Fill in the blanks in the following passages with the words given below. Use each word once only, and change the word form where necessary.
compatibly dialectically fix found share start
China has decided to gradually raise the retirement age of men from 60 to 63 and women cadres and women blue-collar workers from 55 to 58 and 50 to 55, respectively, in the course of 15 years __1___ from 2025. This is an important step toward deepening comprehensive reform, and will affect the allocation of human resources, talent training and social development. How to handle the ___2___ relationship between creating and __3___ social wealth, and implement a retirement system that is __4___ with the country's socioeconomic development level is important for guiding social reform in the right direction.
The government has always attached importance to the statutory retirement age. After the __5___ of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the central government introduced the retirement system to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers. In the 1950s, the retirement age for men was ___6___ at 60 and women cadres and women blue-collar workers at 55 and 50, respectively. This arrangement has not changed.
But the retirement age needs to be raised in line with China's development level and demographic changes. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the country has been deepening comprehensive reform, including the reform of the retirement system. A country fixes the retirement age mainly based on its people's life expectancy and their physical health. According to the National Health Commission, China's life expectancy in 2023 was 78.6 years compared with 57 years in 1957.
(二)纳斯达克(Nasdaq)
纳斯达克市场实行的也是多元做市商制。因为纳斯达克是一个无形市场,是一个网络系统,不可能由“经纪人”面对面地喊价、竞价,而只能由做市商“报出买卖价”(quote the bid and ask prices),各个经纪人(或客户)通过“终端机”(terminals)查询价格,认为符合客户指令要求就可以“下单”(place order),客户也可直接下单。这种方式下因为交易是以做市商的“报价”为基础的、所以称为“报价驱动机制”(quotation-driven system)。因此,这样的一个无形市场绝对不能没有做市商。而如果只有一名做市商负责某一只股票,就可能形成垄断;即使做市商提高买卖“差价”(spread),客户也无从选择,因为他不能像交易所交易那样通过经纪人避开做市商。因此,多元做市商的地位举足轻重。
(三)纽约证券交易所(New York Stock Exchange)
纽约证交所实行的是另一种做市制度,交易所内人员也比较繁杂。按照功能的不同共有两类,一是“经纪商”(broker),不以自有账户进行买卖;二是“自营商”(dealer),以自有账户进行买卖。因此证交所的人员笼统地被称为经纪商—自营商(broker-dealer)。按照不同的组合,场内人员有不同类型:
1.佣金经纪商(commission house brokers)
佣金经纪商专门接受场外客户的委托,按其“指令”交易,收取佣金。
2.独立经纪商(independent broker)
独立经纪商是佣金经纪商的“替补队员”,当后者一时忙不过来时就委托“独立经纪商”代为执行指令,并支付佣金。因为这种佣金一度定为每手2美元,所以“独立经纪商”又叫“$2经纪商”($2broker);独立经纪商不和场外客户发生联系。
3.竞争性交易商(competitive trader)
竞争性交易商在交易大厅为自己的账户进行“自营”交易,并充当“独立经纪商”;但在同一日内不得针对同一只股票既做自营又做经纪。
4.竞争性做市商(competitive market maker)
竞争性做市商在交易所官员或经纪商的要求下可以买卖任何一只股票。如果他当天没有买卖某只股票,还可以为这只股票充当“独立经纪商”。
5、特许做市商(specialist)
特许做市商又译专家,既是“经纪商”又是“自营商”。作为经纪商,他是“独立经纪商”和“佣金经纪商的经纪商”;作为自营商,他以自有账户买卖“指定”(assigned)由其负责“做市”的证券,缓解供求矛盾,维持正常交易。
之所以纽约证交所的做市商称为“特许做市商”(“专家”),是因为每一只股票都指定由同一个做市商负责,但同一个做市商可同时负责多只股票。这种做市商制度因此称为“特许做市商制”(specialist system,“专家制”)。
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