Electric range varies with the seasons and it is essential to take this into account when choosing a vehicle. The range indicated for each model is in fact an annual average: in spring, summer and fall, a car will often yield a higher mileage, while in winter it will be lower.
电动续航里程随季节变化，选择车辆时必须考虑到这一点。每个车型所标明的行驶里程实际上是年平均值：在春季、夏季和秋季，汽车的行驶里程通常会较高，而在冬季则会较低。
The effect of temperature on the battery
温度对电池的影响
The variation of electric range comes mainly from the fact that the batteries are affected by the temperature. Lithium batteries operate at their full potential at temperatures between 15 and 35 degrees Celsius. The operating range of lithium batteries can go from -20 to 60 degrees, but below zero we are already starting to see a slowdown in their ability to provide their energy. Starting around -12 degrees, most vehicles will activate the battery heater to maintain acceptable performance. Please note that the heater consumes power, but this is usually offset by the gain in efficiency.
续航里程的变化主要来自于电池受温度的影响。锂电池在 15 至 35 摄氏度之间的温度下可充分发挥其潜力。锂电池的工作范围可以从 -20 到 60 度，但低于零，我们已经开始看到它们提供能量的能力下降。从 -12 度左右开始，大多数车辆将激活电池加热器以保持可接受的性能。请注意，加热器会消耗功率，但这通常会被总能耗效率的提高所抵消。
Physical effects on the vehicle
对车辆的物理影响
The colder air, more dense, also offers greater resistance and thus increases energy consumption. In addition, the road traction is slightly worse and the mechanical resistance is higher. These same effects also apply to the gasoline car, but you don't notice it. Gas mileage can easily increase by 20% in winter, but all you notice is you refuel more often.
空气越冷，密度越大，阻力也越大，从而增加能源消耗。另外路面牵引力稍差，机械阻力较高。这些相同的效果也适用于汽油车，但您没有注意到。冬季油耗很容易增加 20%，但您注意到的只是您加油的频率增加了。
The effect of heating and air conditioning
对供暖和空调的影响
For electric vehicles, heating the passenger compartment in winter and air conditioning in summer have some impact on range since the energy necessary is drawn from the traction battery. But contrary to popular belief, this is not the main factor that decreases the range. In most standard electric vehicles, half the battery can easily heat or cool the passenger compartment for up to 15 hours!
对于电动汽车来说，冬季加热乘客舱和夏季空调会对行驶里程产生一些影响，因为所需的能量来自动力电池。但与普遍看法相反，这并不是缩小范围的主要因素。在大多数标准电动汽车中，一半的电池可以轻松加热或冷却乘客室长达 15 小时！
Why does cold weather reduce EV efficiency?
为什么寒冷天气会降低电动汽车效率？
Cold temperatures adversely affect EV batteries because they rely on chemical reactions to store and release electricity. Lithium-ion batteries – the most common cells used in electric and hybrid cars – work when lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode; cold slows this process down and restricts battery performance. The result can be a dramatic loss in usable range.
低温会对电动汽车电池产生不利影响，因为它们依靠化学反应来存储和释放电力。锂离子电池是电动和混合动力汽车中最常用的电池，当锂离子从阳极移动到阴极时，锂离子电池就会工作。寒冷会减慢这一过程并限制电池性能。结果可能是可用范围的巨大损失。
Do low temperatures impact charging speeds?
低温会影响充电速度吗？
While there are no added dangers when charging your car in rain or snow, another adverse effect of the cold is that charging speeds from public rapid chargers may be slower. Tesla admits that extreme weather can result in reduced charging speeds at its Supercharger stations, and the same is likely to be true of other networks.
虽然在雨雪天气给汽车充电不会带来额外的危险，但寒冷的另一个不利影响是公共快速充电器的充电速度可能会变慢。特斯拉承认，极端天气可能会导致其超级充电站的充电速度降低，其他网络也可能出现同样的情况。
Winter autonomy as a yardstick
未雨绸缪冬季旅程
Since a model’s announced range is an annual average that varies with seasons, when estimating your daily trips, include a safety margin of about 40% for winter conditions. So consider that, in the worst winter conditions, an electric vehicle with an average range of 400 km could be limited to 240 km of range. Such extremes will be rare, but they could happen. It is better to plan it so as not to be caught unaware!
由于车型公布的续航里程是年平均值，会随季节变化，因此在估算每日行程时，请考虑冬季条件下约 40% 的安全裕度。因此，考虑到在最恶劣的冬季条件下，平均续航里程为 400 公里的电动汽车的续航里程可能会被限制为 240 公里。这种极端情况很少见，但也有可能发生。最好做好计划，以免措手不及！
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