those who consumed the least amount of coffee. For women, the relationship between coffee consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease was U‐shaped, with the lowest risk observed at moderate caffeine consumption—one to three cups of coffee per day.
An earlier study followed more than 8,000 Japanese-American men for 30 years; 102 participants developed Parkinson’s disease over the course of the study. After adjusting the data for other factors, including age, researchers found that participants who did not drink coffee were two to three times more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease compared to those who report drinking coffee.
More recent studies have investigated the mechanisms at work. A study published last year found that caffeine consumption helps to prevent the inflammation associated with Parkinson’s disease. Researchers also pointed out that caffeine consumption can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, therefore, the researchers suggest limiting increased caffeine consumption to people with a genetic predisposition to Parkinson’s disease.
Increased caffeine intake may be especially important for Asian populations, who are more likely to carry the genes related to Parkinson’s disease, according to a study published last year in The Lancet.
Finally, despite clear evidence that caffeine consumption can help to prevent Parkinson’s disease, there is no evidence that coffee or caffeine helps to reduce symptoms for people who have already developed Parkinson’s disease, according to a study published earlier this year in the Annals of Neurology.
The take-home message: The evidence is clear that regular, caffeinated coffee consumption reduces the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. This is especially true for people genetically predisposed to developing the disease.
翻译 | 周怡伶
编辑 | 杨悦
