体腔解剖学详解丨医学英语视听学习

Body Cavities Anatomy

体腔解剖学

The internal organs are inside body cavities. The 2 main ones are the dorsal and ventral cavities. 

内脏器官在体腔内。人体内的两大体腔是背腔和腹腔。

The dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity, which houses the brain, and the spinal canal, which houses the spinal cord. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

背腔包括颅腔和椎管，颅腔容纳大脑，而椎管则容纳脊髓。腹腔包括胸腔和腹盆腔。

The thoracic found between the thoracic outlet and the diaphragm encircled by the ribs, sternum, and thoracic spine, contains the mediastinum and pleural cavities.

胸腔位于胸廓出口和膈肌之间，由肋骨、胸骨和胸椎围成，包括纵膈和胸膜腔。

The mediastinum contains the heart, trachea, and esophagus. The mediastinum has 2 divisions – superior and inferior, the inferior one can be subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior divisions. The pleural cavities contain the lungs. 

纵膈包含心脏、气管和食管，它分为 2 个区域，上纵膈和下纵膈，下纵膈可进一步分为前、中和后三区。胸膜腔包含肺。

Found beneath the diaphragm, the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. Since there is no actual membrane that separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity, sometimes this area is called the abdominal pelvis or the peritoneal cavity.

腹盆腔位于横隔膜下，可进一步分为腹腔和盆腔。由于腹腔和盆腔之间实际上没有膜隔开，有时，这一区域也被称为腹盆腔或腹膜腔。

The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, suprarenal glands, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.

腹腔包含胃、肝脏、胆囊、胰腺、脾脏、肾脏、肾上腺、小肠和大部分大肠。

The pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, bladder, sigmoid colon, and rectum. The peritoneal cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

盆腔包含生殖器官、膀胱、乙状结肠和直肠。腹膜腔是壁腹膜和脏腹膜之间的潜在腔隙。

The peritoneum is a serous membrane lining the viscera and the abdominal cavity wall. It protects the viscera, connects organs, maintains their position, and prevents friction when they move. 

腹膜是包覆内脏和腹腔壁内的一层浆膜。它保护内脏，连接器官，固定器官，并防止器官活动时发生相互摩擦。

The parietal peritoneum lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall. The visceral peritoneum wraps around the organs. 

壁腹膜覆在腹盆腔壁的内表面。脏腹膜包裹器官。

The omentum, a layer of sheets of visceral peritoneum, extends from the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum and covers the front of your abdomen like an apron, while the mesentery, a double layer in the back, attaches the intestines to the back abdominal wall.

网膜是一层脏腹膜，从胃和十二指肠近端延伸，如围裙一样覆盖腹前部，而肠系膜是背部的双层膜，将肠管固定在腹后壁上。

The greater omentum is made up of four sheets of visceral peritoneum. Descending from the stomach's greater curvature and the proximal part of the duodenum, it folds and then attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse colon. It plays a role in immunity and can migrate to infected viscera, or sites of tissue disturbance.

大网膜由 4 层脏腹膜组成。它从胃大弯和十二指肠近端处下降，折叠，然后附在横结肠前表面。它具有免疫功能，可以迁移到受感染的内脏或组织病变部位。

The lesser omentum, a double layer of visceral peritoneum, attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum to the liver.

小网膜是一种双层脏腹膜，连接胃小弯和十二指肠近端与肝脏。

The lesser omentum is made up of a flat sheet called the hepatogastric ligament, as well as the hepatoduodenal ligament's free edge, which contains the portal triad.

小网膜由肝胃韧带，以及肝十二指肠韧带游离缘，包含肝门三体构成。

A peritoneal ligament is a double fold of peritoneum connecting either viscera to other viscera or connecting viscera to the abdominal wall. Splenic peritoneal ligaments include the phrenicocolic, gastrosplenic, and splenorenal ligaments. 

腹膜韧带是双层折叠腹膜，连接脏器与脏器，或脏器与腹壁。脾腹膜韧带包括膈结肠韧带、胃脾韧带和脾肾韧带。

Gastric ligaments include the gastrophrenic and gastrocolic ligaments. And hepatic ligaments include the falciform, hepatogastric, and hepatoduodenal ligaments.

胃韧带包括胃膈韧带和胃结肠韧带。肝韧带包括镰状韧带、肝胃韧带和肝十二指肠韧带。

The peritoneal cavity can be subdivided into the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs. 

腹膜腔可进一步分为大腹膜囊和小腹膜囊。

The greater sac is divided yet further by the mesentery of the transverse mesocolon into the supracolic compartment anterior and superior to the transverse mesocolon, and the infracolic compartment posterior and inferior to the transverse mesocolon.

大腹膜囊又被横结肠系膜分为前结肠上区和横结肠系膜上部，以及后结肠下区和横结肠系膜下部。

These are connected by the paracolic gutters, which are found between the posterolateral abdominal wall and the lateral aspect of the ascending and descending colon.

它们由结肠旁沟连接，结肠旁沟位于腹壁后外侧与升结肠和降结肠外侧之间。

The supracolic compartment contains the liver, spleen, and stomach, while the infracolic compartment contains the ascending and descending colon and the small intestine. The mesentery of the small intestine divides the infracolic compartment into left and right infracolic spaces.

结肠上区包含肝脏、脾脏和胃，而结肠下区包含升结肠和降结肠，以及小肠。小肠系膜将结肠下区分为左结肠下间隙和右结肠下间隙。

The lesser sac, also called the omental bursa, is found behind the liver and stomach in front of the pancreas and duodenum. It is needed to provide a space for the stomach to move unhindered. It is connected to the greater sac through the epiploic, or omental, foramen of Winslow.

小腹膜囊，又称网膜囊，位于肝脏和胃后面，胰腺和十二指肠前面。它需要为胃不受限制地活动提供空间。小腹膜腔通过网膜孔与大腹膜腔连通。

Having different pelvic organs means that the peritoneal cavity is different in structure in males and females. The peritoneal cavity is completely sealed in males, but not in females. 

盆腔器官不同意味着男性与女性的腹膜腔结构不同。男性的腹膜腔是密闭的，而女性的则不然。

Males have a rectovesical pouch, a double folding of peritoneum, found between the rectum and bladder. Females have the rectouterine pouch, a double folding of the peritoneum between the rectum and the back wall of the uterus. 

男性的直肠和膀胱之间有直肠膀胱陷凹--双层折叠腹膜。女性的直肠和子宫后壁之间有直肠子宫陷凹--双层折叠腹膜。

They also have a vesicouterine pouch, which is another double folding of peritoneum between the front of the uterus and the bladder.

女性也有膀胱子宫陷凹，即子宫前部与膀胱之间的另一个双层折叠腹膜。

The fallopian tubes open into the peritoneal cavity, so the female genital tract is technically connected to the abdominal cavity.

输卵管通向腹膜腔，因此，在解剖学上，女性的生殖道与腹腔相连。

Abdominal viscera can be grouped anatomically based on their relationship to the peritoneum into intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs. Intraperitoneal organs are enveloped, both anteriorly and posteriorly, by the visceral peritoneum. 

在解剖学上，腹腔内脏可根据其与腹膜之间的关系，分为腹膜内器官和腹膜后器官。腹膜内器官前后都被脏腹膜包裹。

These include the stomach, liver, spleen, parts of the duodenum, the jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon.

这些器官包括胃、肝脏、脾脏、十二指肠部分、空肠、回肠、横结肠和乙状结肠。

Meanwhile, retroperitoneal organs are not associated with visceral peritoneum. In instead, only being covered by parietal peritoneum on their anterior surface. 

同时，腹膜后器官与脏腹膜无关。相反，它们只被其前表面的壁腹膜覆盖。

Here's a mnemonic to remember which abdominal viscera are retroperitoneal: SAD PUCKER suprarenal glands, aorta, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, colon, kidneys, esophagus, rectum.

腹膜后器官的记忆口诀是：SAD PUCKER【悲伤的皱褶】 ，它们分别为肾上腺、主动脉、十二指肠、胰腺、输尿管、结肠、肾脏、食道、直肠。

Note that retroperitoneal organs can be further subdivided into primarily retroperitoneal and secondarily retroperitoneal organs based on embryological development.

注意，腹膜后器官可以根据胚胎的发育，进一步细分为主要腹膜后器官和次要腹膜后器官。

Primarily retroperitoneal organs developed and stayed outside the parietal peritoneum, while secondarily retroperitoneal organs were initially intraperitoneal, suspended by mesentery, and then became retroperitoneal when the mesentery fused with the posterior abdominal wall so only their anterior surface is covered with peritoneum.

主要腹膜后器官在壁腹膜外发育和固定，而次要腹膜后器官最初在腹膜内，由肠系膜悬吊，然后，随着肠系膜与腹后壁融合，变为腹膜后器官，因此，它们只有前表面被腹膜覆盖。