AI性别鸿沟:为什么女性不爱用ChatGPT? | 经济学人财经

财富   2024-08-29 08:06   浙江  

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Finance & economics | The new gender gap

财经|新的性别鸿沟

英文部分选自经济学人20240824期财经板块

Finance & economics | The new gender gap

财经|新的性别鸿沟

Why don’t women use artificial intelligence?

为什么女性不使用人工智能呢?

Even when in the same jobs, men are much more likely to turn to the tech

即使在同一岗位,男性也更倾向于使用技术

Be more productive. That is how ChatGPT, a generative-artificial-intelligence tool from OpenAI,sells itself to workers. But despite industry hopes that the technology will boost productivity across the workforce, not everyone is on board. According to two recent studies, women use ChatGPT between 16 and 20 percentage points less than their male peers, even when they are employed in the same jobs or read the same subject.

提高生产力”——OpenAI如此向打工人推销自家的生成式人工智能工具ChatGPT。不过,尽管业界希望这项技术能够提高整个劳动力队伍的生产力,但并非每个人都愿意使用这一工具。新近的两项研究显示,在从事相同工作或阅读相同主题的材料时,女性使用ChatGPT的比例比同龄男性低16-20个百分点。
The first study, published as a working paper in June, explores ChatGPTat work. Anders Humlum of the University of Chicago and Emilie Vestergaard of the University of Copenhagen surveyed 100,000 Danes across 11 professions in which the technology could save workers time, including journalism, software-developing and teaching. The researchers asked respondents how often they turned to ChatGPT and what might keep them from adopting it. By exploiting Denmark’s extensive, hooked-up record-keeping, they were able to connect the answers with personal information, including income, wealth and education level.

第一项研究是发表于六月的一篇研究报告,探讨了ChatGPT在工作中的应用情况。芝加哥大学的安德斯·胡姆勒姆(Anders Humlum)和哥本哈根大学的艾米莉·维斯特高(Emilie Vestergaard)调查了10万丹麦人。受访者来自新闻传媒、软件开发和教学等11个行业,这些行业的共同点是可以利用ChatGPT节省时间。研究人员询问受访者使用ChatGPT的频率,以及他们不愿利用这项技术的原因。通过利用丹麦广泛且互联的个人记录系统,他们能够将调查结果与受访者个人信息(包括收入、财富和教育水平)相关联。

Across all professions, women were less likely to use ChatGPTthan men who worked in the same industry (see chart 1). For example, only a third of female teachers used it for work, compared with half of male teachers. Among software developers, almost two-thirds of men used it while less than half of women did. The gap shrank only slightly, to 16 percentage points, when directly comparing people in the same firms working on similar tasks. As such, the study concludes that a lack of female confidence may be in part to blame: women who did not use AI were more likely than men to highlight that they needed training to use the technology.

无论什么职业,女性使用ChatGPT的比例都要低于男性(见图1)。例如,只有三分之一的女性教师在工作中使用ChatGPT,而男性教师中有一半会使用该技术。在软件开发人员中,近三分之二的男性会使用ChatGPT,而女性比例则不到一半。即使直接比较在同一公司从事类似工作的男性和女性,差距也只是稍稍降至16个百分点。研究的结论是,这一差距可以在某种程度上归咎于女性缺乏自信:相比于男性,不使用人工智能的女性中,强调自己需要接受培训才能使用这一技术的比例要更高。
Another potential explanation for the gender imbalance comes from a survey of 486 students by Daniel Carvajal at Aalto University and Catalina Franco and Siri Isaksson at the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH). It also found a gender gap: female students enrolled in theNHH’s only undergraduate programme were 18 percentage points less likely to use ChatGPT often. When the researchers separated students by admission grades, it became clear that the gap reflected the behaviour of mid- and high-performing women (see chart 2). Low performers were almost as likely as men to use the technology.

阿尔托大学(Aalto University)的丹尼尔·卡瓦哈尔(Daniel Carvajal),以及挪威经济学院(Norwegian School of Economics, NHH)的卡特琳娜·佛朗哥(Catalina Franco)和西丽·伊萨克森 (Siri Isaksson)对486名学生进行的一项调查,或可解释人工智能使用方面的性别差异。这一研究也确认了性别差异的存在:在挪威经济学院唯一的本科专业中,经常使用ChatGPT的女性学生比例比男性低了18个百分点。当研究人员按入学成绩将学生分类时,这一差距明显反映了中等成绩和优秀成绩女性的行为(见图2)。分数较低的女性使用这项技术的比例几乎和男性相当。

Why might this be? The researchers probed what was going on with some clever follow-up questions. They asked students whether they would use ChatGPTif their professor forbade it, and received a similar distribution of answers. However, in the context of explicit approval, everyone, including the better-performing women, reported that they would make use of the technology. In other words, the high-achieving women appeared to impose a ban on themselves. “It’s the ‘good girl’ thing,” reckons Ms Isaksson. “It’s this idea that ‘I have to go through this pain, I have to do it on my own and I shouldn’t cheat and take short-cuts’.”

为什么会这样呢?研究员们通过一些精心设计的后续问题来一探究竟。他们询问学生是否会在教授明令禁止的情况下使用ChatGPT,结果发现答案的分布与之前相似。然而,在明确允许使用ChatGPT的情况下,所有人,包括成绩优异的女性均表示他们会使用这项技术。也就是说,优秀的女生似乎给自己戴上了枷锁。伊萨克森认为,这是种乖乖女心态,她们认为自己应该历经坎坷、自力更生,不能作弊或投机取巧。

A lack of experience withAI could carry a cost when students enter the labour market. In August the researchers added a survey of 1,143 hiring managers to their study, revealing that managers value high-performing women with AI expertise 8% more than those without. This sort of premium does not exist for men, suggesting that there are rewards for women who are willing to relax their self-imposed ban.

然而,缺乏AI使用经验可能会给步入就业市场的学生带来损失。八月份,研究员在研究中纳入了对1143个招聘主管的调查。结果显示,这些主管更青睐表现优异且掌握AI技术的女性,相较于不会使用AI的女性,重视程度高了8%。但这种额外的青睐在男性身上并不存在,说明愿意放宽自我束缚的女性将会获取回报。

Tera Allas of McKinsey, a consultancy, worries that by the timeAI is firmly embedded into modern working life, it might be designed to appeal more to men, who are its main users—potentially shutting women out in the long term. But not everyone is as concerned. Despite the fact that the early internet was dominated by men, for example, young American women were more online than their male counterparts by 2005. On top of this, Danielle Li of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology notes that the studies do not actually show whether men’s current ChatGPT use translates into better or more productive work. At the moment, the technology may be more of a digital toy, she says. Perhaps, then, high-achieving women are simply better at avoiding distraction. 

咨询公司麦肯锡(McKinsey)的特拉·阿拉斯(Tera Allas)则担心,一旦AI彻底融入现代生活,其设计可能会以男性为导向,因为男性是AI的主要用户群体。长远来看,这可能会影响女性使用AI的积极性。然而并非人人都有如此担心。例如,尽管早期互联网由男性所主宰,但到了2005年,美国网民中年轻女性的比例已经超过了男性。不仅如此,麻省理工学院的丹妮尔·李(Danielle Li)指出,目前的研究并未证实男性使用ChatGPT时真的提高了工作效率。她认为,目前来看,这项技术更像是一个数字玩具。因此,优秀女性只是更擅长避免分心。

翻译组:

Dreamian: 寻找方向

Vivifang,女,外币债券交易员,满眼都是鲍威尔。


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Ithil, or be more cruel, love, and so be kind.

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