反应特点
综述:Bartoli, G.; Dalpozzo, R.Nardi, M. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 4728.
反应机理
【J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 , 1991, 657-663】
格氏试剂可以进攻硝基的氮原子形成其他副产物。
反应实例
【Bartoli, G.; Palmieri, G.; Bosco, M.; Dalpozzo, R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 2129-2132】
【Synthesis 1999, 1300-1302】
【Dobbs, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 638-641】
【J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 2345-2347】
【J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 3934-3937】
【Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 103-112】
【Huleatt, P. B.; Choo, S. S.; Chua, S.; Chai, C. L. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 5309-5311】
【Buszek, K. R.; Brown, N.; Luo, D. Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 201-204】
【Grant, S. W.; Gallagher, T. F.; Bobko, M. A.; Duquenne, C.; Axten, J. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 3376-3378】
The 2-nitrotoluene (685 mg, 5mmol) was placed in a two–necked round bottomed flask fitted with a gas inlet(argon) and rubber septum. The flask was purged several times with argon beforeadding THF (35–40 ml) and cooling to between –40 and –45 °C. The Grignard reagent (3 eq.) was then addedrapidly in one portion to the THF solution and stirring continued for a further30 mins to 1 hour (exact length of time had little effect on yield). Saturatedammonium chloride solution was added to the reaction mixture (at ca. –40 °C) before allowing the mixture towarm to room temperature. The mixture was thoroughly extracted with diethylether (2 x 200 ml), the ether extracts combined and thoroughly washed withfurther ammonium chloride (300 ml), water (300 ml) and brine (300 ml) beforedrying (MgSO4) and concentrating in vacuo to give a dark brown gum, which was purifiedby flash column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate 9:1) to give 465 mg of7-methyl-indole. Yield: 71%.
【(a) Adrian P. Dobbs,Martyn Voyle, Neil Whittall, Synlett, 1999, 1594, (b) Curtin, M.L et al, J.Med.Chem.,1998, 74.】
Dobbs改良法:Adrian Dobbs 用邻位的溴作定位基成环,反应后再用偶氮二异丁腈和三丁基锡烷将溴除去,生成 7-位无取代基的吲哚(参考维基百科)。
【J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 638–641】
【J. Org. Chem., 2004, 69, 2967】
参考资料
一、J.J. Li, Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications, Bartoli indole synthesis,page24-25.
二、Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis, LászlóKürti and Barbara Czakó, Bartoli indole synthesis, page 104-105.
三、化学空间:http://www.chem-station.com/cn/reactions/2015/04/bartoli%E5%90%B2%E5%93%9A%E5%90%88%E6%88%90bartoli-indole-synthesis.html