心脏肿瘤的病因，症状和病理学丨医学英语视听学习

Cardiac tumors, Myxoma, Rhabdomyoma causes, symptoms & pathology

心脏肿瘤，黏液瘤，横纹肌瘤的病因，症状和病理学

Cardiac tumors are abnormal growths of cells forming a mass in the heart. 

心脏肿瘤是心脏内的细胞异常生长，形成的肿物。

If the cell growth has the potential to spread to and invade other tissues, called metastasis, it’s known as a malignant tumor, and is also more commonly known as a cancer. If it is not able to invade other tissues, it’s referred to as a benign tumor.

如果细胞生长物具有侵袭和扩散到其他组织的潜力（转移），则称为恶性肿瘤，也常称为癌症。如果不能侵袭其他组织，则称为良性肿瘤。

Now, the vast majority of tumors of the heart are actually secondary, meaning that a tumor developed somewhere else in the body, metastasized, and spread to the heart.

现在，许多心脏肿瘤实际上是继发性肿瘤，也即是，肿瘤起源于身体某些部位，转移和扩散到心脏。

Even though these secondary tumors can come from anywhere, they’re most commonly metastases from lung cancer, lymphoma or lymphatic system cancer, breast cancer, leukemia or blood cell cancer, melanoma or skin cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer, and colon cancer, in that order. 

这些继发性肿瘤可起源于任何部位，但是它们依次最常由肺癌，淋巴瘤（淋巴系统癌症），乳腺癌，白血病（血癌），黑色素瘤（皮肤癌），肝细胞癌（肝癌），以及结肠癌转移而来。

Cancer most commonly metastasizes through the lymphatic system to the pericardium, the membrane around the heart. 

癌症最常通过淋巴系统，转移到心包膜，即心脏周围的膜。

When the pericardium is involved, it often leads to pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium, and pericardial effusion, an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Metastases to the myocardium are less common, but can arise more commonly when cancer spreads via the blood.

癌症累及心包膜时，常导致心包炎（心包炎症）和心包积液（心包腔积液）。心肌转移不常见，但是，当癌症通过血液扩散时，更常见转移。

Primary cardiac tumors, on the other hand, are actually extremely rare. The most common type of primary tumors in adults — when they do happen — are myxomas. 

另一方面，原发性心脏肿瘤，实际上极其罕见。成人最常发生的原发性心脏肿瘤是黏液瘤。

Myxomas are benign tumors that arise from the mesenchymal connective tissue inside the heart, as opposed to the actual myocytes, or the heart cells, since as an adult, the hearts are fully developed and its cells, or myocytes, are permanent and they don’t proliferate.

黏液瘤是一种起源于心脏内间充质结缔组织的良性肿瘤，它与肌细胞（心脏细胞）相反，因为成人的心脏发育完全，肌细胞是永久性的，不会增殖。

These masses are also pedunculated, meaning it’s attached to a peduncle, or a stalk of tissue, and also gelatinous in consistency, as a result of an abundance of ground substance on histology.

这些肿物也有蒂（连接肉茎或组织柄），呈胶状粘稠，因为它具有组织学上丰富的基质。

With this big mass on a stick in the left atrium, when blood flows through the atrium it can sort of swing around and get close to the mitral valve, which can block blood from flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the mitral valve, and can cause syncopal episodes. Surgical removal of the myxoma is typically curative.

左心房出现巨大肿物时，血液流经左心房时回转，靠近二尖瓣，阻止血液通过二尖瓣，从左心房流向左心室，导致晕厥发作。通常采取手术切除治愈。

The most common primary cardiac tumor in infants and children, as opposed to adults, are rhabdomyomas. 

相较于成人，婴幼儿和儿童最常见的原发性肿瘤是横纹肌瘤。

Rhabdomyo refers to striated muscle tissue, or cardiac muscle tissue in this case, so rhabdomyomas are benign tumors of the heart that usually affect the ventricles. They are best considered hamartomas rather than a true neoplasm. 

在这种情况下，Rhabdomyo指横纹肌组织，或心肌组织，因此横纹肌瘤是一种常影响心室的良性心脏肿瘤。它们通常被视为错构瘤【hamartomas】，而不是真正的肿瘤。

Hamart means “fault,” so hamartomas are actually the result of an abnormal formation of normal tissue; so basically, there was some fault in how the tissue grew. 

Hamart意为“错”，错构瘤实际上是正常组织异常形成导致的；它大体上指组织成长方式存在一些缺陷。

These developmental masses happen frequently in patients that also have tuberous sclerosis, a genetic disorder causing these non-cancerous masses to form in various tissues. 

这些存在缺陷的肿物常发生于结节性硬化患者。结节性硬化是一种遗传性疾病，会导致各种组织中形成非癌性肿物。

And this is due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, genes that usually suppress tumor growth; therefore, a mutation leads to myocyte overgrowth.

这是因为肿瘤抑制基因（抑制肿瘤生长的基因）TSC1或TSC2发生突变，导致肌细胞过度生长。

Most rhabdomyomas usually actually regress spontaneously. If they do cause symptoms though, like for example obstructing a valve or the outflow of blood from the heart, then they might be surgically removed.

实际上，大多数横纹肌瘤通常会自行消退。如果它们确实引起症状，如阻塞瓣膜或心脏流出血液，则可能需要手术切除。