美国大选进行的如火如荼，选情十分胶着。
面对各种虚假消息和政治煽动，普通人如何不被忽悠？
我想起了这本书《Asking the right questions》
这是一本非常有用的，能够帮人建立批判思维的书。
当我们面对别人的宣传攻势时，
无论是广告，
还是小作文，
只需要代入书中的11步公式进行分析，
你立刻就能知道靠谱不靠谱。
我也不是刻意想要带货，已经将内容大纲和11步分析方法整理了出来。
推荐这个中英双语版本，是因为非常有利于学英语。
书籍排版不同于普通的中英对照，这本书是罕见的左右对照，
每一页英文的对页大都是其中文译文，完全对称，非常方便即时对照学习。
既学习了批判性思维，也提高了英语，这多高效。
Chapter 1: The Benefit of Asking the Right Questions
**第1章：提问的好处**
This chapter emphasizes the advantages of asking critical questions and introduces two approaches to thinking:
The Sponge Approach: Absorbs information passively, helping to build a knowledge base but lacking in critical evaluation. It allows for easy intake of information but risks uncritically accepting everything.
The Panning-for-Gold Approach: Involves active questioning and critical assessment, resembling the process of sifting through information to find valuable insights. It requires mental effort and encourages critical engagement with information.
本章强调批判性提问的优势，并介绍了两种思维方式：
海绵式：被动吸收信息，帮助建立知识基础，但缺乏批判性评估。虽然能轻松获取信息，但可能会不加选择地接受所有信息。
淘金式：涉及积极提问和批判性评估，类似于筛选信息以找到有价值的见解。需要动脑思考，鼓励读者批判性地参与信息分析。
Chapter 2: What Are the Issue and the Conclusion?
第2章：论点与结论是什么？
The chapter outlines the steps for identifying the issue and the conclusion:
Issue: The central question or problem that the argument addresses. It can be descriptive (what is) or prescriptive (what should be).
Conclusion: The main claim or stance that the author wants the reader to accept. Recognizing indicator words like "therefore" or "thus" can help locate the conclusion.
本章阐述了识别论点和结论的步骤：
论点：论证要解决的核心问题或争议。论点可以是描述性（是什么）或规范性（应该是什么）。
结论：作者希望读者接受的主要主张或立场。识别“因此”或“由此可见”等标志词有助于找到结论。
Chapter 3: What Are the Reasons?
第3章：理由是什么？
This chapter focuses on identifying the reasons that support the conclusion:
Reasons: Statements that explain or justify the conclusion. They provide the foundation for the argument and answer the question “why”.
Importance of Reasons**: Evaluating an argument depends on understanding the reasons given for the conclusion.
本章集中于识别支持结论的理由：
理由：解释或证明结论的陈述。理由是论证的基础，并回答“为什么”。
理由的重要性：评估论证的关键在于理解支持结论的理由。
Chapter 4: What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous?
第4章：哪些词语或短语存在歧义？
This chapter addresses the ambiguity in language and its impact on understanding arguments:
Ambiguity: Words or phrases with multiple meanings can lead to misunderstandings.
Clarification: Identifying key terms and seeking clarification ensures a more precise interpretation of the argument.
本章讨论了语言中的歧义及其对理解论点的影响：
歧义：具有多重含义的词语或短语可能导致误解。
澄清：识别关键术语并寻求澄清有助于更准确地解读论点。
Chapter 5: What Are the Value Conflicts and Assumptions?
第5章：价值冲突与假设是什么？
This chapter highlights the importance of value assumptions:
Value Conflicts: Differences in underlying beliefs can affect the stance taken in an argument.
Assumptions: Identifying implicit value assumptions reveals biases in reasoning and sheds light on the communicator’s perspective.
本章强调了价值假设的重要性：
价值冲突：潜在信念的差异会影响论点的立场。
假设：识别隐含的价值假设有助于揭示推理中的偏见，并展示作者的视角。
Chapter 6: What Are the Descriptive Assumptions?
第6章：描述性假设是什么？
This chapter focuses on identifying descriptive assumptions:
Descriptive Assumptions: Unstated beliefs about how things are or how they work, often assumed to be universally true.
Role in Arguments: Understanding these assumptions helps reveal the foundation of the argument and allows for a more thorough critique.
本章侧重于识别描述性假设：
描述性假设：关于事物如何运作的未明说的信念，通常被认为是普遍真实的。
在论证中的作用：理解这些假设有助于揭示论证的基础，从而进行更全面的批评。
Chapter 7: Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning?
第7章：推理中是否存在谬误？
This chapter covers common logical fallacies that weaken arguments:
Fallacies: Faulty reasoning patterns like ad hominem, straw man, and false dilemma.
Detection: Recognizing fallacies aids in evaluating the validity of the reasoning.
本章讲述了削弱论点的常见逻辑谬误：
谬误：如人身攻击、稻草人谬误、虚假两难等错误推理模式。
识别：识别谬误有助于评估推理的有效性。
Chapter 8: How Good Is the Evidence? (Intuition, Personal Experience, Testimonials, and Appeals to Authority)
第8章：证据的可靠性如何？（直觉、个人经验、见证和权威引用）
This chapter assesses various forms of evidence:
Forms of Evidence: Intuition, personal experiences, testimonials, and appeals to authority.
Evaluation: Not all evidence is equally reliable; critical assessment is required.
本章评估了各种形式的证据：
证据形式：直觉、个人经验、见证和权威引用。
评估：并非所有证据都同样可靠，需批判性地评估。
Chapter 9: How Good Is the Evidence? (Personal Observation, Research Studies, Case Examples, and Analogies)
第9章：证据的可靠性如何？（个人观察、研究、案例和类比）
This chapter focuses on more objective evidence types:
Objective Evidence: Personal observations, research studies, case examples, and analogies.
Quality of Evidence: Evaluates sample size, methodology, and context to determine evidence reliability.
本章侧重于更客观的证据类型：
客观证据：个人观察、研究、案例和类比。
证据质量：通过评估样本大小、方法和背景来判断证据的可靠性。
Chapter 10: Are There Rival Causes?
第10章：是否存在其他可能的原因？
This chapter discusses alternative explanations:
Rival Causes: Other possible reasons for an observed effect or outcome.
Importance: Considering alternative causes prevents premature conclusions about causality.
本章讨论了其他可能的解释：
竞争性原因：导致观察到的效果或结果的其他可能原因。
重要性：考虑替代原因可避免对因果关系的过早结论
Chapter 11: Are the Statistics Deceptive?
**第11章：统计数据是否具有欺骗性？**
This chapter explains how statistics can mislead:
Misleading Statistics: Incorrectly interpreted averages, biased samples, or omitted information.
Interpretation: Understanding the source and methodology is key to interpreting statistics accurately.
本章解释了统计数据如何误导：
误导性统计：错误解读平均数、偏见样本或省略信息。
解读：理解数据来源和方法是准确解读统计数据的关键。
Chapter 12: What Significant Information Is Omitted?
第12章：有哪些重要信息被省略了？
This chapter emphasizes the impact of missing information:
Omitted Information: Facts or data that could alter understanding of an argument.
Detection: Critical readers should actively search for potentially omitted relevant information.
本章强调了遗漏信息的影响：
遗漏信息：可能改变对论点理解的事实或数据。
识别：批判性读者应主动寻找可能遗漏的相关信息。
Chapter 13: What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible?
第13章：可能的合理结论是什么？
This chapter promotes looking for multiple conclusions:
Alternative Conclusions: Considering different reasonable outcomes based on evidence.
Openness: Encourages open-mindedness in evaluating possible answers.
本章提倡寻找多种结论：
替代结论：根据证据考虑不同的合理结果。
开放性：鼓励以开放心态评估可能的答案。
