日本“僵尸债”能否起死回生 | 经济学人财经

财富   2024-09-05 09:05   美国  


1



导读


导图作者:

May Li,我要去追逐心中的太阳,还要继续努力的亚古兽(群昵称:北望)

2



精读|翻译|词组

Finance & economics | Buttonwood

财经|梧桐树专栏

英文部分选自经济学人20240831期财经板块

Can Japan’s zombie bond market be brought back to life?

日本如僵尸般的债券市场能否起死回生?

Ueda Kazuo begins on a dangerous mission

植田和男开始了危险使命

Visitors to Tokyo in the 1990s arrived in a city that looked like the future. A megalopolis of high-rise buildings, neon lights and new technology left a mark on those who witnessed it. But the city has not changed all that much since. Today some travellers joke that Tokyo still looks like a vision of the future—just one planned in 1990.

上世纪90年代到访日本东京的游客仿佛来到了一座未来之城。在这里,拔地而起的高楼大厦、五光十色的霓虹灯和各种各样的新技术让每个亲历者印象深刻。但此后,这座城市似乎再没什么变化;如今,一些游客戏称东京仍然是未来的模样——只不过是1990年规划的未来。

Something similar is going on with Japan’s monetary policy. The country’s central bank experimented with zero interest rates and asset purchases a full decade before its peers in the West got in on the act after the global financial crisis of 2007-09. Today, however, Japan looks like a vision of the monetary past. Central banks elsewhere have begun to reduce their asset piles. The Bank of Japan’s hoard still sits at record levels.

日本的货币政策也是一样。2007-2009年的全球金融危机爆发后,西方国家央行的救市策略是零利率和资产购入。在那之前十年,日本央行就已经尝试过这些手段。然而,今天日本央行的货币政策俨然一出老番重演:他国央行开始减持资产之时,日本央行持有的资产却依然处于历史高位。

Ueda Kazuo, its governor, says that he wants to allow financial markets to set long-term interest rates again, after theboj tried for years to control yields on Japan’s ten-year government bonds. This will not happen anytime soon. According to plans announced in July, the bank will still be purchasing assets worth ¥2.9trn ($20bn) a month by March 2026, four years after the Federal Reserve’s purchases came to an end. On August 23rd Mr Ueda was forced to reiterate to Japanese parliamentarians that the central bank does indeed plan to sell its holdings, eventually.

日本央行多年来一直尝试控制十年期政府债券的收益率,但近来日本央行行长植田和男(Ueda Kazuo)表示希望将长期利率的主导权重新交回金融市场。该政策不会立刻生效。根据7月公布的计划,到20263月,即美联储停止回购债券四年后,日本央行仍将每月购买2.9万亿日元(约200亿美元)的资产。823日,植田和男不得不向国会重申,日本央行确实有最终出售所持资产的打算。

The achingly slow pace of change reflects the profound risks, both to Japan’s financial institutions and to the government’s fiscal health. Over the past dozen years theboj’s bond-buying campaign, which was introduced in an attempt to reverse two decades of economic stagnation, has outstripped those of other central banks by a mile. All told, the bank’s assets now run to 126% of Japan’s gdp, more than five times those of the Fed as a share of America’s output. The boj owns more than half of outstanding Japanese government bonds.

极其缓慢的变革步伐反映出日本金融机构和政府财政健康所面临的巨大风险。过去十多年里,日本央行以远超他国央行的规模持续回购国债,试图扭转长达二十年的经济停滞。总的来说,央行的资产规模已达到日本GDP126%,是美联储资产占美国GDP比例的五倍还多。日本央行目前持有超过一半的日本政府债券。

注释:

Outstripto go faster or farther than

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outstrip

This has had the effect of putting the private sector to sleep. Before theboj’s more aggressive bond purchases began in 2013, depository institutions (mostly commercial banks) owned 40% of Japan’s government bonds. Today they own less than 10%. In a regular survey by the central bank, bond traders moan about market liquidity and the scarcity of particular securities. Over the past decade a large majority of respondents has continued to report that the market functions poorly.

这使得私营企业陷入沉寂。2013年日本央行开始更大规模的购债之前,存款机构(主要是商业银行)持有40%的日本政府债券。如今,这一比例已降至不足10%。在央行的定期调查中,债券交易员抱怨市场流动性差、特定证券稀缺。过去的十年里,绝大多数受访者一直认为市场运作不佳。

注释:

Put to sleep: to give (a sick or injured animal) drugs that will make it die without pain

Source:https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/put%20to%20sleep

Yet despite investors’ complaints about the scarcity of bonds, enticing them to replace theboj will be tough. The maths of the bond market means that when yields are very low, long-term securities are vulnerable to large price moves even if yields rise by just a little—something known as “duration risk”. For this reason, banks face regulatory limits on how much long-dated debt they can buy, so as to avoid blow-ups like the one that last year brought down America’s Silicon Valley Bank. A study by the Japan Centre for Economic Research, a think-tank, suggests that these rules would limit private-sector bond purchases to ¥100trn, or less than a fifth of the boj’s holdings.

然而,尽管投资者抱怨债券稀缺,但要引诱他们吃下日本央行的份额仍然困难重重。债券市场的数学原理表明,当收益率极低时,即使收益率仅小幅上升,长期证券的价格也可能大幅波动,这被称为久期风险。因此,银行在购买长期债务时受到监管限制,以免出现硅谷银行倒闭一样的爆雷事件。智库日本经济研究中心(Japan Centre for Economic Research)的一项研究表明,这些规则将限制私营部门的债券购买量至100万亿日元,即不到日本央行持有量的五分之一。

注释:

1.Duration risk: 久期概念最在是马考勒在1938年提出的,所以又称马考勒久期。久期的主要价值在于它是衡量利率风险的直接方法,久期越长,利率风险越大。

Source: https://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E4%B9%85%E6%9C%9F

2.blow-ups: a catastrophic financial failure or collapse

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blowup

More attractive prices would help bring back buyers. Japan’s ten-year bonds currently offer yields of around 0.9%. By theboj’s own estimate, its bond holdings depress yields on long-term government bonds by just under a percentage point. A return of more like 2% would certainly appeal to a far greater pool of potential investors. Rising yields would also increase the number of bonds that Japanese banks could buy under the same interest-rate regulations, because violent price moves would be less likely.

更有吸引力的价格之下,总会有买家回流。日本十年期政府债券目前的收益率在0.9%左右。根据日本央行自己的估算,其持有的债券将长期国债收益率压低了近一个百分点。如果收益率能回到2%左右,无疑将吸引更多的潜在投资者。收益率上升,价格不太可能剧烈波动,那么,在同样的利率监管下,商业银行便能够买入更多的债券。

But such an increase in yields would introduce another threat. Japan’s vast bond market reflects the government’s huge debt, which was accumulated while interest rates were low and falling. A doubling of the average interest rate on government bonds, from 0.8% to just 1.6%, would raise interest payments to 17% of Japan’s government budget. That would be up from less than 9% today and an amount equivalent to half the state’s social-security spending.

然而如此这般的收益率提升会带来另外一种威胁。日本庞大的债券市场反映了政府的巨额负债。这些负债都是在之前日渐走低的利率环境中累加起来的。若国债平均利率从0.8%翻倍到1.6%,利息支出将达到社会福利支出的一半,占政府预算的比例将从现在的不到9%上升到17%

Any attempt to bring the bond market back to life at a faster pace would, therefore, become a political nightmare, necessitating swingeing spending cuts or hefty tax rises. At the same time, however, proceeding at a glacial pace carries its own costs, not least that it leaves theboj incapacitated in the event of another downturn, because officials would struggle to launch an aggressive bond-buying campaign. There are, in short, no good options for Japan’s central bankers. The country represents a cautionary tale from the monetary past. 

所以,要让债券市场死者苏生,不可操之过急,否则大规模的支出缩减或增税将不可避免,而这可谓是政治上的噩梦。但与此同时,慢吞吞的变革也有代价。比如,央行官员们很难再增大债券回购的规模,若经济再次下行,他们将无能为力。现实情况是,对于日本央行来说,没有两全其美的办法。这个国家的经历就是一个过于依赖货币政策的警示。

翻译组:

Dreamian: 寻找方向

Humi:不负韶华,平视世界

Martina: 想要成为RESTI

校对组:

Alexisless is more.

Cecilia,今年过得贵妇一点

Ithil, or be more cruel, love, and so be kind.

3



感想


本期感想

Cleo,学习不停,思考不止,努力成为审慎却乐观的深入思考者

本文讨论了日本央行在指引十年期国债利率时遇到的窘境。日本央行意欲坚持些国债来使得国债价格从而降低债券价格,使得其债券资本市场更加市场化,但同时也在担心政府再融资成本升高,财政压力升高。

在资本市场,债券价格越低,收益率越高。十年国债收益率也被视为资产定价之铆,因为它反映了一个国家的无风险收益率。在有效的资本市场下,提高无风险利率将使得权益资产价格同时降低,因为更多资金供给流向债券,降低了权益资产的资金供给。日本央行希望通过此方式来获得更多外来资金进入日本资本市场从而带动经济发展。

我们深入思考一下,日本真的缺钱吗?金融的本质是信心,日本宽松的货币政策催生了大量资金在金融部门空转,高龄人群有着绝大多数的资产已经存款,但这些人的消费欲望底下,资金无法传导到实体经济;而消费的主流群体是中青年,这部分人往往资产及存款总量低于高龄人群,导致消费能力有限,企业议价能力低,毛利率降低,这也就是我们所说的“内卷”。

实体经济发展往往靠的是消费带动,科技/服务优化促进。如果本地经济消费有限,那么本地企业则会凭借科技/服务出海,获得更大的毛利率。但如果科技/服务仍要靠外资带来创新,再加之内需有限,那么再厉害的货币政策也往往是隔靴搔痒。日本引以为傲的制造业出海的成绩也受到中国的崛起而备受打击,那么下一步将迈向哪里呢?

在看中国,我们也在面临同样的问题,信息或缺,需求不足但产能过剩。这导致企业毛利下降,资产周转率降低,陷入内卷。在经济停滞的时间里,每一个经济体都在寻求出海机遇以及技术的革新,但这并不是一朝一夕可以解决的。


4



愿景

打造

独立思考 | 国际视野 | 英文学习

小组


01 2024年第二期翻译打卡营 

4位一笔,3位二笔

30天录播课程

既有中译英,也有英译中。

从翻译的流程策略,

英汉语言特点,方法,类型,

背景知识到细致的语言点,

我们都逐一讲解以及答疑,让同学们吃透翻译。

点击下图,即可了解翻译打卡营详情!


02 经济学人打卡营 

每周一到周六阅读经济学人

并在群里以及小鹅通内写分享

分享是文章的总结或者观点或者语音打卡

字数不少于100字,中英文都可以

群里每周免费分享最新外刊合集

点击下图,即可了解打卡营详情!


03 早起打卡营 
两年以来,小编已经带着25000多人早起打卡
早起倒逼自己早睡,戒掉夜宵,戒掉手机
让你成为更好的自己,创造早睡早起的奇迹!
早起是最简单的自律!
早起打卡营
欢迎你的加入!
点击下图,即可了解打卡营详情!

一天一篇经济学人
现在很多人都不知道自己热爱什么,追求什么,只是找到一个标签后就认为找到了人生的意义。我们是谁不重要,我们想成为谁很重要!当你什么都没有的时候,你想尽可能多的包装自己;当你内心充盈足够自信的时候,你只想做你自己,而且是更好的自己。
 最新文章