述评|妊娠期糖尿病:诊断进展及存在争议

学术   2025-01-26 17:02   北京  

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本文引用格式:舒心宇, 隽娟, 杨慧霞. 妊娠期糖尿病:诊断进展及存在争议[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2025, 28(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20250106-00004.



舒心宇 隽娟 杨慧霞

北京大学第一医院妇产生殖医学中心,北京 100034

通信作者:杨慧霞,Email:yanghuixia@bjmu.edu.cn,电话:010-83573246


 摘  要

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期一种常见的并发症,并与剖宫产、巨大儿、新生儿低血糖等多种不良妊娠结局显著相关。目前国际上普遍采用妊娠24~28周口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果作为GDM主要诊断标准。然而,近年来多项临床研究显示,妊娠早期确诊的GDM与不良妊娠结局之间存在显著关联,这促使许多学者呼吁将GDM的诊断时间提前,但仍存在争议。此外,GDM在双胎妊娠中发生率高,其对大于胎龄儿、远期2型糖尿病等影响是否与单胎妊娠相同,目前仍存在争议,这也引发了关于双胎GDM诊断标准的思考。本文通过阐述早发型GDM及双胎GDM的研究进展,分析现有证据,并结合我国具体国情,提出相应的临床诊断建议和对未来研究方向的思考。

【关键词】 妊娠期糖尿病;早期诊断;双胎妊娠

基金项目: 中央高水平医院临床研究基金(22cz020401-4811009);国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2700700)


妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指妊娠前正常、妊娠期新发的糖代谢异常,全球发病率约为14%1,并以非洲及东南亚地区尤为严重2。研究证明,GDM与妊娠期高血压、剖宫产、大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age,LGA)等不良妊娠结局,以及远期肥胖、糖代谢异常及心脑血管等疾病显著相关3-5。妊娠引起的胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR)是逐渐形成,24周以后更加明显,至今被认为是GDM的主要原因。20世纪60年代,已开始对GDM诊断标准进行初步探索6。目前国际公认GDM诊断时间为妊娠24~28周,主要的筛查诊断方式为75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)“一步法”,该方法是2011年国际糖尿病与妊娠研究组(International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups,IADPSG)根据“高血糖与不良妊娠结局”研究结果制定的7,随后被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)及多数国家采纳,我国自2011年将其作为行业标准8一直沿用至今。美国妇产科医师学会(American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,ACOG)仍推荐50 g葡萄糖负荷试验和75~100 g OGTT“两步法”。尽管采用不同方式诊断GDM的发病率存在差异,但均可通过有效的临床干预降低母儿不良结局的发生风险9-10。近年来,随着对GDM的病理生理研究的不断深入11,越来越多的临床研究提出孕早期出现的GDM与常规确诊的GDM及其他不良妊娠结局的发生显著相关12。而关于胎儿生长发育的研究同样指出GDM胎儿生长速率在常规诊断前即表现出生长差异13-16。以上研究引发了GDM是否应该“诊断前移”的激烈讨论。与此同时,在双胎妊娠中,GDM发生率高,而胎儿本身生长发育相对慢17,GDM对单胎与双胎的影响是否相同,也引发了广泛讨论18。本文针对以上2种存在争议的问题进行简要介绍,通过分析现有证据并结合我国国情,提出关于临床诊断与未来研究方向的建议与思考。


一、早发型GDM

女性在妊娠期出现的生理性空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)降低及餐后血糖升高被视为胎儿生长发育的有利因素。正常妊娠的初始阶段表现为持续的FPG下降,并维持至孕中晚期,该阶段胰岛素敏感性与妊娠前基本相同或轻度增加,有利于脂肪蓄积并为后续妊娠供能。随着妊娠进展,胎盘所分泌的肿瘤坏死因子、瘦素、人胎盘催乳素等,进一步加重IR,若此时胰岛β细胞无法分泌相对充足的胰岛素,则会导致GDM发生,这是经典的GDM形成理论。然而,越来越多的研究结果显示,部分孕妇在妊娠早期即出现胰岛素分泌相对不足,从而提示胰岛素分泌可能独立于IR单独存在,这引发了对GDM病理生理亚型及早发型GDM的激烈讨论1119-20。近年来,澳大利亚的GDM早诊治及处理的研究工作组陆续发布了持续5年的针对早发型GDM诊治的全球多中心随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),结果显示,孕20周前对GDM进行诊治可以降低复合不良妊娠结局的发生率[5.6%(95%CI:1.2%~10.1%)],但其他主要结局如妊娠相关高血压、新生儿脂肪含量等差异均无统计学意义21。同时,对于早发型GDM的观察性研究显示,早期诊断,特别是诊断时血糖处于高界值及以上(FPG 5.3 mmol/L,餐后1 h 血糖10.6 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖9.0 mmol/L)均与24~28周GDM的发生显著相关,而餐后1 h血糖与较高的复合不良妊娠结局发生率显著相关(OR=1.85,95%CI:1.16~2.94)22。而关于早期与常规诊断的成本收益研究同样提示,对于高危人群的早期筛查可能更具经济价值23。基于以上证据,2024年比利时弗兰德地区的医疗机构更新了GDM的筛查标准,建议将孕20周前FPG在5.3~6.9 mmol/L的孕妇诊断为早发型GDM24。早在2011年,IADPSG共识就提出应依据早期FPG进行诊断7。2013年WHO的妊娠期高血糖指南也指出,妊娠期任何时段采用75 g OGTT若符合2011年IADPSG诊断标准就可被诊断为GDM25

我国学者早在十多年前就开展了关于孕早期FPG变化及GDM诊断必要性的探索。北京大学第一医院朱微微等26在2013年对全国13家医院17 186例孕妇的血糖数据分析发现,尽管FPG自孕4~24周,随孕周增加呈逐渐下降趋势,且与常规GDM诊断相关,但其对GDM的诊断效能一般,曲线下面积仅为0.654,而当诊断界值设定为6.1 mmol/L时,GDM的发生率为66.2%,特异度为100%,因此认为在我国应对孕早期FPG 6.1 mmol/L及以上孕妇进行早期血糖管理。随后,我国学者Liu等27对522例孕妇在18~20周和20~24周进行的2次OGTT结果的前瞻性观察研究发现,虽然两者的一致率为74.9%,但并未发现早期诊断的GDM与不良妊娠结局存在显著关联。尽管以上研究提示孕早期高血糖与GDM存在相关性,然而,关于早发型GDM与妊娠结局相关性的高质量研究证据仍较为匮乏,且存在争议。2017年的一项纳入13项(11项为观察性研究、2项RCT)早期确诊并进行干预的GDM研究的meta分析发现,早发型GDM干预后仍与新生儿低血糖及死亡等发生风险较高显著相关[RR值(95%CI)分别为3.58(1.91~6.71)和1.61(1.02~2.55)]28。而随后关于GDM早期筛查与治疗的RCT研究并未发现其对妊娠结局产生显著影响,故认为早期与常规筛查的复合不良结局发生率相似29。同时,早期与常规治疗孕妇的孕晚期血糖、胰岛素水平及IR的稳态模型评估等指标差异均无统计学意义30,且两者新生儿的脐血C肽、脂肪含量、身长体重百分比等相近31。而尽管有研究发现早发型GDM通过治疗可以显著减少LGA的发生率,但增加了新生儿重症监护病房入住率,提示对于早发型GDM诊治可能是一把“双刃剑”32

我国GDM发病率为14.8%(95%CI:12.8%~16.7%)33,有着庞大糖尿病患者群体34,并呈现40岁以下的年轻化趋势35,然而,这部分人群糖尿病知晓率不容乐观。一项针对我国640万育龄期女性的FPG调查显示,其糖尿病知晓率仅为1.20%36。孕前糖尿病(pre-gestational diabetes mellitus,PGDM)与较高的胚胎着床及发育异常、妊娠期高血压疾病、胎儿生长过速、胎死宫内等严重不良结局紧密相关37-38。而随着生育政策的全面放开及生活条件的不断改善,高龄、超重肥胖、有糖尿病家族史、多囊卵巢综合征等代谢性疾病等GDM高危人群逐渐增多39。提示严重糖代谢异常的早期识别及GDM规范化管理仍是目前围产保健的重中之重。2022年,我国“妊娠期高血糖诊治指南”中首次将糖尿病前期列为初次产前检查筛查目标,提出对于FPG≥5.6 mmol/L者,直接诊断为妊娠合并FPG受损并进行管理。同时强调,尽管FPG≥5.1 mmol/L不作为早发型GDM的诊断标准,但合并有高危因素者,应及时给予健康宣教等生活方式干预40。此项措施旨在最大程度早期识别并管理存在糖代谢异常的人群,同时避免过度干预、引起患者焦虑及血糖监测等经济学成本的增加23,这与英国、意大利等国家的指南推荐一致41-42。2024年,ACOG在GDM及PGDM的孕期及产后筛查的临床实践指南更新中,同样建议妊娠早期将漏诊的PGDM诊断出来,而行GDM筛查仍在妊娠24~28周43

2021年,由美国国立卫生研究院开展的“母亲及子代的血糖观察与代谢结果”多中心研究正式启动,计划通过3年间收集来自8所医院的2 150例孕妇的妊娠期全程血糖及其他相关代谢数据,每例孕妇分别在10~14周、16~20周、24~28周、32~36周进行为期10 d的连续血糖监测,并定期检测胰岛素、C肽及糖化血红蛋白等,旨在制定GDM、LGA的预测模型,同时了解妊娠期全程的IR及胰岛素分泌情况44,这将为GDM的早期诊断提供强有力的科学依据。而基于现有证据及我国较高的妊娠期高血糖负担、不平衡的医疗资源等现状,综合考虑卫生经济学等因素,针对不同严重程度妊娠期高血糖的规范化分层管理仍为目前工作重点。自2011年北京大学第一医院首次开展GDM一日门诊以来,十余年来已在全国各地广泛开展,并通过知识教育、饮食指导、血糖监测及个性化咨询等更集中的管理,明确与传统治疗相比,GDM一日门诊管理可以降低胰岛素使用率及IR、巨大儿、新生儿低血糖等发生率45-46


二、双胎妊娠合并GDM


双胎妊娠GDM的发生率为5.9%~33.6%。双胎妊娠胎盘面积较大,激素、细胞因子等IR分子分泌相对增多,双胎妊娠被认为是发生GDM的危险因素之一。单胎GDM与LGA、剖宫产、新生儿低血糖等显著相关,而考虑双胎胎儿生长发育速度相对缓慢,双胎GDM是否也有此相关性引发了深入的探索。研究显示,双胎妊娠中,GDM与子痫前期发生率较高显著相关(OR=1.5,95%CI:1.1~2.1)47,GDM孕妇的新生儿呈现“体重右移”47,即小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)发生率较低但LGA发生率较高48-49。GDM孕妇的新生儿有着较高的新生儿低血糖50、黄疸48发生率及重症监护病房入住率等51。然而,2024年的一项包括85项单胎和27项双胎妊娠与GDM研究的meta分析提示,虽然双胎妊娠中GDM与妊娠期高血压疾病、剖宫产、LGA、早产等发生率及新生儿重症监护病房入住率较高显著相关[RR值(95%CI)分别为1.69 (1.51~1.90)、1.10(1.06~1.13)、1.29(1.03~1.60)、1.19(1.07~1.32)及1.20(1.09~1.32)],但显著降低新生儿死亡率(RR=0.50,95%CI:0.39~0.65),且与单胎妊娠相比,双胎妊娠合并GDM的剖宫产、胎死宫内的发生风险及新生儿重症监护病房入住率显著降低,提示对于部分不良结局,与单胎相比,双胎GDM可能有着相对较弱的影响52。以上观点从而引发了关于双胎GDM诊断标准及血糖管理的讨论。

在远期预后方面,既往研究认为,单胎与双胎GDM孕妇远期发生2型糖尿病的风险相近53-54。而Hiersch等55通过对2007年至2017年间在加拿大安大略省分娩的55 361例单胎及1 308例双胎孕妇进行为期4年的跟踪发现,双胎GDM产后远期发生2型糖尿病的风险显著低于单胎,同时通过Cox比例风险模型分析发现,当两者具有相似的糖尿病发生率时,双胎GDM的75 g OGTT诊断标准分别为5.8 mmol/L、11.8 mmol/L和10.4 mmol/L。从而支持了双胎妊娠时仅需要药物治疗的严重GDM给予及时干预的观点1856。对于双胎GDM血糖控制与妊娠结局的研究同样表明,对GDM双胎采取更加严格的血糖控制与较高的SGA发生率显著相关57-58

虽有较多证据提示,双胎GDM参照单胎进行统一管理可能增加SGA等不良妊娠结局59,但目前高质量的研究证据仍较为匮乏,尚无双胎GDM诊断及管理的干预性研究,而关于这部分人群的孕期增重及血糖的具体控制目标等仍在探索的起步阶段60。未来还需要更多的关于双胎糖代谢的病理生理研究及相关临床试验,进一步探究双胎GDM更适宜的诊断界值及管理方式。

随着临床与基础研究的迅猛发展,传统GDM诊断面临着新的挑战。结合现有证据及我国国情,加强孕前糖代谢筛查、孕期GDM规范化管理仍是目前围产保健的重点。针对双胎妊娠合并GDM,在常规管理的同时,密切监测胎儿生长发育并及时进行个性化调整,必要时放宽血糖管理。在科学研究方面,积极呼吁开展单胎与双胎妊娠期糖代谢轨迹相关基础研究及临床高质量的前瞻性研究,为进一步探索妊娠期高血糖的全人群、全周期诊疗做出不懈努力。

利益冲突  所有作者声明无利益冲突


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