出海必读 | 中国企业近期出海形势分析与合规要点

全球化是一个动态演化的进程, 随着人类文明的不断发展, 全球化也经历了不同阶段的演变。从二十世纪九十年代的早期全球化到近年来的再全球化，全球化的格局也在急速变化。

早期的全球化阶段，从近代工业革命开始至一战、二战期间，全球化主要表现为商品、资本、劳动力的跨境流动，以及国际社会在努力降低国家对于国际商品、服务、人员、知识产权跨境流动所设置的壁垒，使得国际经济贸易的法律环境变得更为顺畅。这几个阶段的全球化是自由贸易和资本流动的体现，促进了全球经济的快速增长和国际交流的增加。

Globalization is a dynamic process that evolves as human civilization advances. Globalization has undergone different stages of evolution as it has progressed. From the early globalization of the 1990s to the recent re-globalization, the landscape of globalization has been rapidly changing. During the early stages of globalization, from the Industrial Revolution to World War I and II, globalization primarily manifested as cross-border movement of goods, capital, labor, and international efforts to reduce the barriers set up by countries for the free flow of goods, services, people, and intellectual property, making the legal environment for international economic trade smoother. These stages of globalization were characterized by free trade and capital flow, promoting rapid economic growth and increased international exchange.

2020年以来，随着疫情的全球蔓延，全球经济受到冲击，许多国家开始对原有的经济运行方式和法律制度进行重新审视。与早期的全球化相比，当前的全球化更加注重建设当地的供应链体系，强调与当地社会的融合与发展。这一变化反映了全球化进程中的动态调整和适应，以及不同国家在全球经济中的角色和地位的变化。

在复杂多变的国际贸易环境之下，中国企业出海一方面是主动参与国际循环，应对国内部分行业市场饱和等现实问题的必然选择；另一方面也是中国企业核心竞争优势不断扩大、国际影响力逐渐增强的直接体现。总之，当今中国企业考虑并推进适合其发展的，全新的全球化战略，已是时代的需要。

Since the global spread of the pandemic in 2020, the global economy has been impacted, and many countries have begun to re-evaluate their existing economic systems and legal frameworks. Compared to the early stages of globalization, the current globalization places a greater emphasis on building local supply chains and emphasizes integration and development with local societies. This change reflects the dynamic adjustments and adaptations in the process of globalization, as well as the changing roles and positions of different countries in the global economy. In the complex and volatile international trade environment, Chinese enterprises going global is not only a necessary choice to actively participate in the international cycle and respond to the reality of market saturation in some domestic industries, but also a direct manifestation of the continuous expansion of their core competitive advantages and increasing international influence. In short, considering and advancing a new globalization strategy that suits their own development is now a necessity for Chinese enterprises.

The Four Stages of Globalization

（1）：在变局之下，中国企业的全球化主要受到以下三个关键因素的推动

Under the changing circumstances, the globalization of Chinese enterprises is mainly driven by the following three key factors:

1：企业自身发展壮大的原动力：中国企业自身的发展壮大成为推动其全球拓展的内生动力。随着全球市场的紧密联系和贸易自由化的推进，中国企业意识到在全球舞台上拓展业务的机遇和必要性，以获取更广阔的市场、资源和合作伙伴。在可再生能源与储能、新能源汽车、电子商务、游戏开发等新兴行业中，许多中国企业已具备国际竞争力，海外市场成为其业务增长的重要驱动力。2024年初数据显示，国内头部新能源车企2023年第四季度销量首次超过海外新能源车企，标志着中国在全球电动汽车市场上的新兴实力。

The driving force behind the enterprise's own development and growth: The growth of Chinese enterprises has become an endogenous driving force for their global expansion. With the increasing integration of global markets and the advancement of trade liberalization, Chinese enterprises have become aware of the opportunities and necessity to expand their businesses on the global stage to access broader markets, resources, and partners. In emerging industries such as renewable energy and storage, new energy vehicles, e-commerce, and game development, many Chinese enterprises have already gained international competitiveness, and overseas markets have become an important driving force for their business growth. As early as the first quarter of 2024, data showed that the sales of China's leading new energy vehicle enterprises in the fourth quarter of 2023 exceeded those of overseas new energy vehicle enterprises for the first time, marking China's emerging strength in the global electric vehicle market.

2：国内市场竞争激烈的强压力：一方面，中国企业目前也面临着将近饱和、竞争激烈的国内市场，企业持续盈利的能力存在较大挑战。因此，开拓海外市场成为这些企业继续发展乃至生存的必然选择。另一方面，产业升级的历史逻辑需要中国企业在全球价值链中积累资本，加强创新，并向价值链中高附加值环节上升。这也进一步推动中国企业积极进军海外市场，寻求更广阔的发展机遇。以工程机械行业为例，2023年我国工程机械新机需求不旺，内销大幅下滑，但是工程机械出口依然保持增长态势。据海关数据整理，1-11月我国工程机械产品累计出口额446.22亿美元，同比增长10.6%。

The intense pressure of fierce domestic market competition: On one hand, Chinese enterprises are currently facing a nearly saturated and highly competitive domestic market, which poses significant challenges to their sustained profitability. Therefore, expanding overseas markets has become an inevitable choice for these enterprises to continue their development and even survive. On the other hand, the historical logic of industrial upgrading requires Chinese enterprises to accumulate capital, strengthen innovation, and move up to the high-value segments of the global value chain. This further drives Chinese enterprises to actively enter overseas markets in search of broader development opportunities. For example, the demand for new construction machinery in China in 2023 was weak, and domestic sales declined sharply. However, construction machinery exports still maintained a growth trend. According to the data compiled by the Customs, the cumulative export value of engineering machinery products from January to November was $44.622 billion, up 10.6% year-on-year.

3：中国政府双循环战略的推动力：中国政府的政策推动是中国企业走向海外市场的重要动力。中国实施的“双循环”战略需要加强对外循环，促进更多中国企业在海外市场扎根发展。政府推出了一系列支持企业海外投资的政策和措施， 为企业拓展全球业务提供了支持和便利。

The driving force behind China's government's dual-circulation strategy: The policy push from the Chinese government is an important driving force for Chinese companies to venture into overseas markets. China's implementation of the dual-circulation strategy requires enhancing the outward circulation to facilitate more Chinese companies to establish themselves in overseas markets. The government has rolled out a series of policies and measures to support enterprises' overseas investment, providing support and convenience for enterprises to expand their global business.

中国企业要想在全球化进程中把握好全球化机遇，就必须不断地学习与调适，才能面对各种错综复杂的国际环境与竞争挑战，考虑并促进适合其发展的，全新的全球化战略以获得高质量和可持续的发展。

For Chinese enterprises to seize the opportunities of globalization in the process of globalization and achieve high-quality and sustainable development, they must continuously learn and adapt to face the complex international environment and competitive challenges, and consider and promote new globalization strategies that are suitable for their development.

中国企业“走出去”，面对着数字化转型、全球市场扩张和创新合作等新机遇。同时，它们也面临技术竞争和保护主义、跨文化管理和品牌建设、可持续发展和社会责任等挑战。

Chinese enterprises "going out" are facing new opportunities such as digital transformation, global market expansion, and innovative cooperation. At the same time, they also face challenges such as technological competition and protectionism, cross-cultural management and brand building, and sustainable development and social responsibility.

总体来说，中国企业走出去有三种路径：

In general, Chinese enterprises have three paths to go abroad:

1：供应商合作是指与当地成熟的销售供应商合作，由供应商帮助拓展海外市场。这种路径的初始成本较低，可以借助供应商的分销网络、跨境物流、数据分析等能力，快速切入市场。然而，由于企业自身并不掌握核心分销资源，利润会受到影响。

Supplier collaboration refers to cooperating with established local sales suppliers to help expand overseas markets. This path has a lower initial cost, as it can leverage the supplier's distribution network, cross-border logistics, and data analysis capabilities to quickly enter the market. However, due to the fact that the company does not have direct control over the core distribution resources, profits may be affected.

2：投资自建是指在直接海外投资设立分公司，从零开始拓展市场。这种路径需要企业根据自身的业务情况，选择目标国家和地区，制定建设的方向和策略。这种模式对企业出海人才的储备、经验及运营能力有较高要求。同时，由于一切从零开始，需要的周期较长，建设的速度和切入市场的速度也会有一定影响。

Investing in self-construction refers to setting up a subsidiary directly overseas and expanding the market from scratch. This path requires companies to select target countries and regions based on their business situations and formulate directions and strategies for construction. This model requires higher requirements for the reserves, experience, and operational capabilities of companies going overseas. At the same time, since everything starts from scratch, the construction cycle is longer, and the speed of construction and entry into the market will also be affected.

3：海外并购/合资是指通过收购海外已有的公司或团队，获取其业务、渠道、品牌、技术等资源，或者与海外合作公司共同出资完成资源共享。这种路径便于快速切入海外市场，可以直接获取海外公司较为成熟的销售渠道、供应链体系等，也有利于企业遵从海外的法律法规。然而，在标的筛选、团队融合、谈判周期、投资金额等方面都需要付出更多的成本。

Overseas mergers and joint ventures refer to acquiring an existing company or team overseas, obtaining its business, channels, brands, technologies, or jointly investing with overseas cooperative companies to achieve resource sharing. This path allows for quick entry into the overseas market and direct access to the more mature sales channels and supply chain systems of overseas companies. It also helps businesses comply with overseas laws and regulations. However, there are higher costs involved in target selection, team integration, negotiation cycle, and investment amounts.

随着我国企业出海的数量不断增长，出海策略持续迭代，中国企业全球化的新阶段，呈现出以下特点和趋势：

As the number of Chinese enterprises going global continues to grow, and their outbound strategies continue to evolve, a new stage of Chinese enterprises' globalization has emerged, characterized by the following features and trends:

1：注重技术创新驱动：中国企业越来越注重技术创新，努力提升核心竞争力。通过自主研发和技术引进，中国企业在不少关键领域取得突破，国际市场竞争力进一步增强。2022年中国互联网公司网易宣布成立首家美国游戏工作室Jackalope Games推动技术创新。利用当地的技术人才和创新环境，进一步提升游戏开发和技术能力，推出更具创新性和竞争力的游戏产品。

Focusing on technology innovation-driven: Chinese companies are increasingly focusing on technology innovation to enhance their core competitiveness. By independently researching and developing technologies and introducing foreign technologies, Chinese companies have made breakthroughs in many key areas, further enhancing their competitiveness in the international market. In 2022, Chinese internet company NetEase announced the establishment of its first American game studio, Jackalope Games, to drive technological innovation. By leveraging local technical talent and innovative environment, the company further enhances its game development and technical capabilities, and launches more innovative and competitive game products.

2：加大跨境投资和并购：中国企业加大了对海外市场的投资力度，通过收购、并购等方式获取海外资源、市场和技术。这有助于提升企业的全球影响力和市场份额。阿里巴巴于2016年宣布收购新加坡电商平台Lazada的控股权，通过这一交易，阿里巴巴进一步扩大了其在东南亚地区的市场份额。Lazada是东南亚最大的电商平台之一，涵盖多个国家，包括印尼、马来西亚、菲律宾等。通过收购该企业，阿里巴巴能够利用其强大的物流和电商基础设施，进一步拓展在东南亚地区的业务。

Step up cross-border investment and mergers and acquisitions: Chinese companies have increased their investment in overseas markets through acquisitions, mergers and other means to obtain overseas resources, markets and technologies. This helps to enhance their global influence and market share. In 2016, Alibaba announced the acquisition of a controlling stake in Singapore-based e-commerce platform Lazada, which further expanded its market share in Southeast Asia through this transaction. Lazada is one of the largest e-commerce platforms in Southeast Asia, covering several countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. By acquiring the company, Alibaba can leverage its strong logistics and e-commerce infrastructure to further expand its business in Southeast Asia.

3：重视品牌建设与文化输出：中国企业越来越重视品牌建设和文化输出。以往中国企业主要依赖商品出口贸易的模式拓展海外市场，现在更多的企业注重打造具有国际竞争力的品牌形象，通过文化产品和服务输出能力，提升了中国企业的全球影响力。TCL致力于品牌建设和市场拓展，通过参与国际知名赛事和赞助顶级体育俱乐部等方式提升品牌知名度。TCL还积极拓展海外市场，与全球的零售商、电信运营商和合作伙伴建立合作关系，加强产品的销售和分销网络。

Emphasizing brand building and cultural output: Chinese enterprises are increasingly paying attention to brand building and cultural output. In the past, Chinese enterprises mainly relied on the export model of goods to expand overseas markets. Now, more enterprises are focusing on building internationally competitive brand images and enhancing their cultural product and service output capabilities to boost China's global influence. TCL is committed to brand building and market expansion, and has raised its brand awareness through participation in internationally renowned events and sponsorship of top sports clubs. TCL has also actively expanded overseas markets, establishing partnerships with global retailers, telecommunications operators, and other partners to enhance product sales and distribution networks.

4：推动服务贸易和创新合作：相较于之前中国企业在海外单打独斗，当今中国企业在全球服务贸易中的地位不断提升，积极参与国际产业链，开展跨国创新合作，推动了全球合作与资源共享。2023年，宁德时代匈牙利电池工厂规划产能100GWh，一期已开工建设，预计2年左右建设完成。同年，全球第四大汽车集团Stellantis集团与宁德时代宣布双方已签署备忘录。在该备忘录中，宁德时代将在欧洲当地向Stellantis集团供应磷酸铁锂（LFP）电池的电芯和模组，助力Stellantis在欧洲市场的电动汽车生产。

Promoting service trade and innovation cooperation: Compared to Chinese enterprises going it alone overseas in the past, Chinese enterprises are now playing a more prominent role in global service trade, actively participating in international industrial chains and engaging in cross-border innovation cooperation, driving global cooperation and resource sharing. In 2023, CATL's Hungary battery factory is planned to have a capacity of 100GWh, with the first phase under construction and expected to be completed within two years. That same year, Stellantis, the world's fourth-largest automotive group, announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding with CATL. Under the memorandum, CATL will supply LFP battery cells and modules to Stellantis in Europe, helping Stellantis produce electric vehicles for the European market.

5：践行可持续发展和社会责任：中国企业越来越注重可持续发展和社会责任。他们关注环境保护、社会公益和企业道德，努力在全球范围内推动可持续发展目标的实现。某头部新能源汽车厂商致力于推动可持续供应链管理。他们与供应商合作，确保采购的材料和零部件符合环保标准，减少环境影响。同时还鼓励供应商采用可再生能源和节能措施，提高整个供应链的可持续性。

Practicing sustainable development and social responsibility: Chinese companies are increasingly focusing on sustainable development and social responsibility. They pay attention to environmental protection, social welfare, and corporate ethics, and strive to achieve sustainable development goals globally. A leading new energy vehicle manufacturer is committed to promoting sustainable supply chain management. They work with suppliers to ensure that the materials and components purchased meet environmental standards and reduce the impact on the environment. They also encourage suppliers to adopt renewable energy and energy-saving measures to improve the sustainability of the entire supply chain.

在中国企业拓展国际市场的过程中，合规能力的建设必不可少。企业在海外运营中面临着不同国家和地区的法律法规和数据保护要求，数据合规不仅关系到企业的声誉和信任度，更直接影响到企业在全球市场的运营效率和竞争力。

In the process of Chinese enterprises expanding into the international market, the construction of compliance capabilities is indispensable. Companies face different laws and regulations, as well as data protection requirements, in different countries and regions when operating overseas. Data compliance is not only related to the reputation and trust of the enterprise, but also directly affects the operational efficiency and competitiveness of the enterprise in the global market.

数据合规作为本论文研究的重点，会进行具体的说明。除数据合规外，我国企业在出海时面临的合规需求还有财税合规，人力资源合规，知识产权合规和贸易管制及制裁。

Data compliance is the key point of this thesis and will be explained specifically. Besides data compliance, when our country's enterprises go global, the compliance needs they face also include tax and finance compliance, human resources compliance, intellectual property compliance, and trade control and sanctions.

合规的财税管理可以帮助企业遵守当地法律和规定，高效管理财务风险，确保企业的可持续发展。每个国家或地区都有其特定的税收法规，企业需要确保其商业活动的合法性，并按照规定完成税务申报和缴纳。否则，企业将可能面临罚款、禁业等行政处罚。

Compliant financial and tax management can help businesses comply with local laws and regulations, efficiently manage financial risks, and ensure the sustainable development of the enterprise. Each country or region has its own specific tax regulations, and businesses need to ensure the legality of their business activities and complete tax filings and payments in accordance with the regulations. Otherwise, businesses may face fines, suspension of business operations, etc. as administrative penalties.

企业在跨境财税合规方面遇到的主要问题有：

The main problems that enterprises encounter in cross-border tax and financial compliance are:

1：税收管辖权冲突：跨境企业可能面临多个国家和地区的税收管辖权冲突，导致双重征税或出现税收漏洞。当同一笔收入在两个不同的税收管辖区内都要缴税时，就会构成双重征税，这对于企业而言无疑是一种重复的负担。

Tax jurisdiction conflicts: Cross-border enterprises may face tax jurisdiction conflicts with multiple countries and regions, leading to double taxation or the appearance of tax loopholes. Double taxation occurs when the same income is subject to tax in two different tax jurisdictions, which is undoubtedly a repetitive burden for enterprises.

2：转移定价：在跨境企业关联交易中，转移定价可能受到税务部门关注，需要合理规范以避免税收风险。

Transfer pricing: In cross-border enterprise related transactions, transfer pricing may be subject to scrutiny by tax authorities, and needs to be properly regulated to avoid tax risks.

3：永久性机构：跨境企业需要明确哪些海外活动可能构成永久性机构。一旦构成永久性机构，企业则需要按照所在国的规定缴纳相应的企业所得税。

Permanent Establishment: Cross-border businesses need to be clear about which overseas activities may constitute a permanent establishment. Once a permanent establishment is established, the business will need to pay corporate income tax according to the regulations of the country where it is located.

4：财税信息对接：各国近年来加大了财税信息透明度的要求和跨境税收信息对接力度，跨境企业需要做好全球财务信息的申报。

Tax information exchange: In recent years, countries have increased their requirements for transparency in tax information and efforts to exchange cross-border tax information. Cross-border businesses need to be prepared to report their global financial information.

为实现跨境财税合规，中国企业在出海前，应进行详细的财税规划和准备工作，例如，了解目标国家的税法、会计准则和报告要求，了解税款缴纳和报表申报规则等。同时，企业还需建立健全的审计和内部控制系统，加强利润调整和会计核算，确保财务报表的准确性和合规性。此外，在进行国际贸易时，企业需要遵守相关的关税、进出口贸易规定和海关法规，如商业合同、国际支付等规定。

To achieve cross-border tax compliance, Chinese enterprises should conduct detailed tax and financial planning and preparation before going overseas, such as understanding the tax laws, accounting standards, and reporting requirements of the target country, as well as the rules for tax payment and reporting of financial statements. At the same time, enterprises should establish a sound auditing and internal control system, strengthen profit adjustment and accounting calculation, and ensure the accuracy and compliance of financial statements. In addition, when conducting international trade, enterprises need to comply with relevant tariff, import and export trade regulations, and customs laws, such as commercial contracts, international payment regulations.

人力资源合规也是中国企业在海外市场开拓中不可忽视的问题。中国企业如果对于出海国家当地的法律法规和劳动法了解不深入的话，容易在用工时产生劳务纠纷或面临高额罚款。此外，签证类型不适当也可能带来出入境管理风险。中国企业在海外雇佣员工之前，需要深入了解当地的劳动法律法规，包括最低工资标准、劳动时间、员工福利、假期制度等。建立完善的用工制度和流程，包括招聘流程、薪酬福利、员工培训等，以确保员工能够在合规的框架下开展工作，同时也提高员工的满意度和忠诚度。此外，还需针对管理者和员工开展法律法规培训和指导，并定期对合规情况进行检查，及时发现问题并予以解决。

Human resource compliance is also an issue that Chinese enterprises cannot ignore when they expand into overseas markets. If Chinese enterprises do not have a deep understanding of the local labor laws and regulations of the countries they are entering, they may encounter labor disputes or face heavy fines when using labor. In addition, inappropriate visa types may also bring risks in terms of immigration management. Before hiring employees overseas, Chinese enterprises need to have a thorough understanding of local labor laws and regulations, including minimum wage standards, working hours, employee benefits, and vacation systems. Establish a complete system of employment and procedures, including recruitment procedures, salary and welfare systems, and employee training, to ensure that employees can work within a compliant framework and also improve employee satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, it is necessary to provide training and guidance on laws and regulations for managers and employees, and conduct regular checks on compliance to promptly identify and resolve problems.

不同国家和地区在知识产权保护方面的法规差异比较大，中国企业需要保护自身的创新成果不被侵犯，必须具备跨国知识产权管理和风险防控的能力。此外，在参与国际竞争的时候，欧美地区的企业常常通过知识产权侵权诉讼等方式针对中国企业，一旦在海外遭遇知识产权诉讼，中国企业需要面临较长的诉讼周期和高昂的应诉成本，不仅影响海外业务发展，而且还可能对企业的长期竞争力产生负面影响。

The regulations on intellectual property protection vary greatly among different countries and regions, and Chinese enterprises need to protect their own innovative achievements from being infringed upon. They must therefore have the ability to manage and control cross-border intellectual property rights and risks. In addition, when participating in international competition, enterprises from the US and Europe often target Chinese enterprises through intellectual property infringement lawsuits. Once Chinese enterprises encounter intellectual property litigation overseas, they will face a long legal process and high litigation costs, which will not only affect their overseas business development but also have a negative impact on their long-term competitiveness.

因此，建立系统的知识产权风险防控机制非常必要。中国企业在出海过程中常见的知识产权风险包括：海外知识产权诉讼风险（如专利侵权、商标侵权和商业秘密侵权诉讼）；海外参展知识产权风险（如商标风险、参展产品的专利风险、参展材料或展台设计的版权风险）；跨境电商知识产权风险（因商标、专利、版权侵权投诉等被电商平台封号、冻结资金甚至诉讼）；海关扣押风险（海关对侵权嫌疑货物实施扣留并进行调查、罚款、追究刑事责任等）；知识产权相关的贸易风险（如美国的“337调查”、“特别301调查”以及欧盟针对相关不公平贸易措施的调查等）；跨境技术交易的知识产权风险（专利侵权或自身知识产权流失）。中国企业需要建立一套全球性的知识产权管理体系，同时加强海外知识产权应诉能力，积极维权，最大化地实现知识产权价值。

Therefore, it is necessary to establish a systematic intellectual property risk prevention and control mechanism. The common intellectual property risks faced by Chinese enterprises when going global include: overseas intellectual property litigation risks (such as patent infringement, trademark infringement, and trade secret infringement lawsuits); overseas exhibition intellectual property risks (such as trademark risks, patent risks of exhibited products, and copyright risks of exhibition materials or exhibition stand designs); cross-border e-commerce intellectual property risks (such as being banned from an e-commerce platform, having funds frozen, or even being sued due to trademark, patent, and copyright infringement complaints); customs seizure risks (where the customs seize suspicious goods, investigate them, impose fines, and pursue criminal liability, etc.); intellectual property-related trade risks (such as the U.S. "337 investigation," "Special 301 investigation," and the EU's investigation of unfair trade measures, etc.); and cross-border technology transaction intellectual property risks (such as patent infringement or the loss of proprietary rights). Chinese enterprises need to establish a global intellectual property management system and enhance their overseas intellectual property litigation capabilities, actively defend their rights, and maximize the value of intellectual property.

受当前国际政治经济环境影响，中国企业在出海贸易和投资方面，受到海外其他国家基于安全利益实施的管制、制裁的风险日益增加。以美国为例，违反出口管制相关法律，可能遭到行政处罚（如民事罚金、进出口禁令、禁止从事BIS相关业务等）以及刑事处罚。

若触发刑事处罚程序，依据《美国出口管制条例》规定，任何故意实施、试图实施或密谋违反相关规定的主体，可能会被处以100万美元的罚款，涉案高管个人则有可能面临最高20年的监禁，二者可并处。中国企业出海的过程中，应遵守国际贸易规则，如国际条约、多边/双边协定、商业惯例、海外国家或地区的法律法规、监管规定、行业准则、平台规则等要求。

Under the current international political and economic environment, Chinese enterprises face increasing risks of being subject to regulations, sanctions, and penalties imposed by other countries abroad based on their security interests. For example, violating the relevant laws on export control in the United States may result in administrative penalties (such as civil fines, import and export bans, and prohibition from engaging in BIS-related business) as well as criminal penalties. If the criminal penalty procedure is triggered, according to the regulations of the U.S. Export Control Regulations, any entity that intentionally, attempts, or conspires to violate the relevant regulations may be fined $1 million, while the individual executives involved may face up to 20 years in prison, which can be imposed concurrently. Chinese enterprises should comply with international trade rules, such as international treaties, multilateral/bilateral agreements, business practices, laws and regulations of foreign countries or regions, regulatory requirements, industry standards, and platform rules, etc.

通过建立健全的合规体系，企业能够更有效地应对复杂多变的国际市场环境，保持业务的持续健康发展。接下来，我们将重点阐述数据合规的重要性、主要挑战、全球各地区的数据合规要求、以及数据合规体系建设。

By establishing a robust compliance system, companies can better respond to the complex and ever-changing international market environment and maintain the sustainable and healthy development of their businesses. In the following, we will focus on the importance, main challenges, data compliance requirements in various regions around the world, and the construction of a compliance system for data.

数据是每个组织的命脉。在全球化的过程中，随着中国企业国际市场的不断拓展和业务的深入发展，数据合规作为海外运营的核心支撑板块，成为了不可忽视的关键因素。

Data is the lifeblood of every organization. In the process of globalization, as Chinese enterprises continue to expand into the international market and deepen their business operations, data compliance, serving as the core support pillar for overseas operations, has become an indispensable key factor.

中国企业在出海过程中，数据合规的重要性主要体现在以下三个方面：

The importance of data compliance for Chinese enterprises in going global mainly lies in the following three aspects:

（1）遵守当地的数据保护法规是企业合法合规经营的基础 Compliance with local data protection regulations is the foundation for a company's legal and compliant operation.

中国出海企业已经进入双向监管合规时代，一方面国内企业要遵守《网络安全法》、《数据安全法》、《个人信息保护法》等中国法律法规，另一方面还要遵从目标国家的法律法规、行业监管要求和安全标准。各国在数据保护方面的法律规定各不相同，对企业的数据收集、存储、处理和传输提出了严格的要求。中国企业在国际化过程中必须深入理解并遵守各国的法规，以确保合规运营，避免因数据违规而面临法律风险或经济处罚。仅就罚款而言，违规企业可能面临当年全球年营业额的4%的巨额罚款。例如，某汽车新势力企业因违反欧盟隐私保护法律，被罚2亿欧元，影响了该企业的海外业务发展进程。

Chinese outbound enterprises have entered a dual regulatory compliance era, where domestic enterprises must comply with Chinese laws and regulations such as the Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law, and Personal Information Protection Law, while also adhering to the laws, regulations, industry supervision requirements, and security standards of the target country. The laws and regulations on data protection vary from country to country, imposing strict requirements on the collection, storage, processing, and transmission of data by enterprises. Chinese enterprises must have a deep understanding of and comply with the regulations of each country during their internationalization process to ensure compliance and avoid legal risks or economic penalties due to data violations. For example, a new force in the automotive industry was fined 200 million euros for violating EU privacy protection laws, which affected its overseas business development process.

（2）企业数据合规对于保护企业的声誉至关重要 Corporate data compliance is crucial for protecting a company's reputation.

数据泄露和违规行为不仅会导致巨额罚款，还会严重损害企业的品牌形象和市场信任度。海量的数据催生了许多数据安全管理问题，消费者的数据安全和用户的隐私保护工作愈发重要。全球消费者越来越重视个人数据的隐私和安全，企业必须以高度的责任感和透明度来管理和保护客户数据，以赢得和保持客户的信任。随着组织的数据足迹扩展至各种云服务提供商、SaaS（软件即服务）应用程序和端点，组织面临的数据泄漏风险也不断增加。黑客和网络罪犯试图利用安全漏洞来访问分布在多个云数据中心和数据存储区的敏感数据。例如，某快消品企业因侵犯员工隐私被处罚3500万欧元，面临长时间的监管调查，声誉严重受损。《2024年数据泄露成本报告》显示，2024年，全球数据泄露的平均成本再创新高，比2023年增加了10%，达到 488万美元。

Data breaches and violations not only result in huge fines, but also seriously damage a company's brand image and market trust. The massive amount of data has given rise to many data security management problems, and consumer data security and user privacy protection have become increasingly important. Global consumers are becoming more and more concerned about the privacy and security of their personal data, and companies must manage and protect customer data with a high sense of responsibility and transparency to win and maintain customer trust. As organizations' data footprint expands to various cloud service providers, SaaS (Software as a Service) applications, and endpoints, the risk of data leaks also continues to increase. Hackers and cybercriminals try to exploit security vulnerabilities to access sensitive data distributed across multiple cloud data centers and storage areas. For example, a fast-moving consumer goods company was fined 35 million euros for violating employee privacy and faced a long-term regulatory investigation, with its reputation seriously damaged. The 2024 Data Breach Cost Report shows that the average cost of a global data breach in 2024 has once again set a new high, increasing by 10% from 2023 to reach $4.88 million.

（3）企业数据合规有助于提升企业的竞争力和运营效率 Corporate data compliance can help enhance the competitiveness and operational efficiency of a business.

合规的数据管理实践可以帮助企业优化数据流程，提升数据质量和安全性，从而支持更精准的市场分析和业务决策。如果企业忽视隐私数据安全合规风险与挑战，监管机构有权力临时或永久限制或禁止违规企业的数据处理活动。例如，某短视频平台因隐私保护不足被处罚3.45亿欧元，多国对其展开调查或暂停其业务。

在复杂多变的国际政治经济形势之下，中国企业应当变被动为主动，积极融入全球合规治理体系，提升企业的合规竞争软实力，为实现高质量、可持续的全球化发展奠定坚实的基础。

Compliant data management practices can help businesses optimize their data processes, enhance data quality and security, and support more precise market analysis and business decisions. If businesses ignore the privacy data security compliance risks and challenges, regulatory authorities have the power to temporarily or permanently restrict or ban the data processing activities of non-compliant businesses. For example, a short video platform was fined 345 million euros for insufficient privacy protection, and investigations were launched or its business was suspended in multiple countries. In the complex and changing international political and economic environment, Chinese businesses should take the initiative and actively integrate into the global compliance governance system, enhance their enterprise's compliance competitive soft power, and lay a solid foundation for achieving high-quality and sustainable globalization development.