范先群教授团队:儿童晚期单侧视网膜母细胞瘤静脉化疗与眼动脉介入化疗的前瞻性随机对照研究

文摘   2024-08-29 18:15   北京  




引言:视网膜母细胞瘤(Retinoblastoma,Rb)是儿童眼内最常见的恶性肿瘤,95%发生于3岁以下婴幼儿,可致盲、致残、甚至致死,是儿童眼病中性质最严重、危害最大的一种疾病。在过去的十年中眼动脉介入化疗越来越多地被用作Rb的保守治疗。然而,缺乏随机对照试验的证据导致化疗给药途径存在部分争议。为明确评估动脉化疗与静脉化疗的疗效和安全性。上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院范先群院士,联合首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院、广州市妇女儿童医疗中心、上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院、中国人民解放军总医院第三医学中心和中南大学附属湘雅医院等全国Rb诊疗中心,开展Rb介入化疗的多中心前瞻性随机对照研究,旨在为Rb治疗方案制定提供高等级的循证医学证据。此研究历时近十年,研究成果以 Intravenous versus super-selected intra-arterial chemotherapy in children with advanced unilateral retinoblastoma: an open-label, multicentre, randomised trial ”为题发表在国际医学期刊The Lancet Child & Adolescent Healt上。




背景

视网膜母细胞瘤是儿童最常见眼内恶性肿瘤,好发于5岁以下婴幼儿,可致盲、致残、致死,是婴幼儿眼病中性质最严重、危害最大的一种疾病。眼球摘除联合外放射治疗曾是Rb的一线治疗方案,但该方案中患儿不仅失去眼球,而且外放射治疗可导致患儿发生第二肿瘤、眶面部发育不全等严重副作用。


化学治疗是视网膜母细胞瘤的主要治疗方法,根据不同给药途径分为全身静脉化疗和眼动脉介入化疗。上世纪90年代末,“长春新碱+依托泊苷+卡铂”全身静脉化疗方案应用于Rb治疗,实现从摘眼到保眼治疗模式的转变。但全身静脉化疗的眼内药物浓度低,肿瘤复发率高,眼摘率仍较高;此外全身静脉化疗毒副作用大,患儿易发生骨髓抑制、肺部感染等严重并发症。


眼动脉介入化疗是近年来应用于Rb的保眼治疗新方法,相较于全身静脉化疗,其药物用量小,眼内局部药物浓度高,对肿瘤的杀伤作用强,全身毒副作用小。然而,眼动脉介入化疗手术难度高,可能导致眼动脉狭窄或闭塞、视网膜脉络膜萎缩等严重并发症。然而,由于眼动脉介入化疗开展时间较短,缺乏循证医学证据,国际上关于视网膜母细胞瘤的眼动脉介入化疗和全身静脉化疗的治疗方案选择上,一直存在较大争议,也给眼科临床医师带来很大的困惑。


研究设计

该研究是一项开放标签、多中心、随机对照临床试验,在我国包括北京、上海、广州的6家医院进行,历时10年,并在已在中国临床试验注册中心(ChiCTR-IPR-15006469)注册完成。本研究共纳入2015年6月至2018年6月新发单侧D期或E期(根据国际眼内视网膜母细胞瘤分类)且无临床高危因素的Rb患儿。


患儿被随机分配(1:1)至动脉化疗组(注射0.5 mg/kg[或取决于年龄]美法兰加20mg卡铂[第一和第三周期]或1mg拓扑替康[第二和第四周期])或静脉化疗组(0.05 mg/kg[或1.5 mg/m²]长春新碱,5mg /kg[或150 mg/m²]依托泊苷,18.6 mg/kg[或560 mg/m²]卡铂,共6个周期)。动脉内化疗后,患者皮下注射0.1 mL钠肾上腺素钙2次,间隔12 h。每4周完成一次动脉或静脉化疗周期。


本研究的主要终点为2年无进展保眼率(即为从随机到肿瘤进展或眼摘的时间,以先发生者为准),并通过意向性分析方法进行统计分析。此外,该研究还分析患儿的生存率、客观缓解率和复发率,同时记录可能出现的与治疗相关的主要不良事件(如骨髓抑制和眼动脉狭窄或闭塞)。



临床试验的流程图


研究结果

研究纳入符合条件的Rb患儿中位年龄23.6个月(IQR 14.0 ~ 31.9个月),中位随访时间为35.8个月(IQR 28.4 - 43.0个月)。本研究共对234例新诊断的Rb患者进行筛查,纳入143例符合条件的患者(中位年龄23.6个月[IQR 14.0 - 31.9个月]),随机分配到对照组动脉化疗组(n=72)或静脉化疗组(n=71)。本研究中位随访时间为35.8个月(IQR 28.4 - 43.0个月),动脉内化疗组2年无进展保眼率为53%(72例患者中38例),静脉内化疗组为27%(71例患者中19例)(风险比1.97,95% CI 1.27 - 3.07, p= 0.0020)。动脉化疗组的总体保眼率也高于静脉化疗组(51/72,71% VS 36/71,51%;HR 2.01, 95%CI 1.17-3.45, p=0.010)。此外,在动脉化疗组,72例患者中有2例(3%)有眼动脉闭塞,13例(18%)有眼动脉狭窄。


1受试者的基本资料


图2眼动脉介入化疗组和静脉化疗组生存率及安全性分析。眼动脉介入化疗组和静脉化疗组总体生存率无显著差异,复发率无显著差异。眼动脉介入化疗组的客观缓解率显著高于静脉化疗组。


表2.眼动脉介入化疗组和静脉化疗组治疗结局分析

3.眼动脉介入化疗组和静脉化疗组安全性分析


安全性终点方面结果示,两组均未发生致死性严重并发症。最常见的全身并发症为骨髓抑制,眼动脉介入化疗使骨髓抑制发生率由静脉化疗的70%降低至51%,且严重程度显著下降(p=0.0070)。玻璃体出血、白内障和上睑下垂等局部并发症的发生率两组间无显著差异,介入化疗导致眼动脉闭塞的发生率为3%(表3)。



本文小结

本研究是第一个晚期单侧Rb的儿童两种最常见化疗的随机对照试验,也是所有年龄人群中Rb研究中最大的随机对照试验。与静脉化疗相比,动脉内化疗显著提高了晚期单侧Rb儿童2年无进展挽回率,而总生存率没有差异。与静脉化疗组相比,动脉化疗组骨髓抑制的发生率和严重程度较低。


Rb眼动脉介入化疗的有效性和安全性的RCT研究表明,眼动脉介入化疗在不影响总体生存率的前提下,较之静脉化疗显著提高晚期Rb患儿保眼率,显著降低全身并发症。眼动脉介入化疗可作为单侧晚期Rb患儿的首选治疗方案。



信  源

Xuyang, Wen,Jiayan, Fan,Mei, Jin et al. Intravenous versus super-selected intra-arterial chemotherapy in children with advanced unilateral retinoblastoma: an open-label, multicentre, randomised trial.[J] .Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2023, 7: 0.

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