腹股沟下FICB可持续阻断股神经和股外侧皮神经,但局麻药不易向内侧或头侧扩散,因此对闭孔神经的阻滞较欠缺[4]。与腹股沟下FICB相比,腹股沟上FICB对股内侧、前外侧区域产生更完整的感觉阻滞,并且能更可靠地将局麻药扩散至股神经、股外侧皮神经、闭孔神经[5]。有尸体研究表明[3],使用腹股沟韧带上入路FICB若要达到“三合一”阻滞效果需要局麻药液的容量达到40ml。
临床常用于髂筋膜阻滞的局麻药为罗哌卡因,罗哌卡因目前推荐浓度为0.2-0.5%[6,7]。有不同学者[8-10]采用序贯法测定了0.3%、0.375%、0.5%罗哌卡因行FICB的半数有效容量分别为25.37ml、23.10ml、23ml。髂筋膜阻滞的成功与否,局麻药液的容量是必要条件,然而由于局麻药容量较大,增加了局麻药全身毒性风险,尤其在老年或小儿,应严格控制局麻药总剂量。
目前临床常用的应用于FICB的局麻药佐剂有地塞米松、右美托咪定。它们均可以有效延长阻滞时间,减少阿片类药物的应用,有利于患者术后康复。其中,除右美托咪定会引起患者术中心率较慢外,无其他明显不良反应[11-13]。
对于大多数患者而言,单次髂筋膜阻滞的有效镇痛时间约8小时,而持续输注髂筋膜阻滞可为髋关节置换、股骨颈骨折患者术后提供持续有效的镇痛,有利于减少阿片类药物应用,降低谵妄及肺炎风险。但是,目前还没有统一和明确的关于置管镇痛的共识。同时,区域阻滞置管导致的感染、脱管、漏液、神经损伤和经济花费等都限制了髂筋膜阻滞置管的应用。
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