Our life expectancy — the number of years we are expected to live from the time we are born — is an important measure of the health of any society. Simply put, longer life expectancy is a sign of a healthier population. Many factors can lead to poor health and can reduce life expectancy; air pollution is one of them. Currently, air pollution is the 4th leading cause of death globally, accounting for nearly 7 million deaths.
我们的预期寿命——从出生之日起预计能活的年数——是衡量任何社会健康状况的重要指标。简而言之，预期寿命更长是人口更健康的标志。许多因素会导致健康状况不佳并缩短预期寿命；空气污染就是其中之一。目前，空气污染是全球第四大死亡原因，导致近 700 万人死亡。
Figure 1. Life expectancy loss attributable to levels of total air pollution in 2019.
图 1. 2019 年空气污染总量导致的预期寿命损失。
SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS-Exposure to Air Pollution Reduces Life Expectancy.
重大影响——暴露于空气污染会降低预期寿命。
Current levels of air pollution have reduced life expectancy by 1 year and 8 months on average worldwide.
Considered separately, in 2019 ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) reduced life expectancy by 1 year, household air pollution by 0.7 year, and ambient ozone by 0.07 year.
Air pollution reduces average life expectancy by almost as much as tobacco use.
目前的空气污染水平已使全世界的预期寿命平均缩短 1 年零 8 个月。
单独考虑，2019 年环境细颗粒物（PM2.5）使预期寿命缩短 1 年，家庭空气污染使预期寿命缩短 0.7 年，环境臭氧使预期寿命缩短 0.07 年。
空气污染导致平均预期寿命缩短的程度几乎与吸烟一样。
Figure 2. Contribution of major risk factors and diseases to loss of life expectancy
图 2. 主要风险因素和疾病对预期寿命损失的影响
DISPARITIES ACROSS REGIONS-Less-developed countries have the most to gain in life expectancy.
各地区之间的差异——欠发达国家的预期寿命增长幅度最大。
Air pollution’s impact on life expectancy is greatest in less-developed areas, where many people suffer a double burden from high ambient PM2.5 and exposure to household air pollution.
Air pollution attributable life expectancy losses were greatest in Oceania, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, where LE loss can be as high as 2 to 2.8 years for some countries.
The countries with the greatest life expectancy losses linked to air pollution were Papua New Guinea (3.2 yr), Niger (3.1 yr), and Somalia (3.04 yr).
The countries that currently suffer the highest PM2.5 exposures would have the most to gain from reducing air pollution.
在欠发达地区，空气污染对预期寿命的影响最大，那里的许多人承受着高环境 PM2.5 和暴露于家庭空气污染的双重负担。
空气污染造成的预期寿命损失在大洋洲、南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲地区最为严重，其中一些国家的预期寿命损失可能高达 2 至 2.8 年。
与空气污染相关的预期寿命损失最严重的国家是巴布亚新几内亚（3.2 岁）、尼日尔（3.1 岁）和索马里（3.04 岁）。
目前PM2.5 暴露量最高的国家将从减少空气污染中获益最多。
Figure 3. Life expectancy loss attributable to levels of PM2.5 in 2019
图 3. 2019 年 PM2.5 水平导致的预期寿命损失
PROBING THE DATA-The team used a robust methodology to assess impacts on life expectancy.
探索数据——科学团队使用稳健的方法来评估对预期寿命的影响。
Life expectancy is a statistical estimate of the average lifespan (that is, years from birth to death) that an individual in a population is expected to live. It considers all the factors that affect life expectancy in a population including age and sex, underlying health status, smoking, diet, and other risk factors like air pollution. To estimate the impact of a particular factor on life expectancy, researchers quantify the likelihood of dying from diseases related to that factor at different ages in a population and calculate a “risk-deleted” life expectancy — that is, the length of life that would be expected if the factor were absent. The average difference between life expectancy with and without the risk factor quantifies the average change in life expectancy attributable to that factor.
预期寿命是对人口中个体预期寿命（即从出生到死亡的年数）的统计估计。它考虑了影响人口预期寿命的所有因素，包括年龄和性别、基本健康状况、吸烟、饮食以及空气污染等其他风险因素。为了估计特定因素对预期寿命的影响，研究人员量化了人群中不同年龄阶段死于与该因素相关的疾病的可能性，并计算了“风险删除”预期寿命：如果该因素不存在，则可以预期有风险因素和无风险因素的预期寿命之间的平均差异量化了由该因素引起的预期寿命的平均变化。
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