特朗普重返白宫:美元走强的谜团 | 经济学人财经

财富   2024-11-14 08:01   浙江  

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导读


导图作者:
May Li,我要去追逐心中的太阳,还要继续努力的亚古兽

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精读|翻译|词组


Finance & economics | Green-eyed

财经版块|红眼

英文部分选自经济学人20241109期财经板块

Finance & economics | Green-eyed

财经版块|红眼

注:
在英语中,特别是在《经济学人》这样的出版物中,
"Green-eyed" 通常翻译为 嫉妒的眼红的
这个短语源自莎士比亚的戏剧《奥赛罗》,其中“green-eyed monster” 指的是嫉妒。因此,when someone is described as "green-eyed," 它意味着他们感到嫉妒或羡慕。

例如:"Green-eyed" 可以翻译为 嫉妒的眼红的,如 “He was green-eyed with envy at his friend's success.” 翻译为 他因朋友的成功而感到嫉妒

Why investors’ “Trump trade” might be flawed

投资者的特朗普交易可能存在问题,为什么?

Markets are betting Trump 2.0 wouldboost the dollar. It could fall instead

市场押注特朗普2.0会提振美元,但结果可能适得其反。

Political risk—the notion that an election might have a meaningful impact on financial markets—used to be something that was the concern of emerging-market investors. Those in rich countries paid attention to central bankers, rather than politicians. Things are a little different today. In the run-up to America’s presidential election on November 5th, asset prices have moved alongside polling averages. Wall Street hums with talk of the “Trump trade”.

政治风险——即一场选举可能会对金融市场产生深远影响——过去主要是新兴市场投资者们关注的焦点。富裕国家的投资者们更关注央行行长而非政治家。然而,如今情况有所不同。115日美国总统大选迫近之时,资产价格随着民调结果波动。华尔街充斥着特朗普交易的言论。


The trade is based on the idea that a second Trump administration would be positive for American stocks, bad-but-not-terrible for Treasuries and great for the dollar. Equity returns would be boosted by corporate-tax cuts and deregulation. These very same tax cuts would increase government borrowing, lowering bond prices and lifting yields—but not by enough to destabilise the economy and hit stockmarket returns. All of this would lift the dollar, which has generally moved in line with the interest rate available on American ten-year bonds in recent years (see chart).

特朗普交易的核心假设是特朗普的第二任期将利好美国股市,不利于国债但也不会太糟糕,且极大利好美元。企业减税和放松监管将拉高股票回报率。减税同时也会增加政府借贷,从而降低债券价格并提高收益率——但不至于到威胁经济稳定性或影响股市回报的地步。所有这一切都将提振美元,而近年来美元汇率的走势基本与美国十年国债的利率保持一致(如图所示)。

It might seem strange that the prospect of fiscal deterioration and faster price rises would be positive for America’s currency. In general, currencies lose value when public finances worsen and inflation climbs. But the dollar plays a unique role in the global financial system asthe ultimate source of liquid safe assets. Higher yields on Treasuries, even when the product of fiscal profligacy, tend to make holding dollars more attractive.

财政恶化和物价加速上涨的前景竟有利于美元,似乎有些反常。一般而言,公共财政恶化、通货膨胀上升时,货币就会贬值。但是美元作为流动性安全资产的最终来源,在全球金融体系中发挥着独特的作用。即使是财政扩张拉高了国债收益率,持有美元依然更具吸引力。

注释:

持久的美元主导地位

https://www.imf.org/zh/Publications/fandd/issues/2022/06/enduring-preeminence-eswar-prasad

Those who have bought into the Trump trade expect such a dynamic to continue. They also believe that Mr Trump’s threat toincrease tariffs would add to the dollar’s lustre: blockages on imports would lead to fewer dollars leaving America, pushing their price higher. They might be right. But there are at least four ways in which Mr Trump could, in fact, weaken the dollar. Together, they suggest caution on the Trump trade.

那些押注特朗普交易的人预计这种情况会持续下去。他们同时也认为特朗普加征关税的威胁会进一步提升美元的吸引力:进口受阻导致美元外流减少,从而推高美元的价格。这也许是对的。但事实上,特朗普至少可以通过四种方式削弱美元。综合考虑,还是建议对特朗普交易持谨慎态度。

The first concerns monetary policy. Mr Trump may take a more forceful line on the Federal Reserve than during his first term, by browbeating the institution into holding interest rates lower or even interfering with its independence. There are plenty of reasons to think the Fed could resist Mr Trump. But if he was successful, lower interest rates than warranted by inflation would produce a weaker dollar.

首先是货币政策。相较于第一任期,特朗普可能会对美联储展现更强硬的手腕,威逼其降低利率,甚至干预其独立性。倒不是说美联储一定会屈服,但如果特朗普成功了,低于通胀所需水平的利率将导致美元走弱。

Mr Trump would not be upset by this outcome. America, he told Bloomberg, a news service, “has a big currency problem”. In his mind, the strength of the dollar, which Mr Trump blames in part on currency manipulation by trading partners, has hurt American manufacturers by making their goods less competitive internationally, and thus cost jobs.Robert Lighthizer, a trade adviser to Mr Trump, is another long-term critic of a strong dollar.

特朗普可能不会介意这一点。他曾对彭博社(Bloomberg)表示:美国有着巨大的汇率问题。在他看来,美元的强势让美国制造业在国际市场上失去竞争力,进而影响就业。特朗普将此归咎于部分贸易伙伴操纵汇率。他的贸易顾问罗伯特·莱特希泽(Robert Lighthizer)也一直坚定不移地反对强势美元。

Of course, desiring a weaker dollar is one thing; achieving a weaker dollar is quite another. Most traders expect Mr Trump would moan that the dollar was too strong even as his own policies pushed the currency higher. There is, however, a chance that his tariffs would represent an opening salvo in negotiations designed to enlist trading partners into a collective effort to bring down the dollar, as happened under Ronald Reagan in the 1980s—a second reason for caution on the Trump trade.

当然,削弱美元的想法跟具体实操完全是两码事。大部分交易员都预计特朗普会一边抱怨美元过于强势,一边出台政策推动美元进一步升值。不过也有可能,就像上世纪八十年代里根政府一样,他的关税政策只是为了把拉贸易伙伴拉上谈判桌,最终群策群力促使美元贬值。这是应该对特朗普的贸易政策保持警惕的第二个原因。

The next reason concerns tariffs. Historically, they have tended to raise an exchange rate in the short term—but then to lower it over the longer term. The initial impact of more trade friction is often lower imports and exports, as well a weaker domestic economy. A weaker economy then leads to lower interest rates, diminishing the appeal of a currency and pulling it lower.

下一个原因与关税有关。回顾历史,关税往往在短期内推高汇率,但长期来看则会导致汇率下跌。贸易摩擦的初步影响通常会减少进出口,以及削弱国内经济。经济疲软进一步导致利率下降,从而减少货币的吸引力,推动汇率走低。

The final risk comes not from Mr Trump’s economic agenda, but from his foreign-policy instincts. Barry Eichengreen of the University of California, Berkeley, has studied the geopolitical underpinnings of international currencies. In an article published in 2019 he noted that countries enjoying an American security guarantee hold more of their reserves in the currency of the guaranteeing power. Japan, for example, holds more of its reserves in dollars than China. Even Germany holds a higher proportion of its reserves in dollars than France, which possesses its own nuclear deterrent. In the event of America dropping its security promises to allies, as Mr Trump hasoccasionally threatened, Mr Eichengreen and his co-authors believe that American interest rates could rise by 0.8 percentage points and the dollar decline.

最后一个风险并非源于特朗普的经济计划,而是他的外交本能。加州大学伯克利分校的专访巴里·艾肯格林(Barry Eichengreen)曾研究了国际货币的地缘政治基础。在2019年发表的一篇文章中,他指出受到美国安全保障的国家通常在储备中持有更多的美元。以日本为例,其美元储备比例高于中国。相较于拥有核威慑力量的法国,德国持有的美元储备比例也要更高。艾肯格林和他的合著者们认为,如果有朝一日美国真如特朗普所威胁的那样,放弃对盟友的安全承诺,美国利率会升高0.8%,而美元会随之走弱。

Ultimately, the logic behind the Trump trade, when it comes to the dollar, is that Mr Trump would be fiscally reckless but otherwise restrained. Investors imagine that he would increase borrowing in a way which makes the dollar more attractive to investors without undermining the institutional framework that underpins the currency’s global role. It is a brave bet to make.

归根结底,特朗普交易中关于美元的逻辑在于,他可能会在财政上肆意妄为,但在其他方面保持克制。投资者们设想他会增加借贷来提升美元的吸引力,同时不破坏支撑美元全球地位的制度框架。这无疑是个大胆的赌注。

翻译组:

Dreamian: 寻找方向

Humi,学习财经的金融小白,不负韶华,平视世界

校对组:

Ithil, or be more cruel, love, and so be kind.

Hannah,爱读财经的金融小白,经济学人唯粉

SummerQE在职,梦想能仗走天涯 翻译/音乐 /健康

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