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经济学人美国 | 大相径庭
此次总统大选掌握着美国营利性院校的命运
哈里斯和特朗普都会声称自己以公正之名行事——一个通过严厉打击，另一个则通过放松管制
Donald Trump and Kamala Harris are at odds on many policy issues, but one topic is particularly personal for both: for-profit colleges. Mr Trump once owned a for-profit college, predictably called Trump University. He agreed to pay $25m in 2016 to settle lawsuits brought by students alleging their alma mater had not taught them anything. Three years earlier, as California’s attorney-general, Ms Harris went after a different for-profit college. She sued the now-defunct Corinthian Colleges for “predatory and unlawful practices” and won $1.2bn.
唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）和卡玛拉·哈里斯（Kamala Harris）在许多政策问题上都意见相左，但在对待营利性院校的态度上两个人的意见不仅相反且极具个人特色。特朗普曾创办一所营利性大学，这所学校也毫无悬念地名为特朗普大学（Trump University）。2016 年，他同意支付2500万美元和解学生们提起的官司，后者控诉学校没有教给他们任何东西。而三年前，哈里斯作为加利福尼亚州总检察长，向另一所营利性大学发起诉讼。她以“掠夺和非法行为”向现已解散的科林斯学院（Corinthian Colleges）提起诉讼，胜诉获赔12亿美元。
The outcome of the upcoming election could be consequential for for-profit institutions. Ms Harris would probably want to crack down, while Mr Trump would probably loosen the reins. Both would claim they were acting in the name of fairness.
未来的大选结果也会对营利性院校产生重大影响。哈里斯可能会严厉打击，而特朗普则可能会放松管制。但两人都声称自己的举措是公平之举。
For-profit colleges have grown quickly, but their progress has not been steady (see chart). Enrolment tends to increase most during tough economic times. Between 2000 and 2010, for-profit college enrolment grew four-fold from 450,000 students to 2m. Interest also grew in 2020 during the pandemic. For all of the attention paid to them by politicians, for-profit colleges are small players in the postsecondary market. For-profits accounted for only $14bn in revenue from tuition and fees in 2021-2022 compared with $81bn from non-profit private institutions that same year.
营利性院校的发展迅速但并不稳定（见图表）。经济困难时期往往招生人数增加最多。2000年至2010年间，营利性院校的入学人数从45万名增长了三倍，到200万名。2020年疫情期间，营利性院校的热度也有增无减。尽管政客们对营利性院校的关注度很高，但在高等教育市场上，营利性院校份额不大。从2021年到2022年，营利性院校的学杂费收入仅为140亿美元，而同年非营利性私立院校的学杂费收入则高达810亿美元。
For-profit colleges tend to receive outsize attention, and not of the positive kind. Many perform as expected, but the sector has been tarnished by scams. In 2018 the Century Foundation, a think-tank, studied federal-borrower defence claims, which allow federal-loan forgiveness for students who successfully prove that they have been defrauded. It found that 98% of successful applications were from students who attended for-profit institutions.
营利性院校常常受到过多关注，而且不是正面的。许多学校的表现符合预期，但整个行业因欺诈行为声名狼藉。2018 年，世纪基金会智库（Century Foundation）研究了联邦借款人的抗辩主张，即允许为证明自己受到欺骗的学生免除联邦贷款。研究发现，98%的成功申请者就读于营利性院校。
For-profit colleges rely on student tuition and fees more than other institutions. As such, “there’s a big incentive [for for-profit institutions] to bring students in the door and enroll them,” says Stephanie Riegg Cellini of George Washington University. “And there’s not a big incentive on the backside to ensure that students have good outcomes.” Compared with their non-profit peers, for-profit college graduates have higher loan-default rates and lower earnings and employment rates.
相较于其他院校，营利性院校更依赖学生的学杂费。乔治·华盛顿大学的斯蒂芬妮·里格·切利尼（Stephanie Riegg Cellini）表示：“因此，营利性院校在招生上动力十足，但没有太大的动力去确保学生学有所获。”与非营利性院校的毕业生相比，营利性院校毕业生的贷款违约率较高，收入和就业率较低。
In 2014 Barack Obama’s administration implemented the “gainful employment” rule to deal with these concerns. The regulation required for-profit colleges to prove the value of their degree or risk losing federal funding. This posed a threat to for-profit colleges, which get 70% of their revenues from Pell grants—federal aid for poor students. Data released by the Department of Education in 2017 showed that about one-tenth of programmes, nearly all of them at for-profit institutions, would have failed the test. Many of these programmes closed voluntarily. But then Mr Trump took office and reversed course. In 2019 his administration officially rescinded the “gainful employment” rule, which it argued unfairly punished for-profit colleges. Mr Trump also vetoed a bipartisan resolution that would have facilitated student-loan forgiveness for those who attended allegedly fraudulent colleges.
为解决这些问题，奥巴马政府于2014 年颁布《有酬就业法规》，要求营利性院校证明其学位的价值，否则将失去联邦资助。这就给营利性院校带来了巨大压力，因为这类院校有70% 的收入来自联邦政府针对贫困学生设立的佩尔助学金。2017年，美国教育部公布的数据显示，约有十分之一的项目无法通过测试，而这些项目几乎都来自营利性院校，之后许多自愿关停。但特朗普上台后却推翻了这一措施。2019 年，特朗普政府正式废除《有酬就业法规》，称其失之偏颇地惩罚了营利性院校。特朗普还否决了一份两党协议，该协议本可为就读涉嫌欺诈院校的学生提供学生贷款豁免的便利。
And then as quickly as they were taken away, the regulations returned with Joe Biden’s election. Rather than merely reinstate the Obama-era rules, the Biden administration proposed new ones. The updated regulation cuts off federal funds to colleges that saddle students with debt they are unable to repay. A new provision also denies federal student aid to career programmes that demand more training than required by state law. This part of the rule was set to take effect on July 1st of this year, but a judge issued a temporary injunction in June.
然而，这些之前被迅速推翻的规则随着乔·拜登的当选又在朝夕之间复活。拜登政府不仅恢复了奥巴马执政时期的法规，还颁布了新的规定，切断了向那些让学生背上无法偿还的学生贷款的院校提供联邦资金的途径。有一条新规还禁止向要求超出州法律规定时长的职业培训项目提供联邦学生资助。这部分规定原定于今年7月1日生效，但有法官在六月就早早颁布了临时禁令。
支持川普的教师们
A Harris administration would continue in this vein. In addition to suing a for-profit college as attorney-general, Ms Harris has at various times pushed for student-loan forgiveness and free college for all. A second Trump administration would undo regulations on for-profit schools again.
哈里斯一旦当选，必将延续此法案。除了作为总检察长起诉营利性院校外，哈里斯在不同场合都在推动学生贷款减免和面向大众的免费高校教育。而一旦特朗普“二进宫”，他将再次取消对营利性院校的监管。
Democrats want federal financial aid directed towards high-quality programmes, whereas Republicans want it to be spent in as many programmes as possible, says Dominique Baker of the University of Delaware. Both parties claim that they are doing what is best for students—Democrats by regulating predatory colleges and Republicans by expanding access to a wider range of options beyond the traditional four-year degree.
特拉华大学的多米尼克·贝克（Dominique Baker）说：“民主党人希望联邦资助能用于高质量项目，然而共和党人希望这些资金能尽可能广泛地投入到各种教育项目。”两党均声称他们的政策对学生最有利——民主党人希望加强对这些欺诈性院校的监管，共和党人则希望丰富学生的教育选择，接受其他非四年制学位的教育机会。
“The world has been stuck in an unfortunate, unproductive back-and-forth for the last few administrations without any creativity,” says Daniel Currell, a former senior adviser in the Department of Education. Still, at least some educators will be rooting for Mr Trump.
教育部前高级顾问丹尼尔·卡雷尔（Daniel Currell）说：“过去几届政府没有新举措，让世界不幸地陷入无效拉锯战中。”然而，至少有一些教育者会支持特朗普。
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