［提 要］明末清初，西方傳教士東來，中西文化之間發生首次較大規模接觸。其最直接的成果之一，就是在漢語中留下大量影響深遠的新名詞，包括天主教系列名詞，西學分類系列名詞，天文地理和國家地區系列名詞，邏輯學、數學、物理學和心理學等具體學科名詞等。其中，天文地理系列新詞攜帶時空新知與早期“全球意識”，具有特殊價值。那些專門添加“口”字旁的名詞，原本並不帶歧視內涵，“口”旁只是音譯符號而已。不少現被認為清末民初才創製或來自日本的新名詞，其實早在明清之際即已出現。三音節以上詞創製之多，遠超今人想象。帶“學”或“家”後綴的三音節詞，尤具示範效應。一些舊詞，在中西互動中被悄然賦能、學理化使用，具有新舊過渡性，同樣值得關注。
［關鍵詞］明清之際 新名詞現象 西學 時空新知 全球意識
［作者簡介］黃興濤，1965年生，歷史學博士。中國人民大學特聘講席教授，博士生導師，明德書院院長。兼任國務院學位委員會中國史學科評議組成員，國家教材委員會歷史學科專家委員會委員，中國歷史研究院學術委員會委員，中國現代文化學會和中國孫中山研究會副會長等。曾在美國哈佛大學和日本神戶大學等校訪學。長期從事清代和中國近現代思想文化史研究，出版《重塑中華：近代中國“中華民族”觀念研究》，《“她”字的文化史：女性新代詞的發明與認同研究》，《月亮的人文史：近代中國的月亮認知、書寫和話語》（合著）、《文化怪傑辜鴻銘》、《文化史的追尋：以近世中國為視域》等著作。進入新世紀以來，他圍繞近代中國新名詞問題進行了一系列探索，參與創辦《新史學》集刊，是國內概念史研究的積極探索者。曾入選教育部長江學者特聘教授獎勵計劃，新世紀百千萬人才工程國家級人選計劃等。所著和參與主編的各種論著，曾十餘次獲得教育部高等學校人文社會科學優秀成果獎、郭沫若中國歷史學獎等。
The Legacy of the Sino-Western Cultural Exchanges in the Late Ming and Early Qing Periods: A Study through the Perspective of New Terms / Huang Xingtao (005)
Abstract: In the Late Ming and Early Qing periods, western missionaries came to the east, and the first large-scale contact between Chinese and Western cultures occurred. One of the most direct results of such contact was leaving behind a large number of new terms of far-reaching influence in the Chinese language, including a series of Catholic terminologies, and terms referring to the classifications of western learning, including, astronomical and geographical terms, names of different countries and regions, and various terms of specific disciplines such as logic, mathematics, physics and psychology. Among them, the series of astronomical and geographical terms were of extraordinary value as they carried new knowledge on time and space and “global consciousness”. Those terms to which the character “口” were specifically, added as the radical didn’t carry a discriminatory connotation in the first place, therefore, the character “口” was merely a phonetic symbol. Many of the new terms which were originally thought to have been created in the late Qing and early Republican periods or to have been imported from Japan, had actually made their first appearance in the transitional period of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The number of terms with more than three syllables far exceeds the imagination of the current generation. The trisyllable terms with the suffixes “xue” or “jia” (namely “discipline” or “expert”) had a particular exemplary effect. Some of the old words, in an almost imperceptible way, empowered and were scholastically used in the interaction between China and the West, possessing a transitional nature between the old and the new are equally noteworthy.
Keywords: Transitional period of Ming and Qing dynasties; phenomenon of new terms; western learning; new knowledge on time and space; global consciousness
Academic Development in Macao and the Formation of a Community of Values / Wu Zhiliang(026)
Abstract: The principle of “One Country, Two Systems” is a Chinese contribution to human civilization and a great invention to aid political civilization, whose implementation is a great, unprecedented cause that requires gradual improvement in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao. While historic evolutions have differed between the two territories, the difference in development trends after reunification has become even more apparent. One of the important reasons for Macao having achieved a relatively stable development has been that during the process of political and institutional changes, the Chinese academic community in Macao has dominated the discourse of history by developing a new community of values through the construction of a new narrative to promote social cohesion, and enhance a sense of belonging and identity among the population. From the perspective of academic history, through analysis of the symbiotic relationship between academic development and the formation of a community of values, the academic community of Macao has achieved objective value orientation and strong realistic care. This has heavily influenced the construction of the core common values of the Macao community, especially the initiative of Macaology, whose development in line with social progress, has contributed positively to the theory, institution, and path of Macao’s development.
Keywords: Macao; academic research; academic development; Macaology; “One Country; Two Systems”; values of the community
Macao’s Economic Diversification Evolution from the View of an International Metropolis—Practice and Insight 25 Years Since the Return / Liu Chengkun (040)
Abstract: After reviewing Macao’s economic development over the past 25 years since its return to the motherland, we see that it has been deeply affected by economic cycles or external shocks due to its single industrial structure, resulting in significant economic growth volatility and inadequate urban resilience. The Macao Special Administrative Region Government has continuously promoted moderate economic diversification and gradually established a “1+4” diversified industrial development strategy to reduce the risk of over-reliance on a single industry. At the same time, regional cooperation has been leveraged to promote industrial diversification, particularly the construction of the Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin, providing new opportunities and space for Macao to optimize its diversified industrial structure. Looking forward, within the framework of an international metropolis, Macao will continue to deepen regional economic integration, expand economic diversification in broader areas and scopes, actively integrate into the national development strategy, and accelerate the promotion of sustainable and high-quality development.
Keywords: Macao; moderate economic diversification; regional integration; international metropolis
科技與藝術互動的順勢、逆勢及其超越——虛擬藝術史的三種書寫範式 / 楊光影 馬睿
［提 要］自1960年代以來，科技藝術逐漸成為當代藝術的重要部類；基於計算機科技而產生的虛擬藝術則是科技藝術的新興形態。虛擬藝術的發展帶來了關於藝術史的新思考。在此語境中，一些科技理論家在1990年代展開了虛擬藝術史的書寫。對虛擬藝術歷史的探討，必然會重點考慮科技與藝術的關係。面對科技主導社會發展的強勢地位，理論家產生了對於科技與藝術關係的不同理解，從而建構了三種書寫範式。其中，奧利弗•格勞基於科技推動藝術的“順勢互動”，建構出 “科技的藝術史”；史蒂芬•威爾遜基於藝術化用科技的“逆勢互動”，建構出“藝術的科技史”。相比之下，弗蘭克•波普爾以技術與美學“雙線合一”的敘事，強調“技術—美學”語境下科技與藝術的非線性互動，書寫了科技藝術的“開放性聯結史”。此外，波普爾還將虛擬藝術置於當代藝術的譜系中，改寫、補寫和擴寫了當代藝術史，區別於“藝術社會史”等藝術史的書寫方法和視角，為“重寫藝術史”打開新的維度。
［關鍵詞］科技藝術史 虛擬藝術史 書寫範式
［作者簡介］楊光影，四川美術學院實驗藝術學院副教授，博士；馬睿，四川大學文學與新聞學院教授、博士生導師
The Pros and Cons of Technology-Art Interaction and Its Transcendence: Three Writing Paradigms of Virtual Art History / Yang Guangying & Ma Rui (054)
Abstract: Since the 1960s, technological art has gradually become an important category of contemporary art; virtual art, based on computer technology, is an emerging form of technological art. The development of virtual art has brought about new thinking about art history. In this context, some technological theorists started to write the history of virtual art in the 1990s. The exploration of the history of virtual art inevitably focuses on the relationship between science, technology and art. In the face of the strong position of science and technology dominating the development of society, theorists have produced different understandings of the relationship between science and technology and art, thus constructing three writing paradigms. Among them, Oliver Grau constructed “The Art History of Technology” based on the “homeopathic interaction” of science and technology promoting art, and Stephen Wilson constructed “The Technological History of Art” based on the “counter-trend interaction” of art using science and technology. Stephen Wilson has constructed a “technological history of art” based on the “counter-trend interaction” of art with technology. In contrast, Frank Popper, with the narrative of “two lines of unity” between technology and aesthetics, emphasised the non-linear interaction between technology and art in the context of “technology-aesthetics”, and wrote the “open connection history” of technology and art. In addition, Popper also places virtual art in the genealogy of contemporary art, rewrites, supplements, and expands the history of contemporary art, distinguishing it from the methods and perspectives of art history, such as “social history of art”, thus, opening up a new dimension for “rewriting art history”.
Keywords: Technological art history; virtual art history; writing paradigm
從人類世到負人類世：論斯蒂格勒如何在數字時代重思美學 / 夏開豐
［提 要］人類世的核心問題是熵，即能量消耗。對斯蒂格勒來說，人類世的問題是由技術造成的廢人化，即知識的喪失。但技術具有藥理學特徵，它既是熵的加速，也是負熵的增強。數字時代的來臨，一方面使我們走向廢人化的新階段，另一方面可以利用數字技術建立一個去廢人化的數字社會，這意味著“負人類世”的到來，它強調的是不大可能者，從而抵抗計算。康德所理解的美感判斷就是這種不大可能者的經驗，我們通過藝術作品而將自己提升到另一個平面中，從而獲得美感經驗。但康德沒有注意到器官學生成，不大可能者的經驗同樣需要技術物來支撐。藝術史就是普遍器官學和感性譜系學的聯結。斯蒂格勒把業餘愛好者作為負熵的典範，但他忽略了如果缺少某種引導的動因，業餘愛好者只能是一個平凡的實踐。當代藝術才是美學的器官學更為合適的典範，因為當代藝術內在地以違犯規則為目標，這正是普遍器官學的特徵。由違犯而產生的偶然性正是一種不大可能者的經驗，因此當代藝術家能夠逆轉人類世的邏輯而進入負人類世中。
［關鍵詞］ 斯蒂格勒 人類世 負人類世 負熵
［作者簡介］ 夏開豐，同濟大學人文學院副教授、博士生導師
From the Anthropocene to the Neganthropocene: How Stiegler Reconsiders Aesthetics in the Digital Age / Xia Kaifeng (065)
Abstract: The core problem of the Anthropocene is entropy, that is, energy consumption. For Stiegler, the problem of the Anthropocene is the proletarianization, the loss of knowledge, caused by technology. But technology has pharmacological characteristics, which are both an acceleration of entropy and an enhancement of negative entropy. The advent of the digital age, on the one hand, leads us to a new stage of proletarianization, but on the other hand, digital technology can be used to build a de-proletarianization of the digital society, signaling the arrival of the Neganthropocene, which emphasizes the improbable, thus resisting computation. Aesthetic judgment, as Kant understood it, is the experience of the improbable, and we gain aesthetic experience by lifting ourselves into another plane through works of art. But Kant fails to note that the experience of the improbable also requires technical support. The history of art is the nexus of general organology and the genealogy of the sensible. Stiegler takes amateurism as a model of negative entropy, but he ignores that amateurism can only be an ordinary practice without some guiding agent. Contemporary art is a more appropriate model of aesthetic organology, because contemporary art is intrinsically aimed at breaking rules, which is the characteristic of general organology. The contingency resulting from transgression is precisely the experience of the improbable, and so contemporary artists can reverse the logic of the Anthropocene and enter the Neganthropocene.
Keywords: Stiegler; Anthropocene; Neganthropocene; negentropy; the improbable
人工智能藝術創作工具論 / 盧文超
［提 要］ 對於人類而言，人工智能不是創作的另一主體，而是創作的工具。在人類利用人工智能進行創作的過程中，選擇的重要性凸顯出來。創作模式呈現出人工智能隨機生成、人類精心選擇的新特徵。在此創作模式中，運氣和偶然發揮著重要影響。選擇者的美學素養和眼光成為影響創作的重要因素。人類通過創作賦予事物意義的模式發生了變化，這會引起人類創作的重大變革。
［關鍵詞］人工智能 創作 選擇 主體 工具
［作者簡介］盧文超，東南大學藝術學院教授、博士生導師
Artificial Intelligence as the Art Creation Tool / Lu Wenchao (076)
Abstract: For humans, artificial intelligence is not another subject of creation, but a tool for creation. In the process of human’s use of artificial intelligence, the importance of selection is highlighted. The model of creation presents a new feature that artificial intelligence generates the works randomly, which humans then select carefully. In this model of creation, luck and chance have an important impact. The aesthetic literacy and vision of the selector have become an important factor affecting the creation process. Humans have changed the models that give things meaning by creating. This will bring major changes in human creation.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; creation; selection; subject; tool
愛因斯坦的科學觀與宗教觀探幽 / 張志剛
［提 要］自近代自然科學於十六世紀興起以來，如何解釋“宗教與科學”的關係問題，隨即成為擺在東西方傳統文化、尤其是各大傳統宗教研究面前的一大理論挑戰，此難題堪稱“研討宗教信仰的第一道門檻”。二十世紀大物理學家、相對論創立者愛因斯坦對此難題頗為關切，他並未入流其同時代西方思想界佔上風的科學與宗教“衝突論”，而是力圖闡發二者“依存論”。作為二十世紀最有影響的自然科學家，愛因斯坦的此種思想傾向有何典型意義，其科學觀與宗教觀有何理論分量，尤其是他所傾訴的新宗教觀——“宇宙宗教情感”有何邏輯理路與精神實質，這些便是本文潛心宗教哲學視角所要深析的主要內容。
［關鍵詞］ 愛因斯坦 科學觀 宗教觀 依存關係 精神實質
［作者簡介］ 張志剛，山東大學猶太教與跨宗教研究中心、哲學與社會發展學院講席教授，北京大學博雅特聘教授，中國統一戰線理論研究會民族宗教理論甘肅研究基地研究員
Exploring Albert Einstein’s Views on Science and Religion / Zhang Zhigang (085)
Abstract: Since the rise of modern science in the 16th century, explaining the relationship between “religion and science” has immediately become a major theoretical challenge for traditional cultures in both East and the West, especially for the study of various traditional religions. This issue can be regarded as “the first threshold for studying religious beliefs”. Albert Einstein, the great physicist of the twentieth century and the founder of the theory of relativity, was deeply concerned with this issue. He did not follow the prevailing “conflict theory” between science and religion in the Western intellectual circles of his time, but instead sought to elucidate the “interdependence theory” between the two. As the most influential scientist of the 20th century, what is the typical significance of Einstein’s ideological tendency? And what is the theoretical weight of his views on science and religion, especially, what are the logical reasoning and spiritual essence of his new religious view—“cosmic religious feeling”? This article intends to deeply analyze these phenomena from the perspective of religious philosophy.
Keywords: Einstein; scientific view; religious view; interdependence; spiritual essence
偉烈亞力《中國文獻解題》所載基督教中文文獻來源考述 / 李真
［提 要］英國漢學家偉烈亞力（Alexander Wylie）的《中國文獻解題》（1867）著錄2,000餘種中國古代典籍，超過此前任何一部由西人編纂的漢籍目錄，為西方漢學史上第一部以西文撰寫的較完備的中文文獻指南目錄。該書首次採用四部分類法對中國古代典籍進行大規模詳盡介紹，以指導西方學者的漢學研究，同類著作此前在西方世界很少出現，因此在漢學史上具有劃時代的意義。書中所收除中文典籍和少量西學漢籍外，在“子部•雜家”類還彙集了逾90部基督教中文文獻，時間跨度從晚明到晚清，包括天主教與新教傳教士的宣教作品以及奉教文人的護教文獻，成為明清之際中西文化雜糅的重要見證。本文著重探討了這些宗教作品的作者背景、特點、版本等，考察了所載書目的知識來源和參考資料，初步釐清了明清基督教中文文獻目錄的源頭史料，明確了偉烈亞力在編纂過程中從選目到提要所採用的中西資料線索來源。
［關鍵詞］西方漢學史 偉烈亞力 《中國文獻解題》 基督教中文文獻 中西文化交流
［作者簡介］ 李真，北京外國語大學國際中國文化研究院教授，北京中外文化交流基地研究員，江蘇科技大學外國語學院客座研究員，博士
A Study of the Sources of Christian Chinese Literature in Alexander Wylie’s Notes on Chinese Literature / Li Zhen (094)
Abstract: British sinologist Alexander Wylie’s Notes on Chinese Literature (1867) cataloged over 2,000 ancient Chinese texts, surpassing any previous Chinese bibliographies compiled by Western scholars. It stands as the first comprehensive guide to Chinese literature written in a Western language and holds epoch-making significance in the history of Western sinology. The book is notable for being the first to apply the traditional Chinese Four-Part Classification to provide a large-scale and detailed introduction to Chinese classical texts to guide Western scholars in their sinological studies. Similar works had rarely appeared in the Western world before, making this publication a landmark in sinological history. Besides Chinese classics and a few Western works translated into Chinese, the book also includes more than 90 Christian Chinese works under the category “Miscellaneous Schools of Thought.” These span from the late Ming to the late Qing dynasties, covering missionary writings from both Catholic and Protestant missionaries, as well as apologetic literature by Chinese Christian scholars, serving as an important testament to the cultural blending of East and West during the Ming and Qing periods. This paper focuses on the authorial backgrounds, distinctive features, and editions of these religious works, assessing the sources and references for these religious works. By examining the listed entries, it traces the historical origins of the cataloged Christian Chinese literature, and clarifies the Chinese and Western materials that Wylie used for both selection and annotation during the compilation process.
Keywords: History of Western Sinology; Alexander Wylie; Notes on Chinese Literature; Christian Chinese literature; Sino-Western cultural exchange
論王重民域外漢籍編目的探索與實踐——以《伯希和A藏B藏目錄》為中心 / 劉蕊
［提 要］ 《伯希和A藏B藏目錄》是王重民在域外漢籍編目與整理方面的重要成果，它收錄了法國國家圖書館在二十世紀初入藏的由伯希和在中國購置的兩千餘種漢籍。此目以法國國圖《古恒目錄》為藍本，糅合四庫分類法，共分十類，並將叢書子目分列於各類之下；內容用法文撰寫，附注中文書名、人名等，注重描述和解釋書籍的內容及作者等信息；在尊重法國國圖舊有漢籍目錄的同時，又據中國傳統目錄學靈活變通，從而保證了專業性和準確性，體現了王重民在域外漢籍編目與整理方面富有開創性的探索與嘗試，在中國學者所編域外漢籍目錄中獨樹一幟。
［關鍵詞］ 王重民 《伯希和A藏B藏目錄》 《古恒目錄》 編目方法
［作者簡介］ 劉蕊，上海大學文學院副教授，博士
On Wang Zhongmin’s Exploration and Practice on the Compilation Method of Overseas Chinese Bibliographies: Focusing on the Catalogue of Collections of Pelliot A and B / Liu Rui (105)
Abstract: The Catalogue of Collections of Pelliot A and B is an important achievement of Wang Zhongmin in cataloging and organizing Chinese literature stored by foreign countries. It included over 2000 types of Chinese books that were purchased by Paul Pelliot in China, that were then stored in the French National Library in the early 20th century. In line with the method of Four-part Categorization and on the basis of the Catalogue of Chinese Collection of BNF Complied by Maurice Courant, this catalogue was composed of ten categories, with subitems classified under each category. It was written in French, with annotations of Chinese book titles, persons’ names, etc., alongside its description and explanation of the book’s content and author information. On the basis of the old catalogue of Chinese literature in the French National Library, flexible adaptations were made according to traditional Chinese bibliographies to ensure professionalism and accuracy, reflecting Wang Zhongmin’s pioneering exploration and attempt in cataloging and organizing Chinese books stored overseas. This catalogue is unique among foreign Chinese cataloging compiled by Chinese scholars.
Keywords: Wang Zhongmin; The Catalogue of collections of Pelliot A and B; The Catalogue of Chinese collection of BNF complied by Maurice Courant; cataloguing methods
The Role of Academic Journal Activism: an Evaluation of Journal Reforms in the New Century / Yuan Zujie (116)
Abstract: The academic journal system established in China during the 1950s, and further solidified in the late 1970s, fostered a trend towards the unitization of academic journals and the professionalization of journal editors. However, at the dawn of the 21st century, many academic journals, particularly comprehensive ones in the humanities and social sciences, faced significant challenges, raising widespread concern. In response to external criticism and internal discontent, a group of editors emerged as key reformers, spearheading a series of transformative initiatives. These reforms included standardizing annotation guidelines, clarifying submission requirements, promoting specialized columns, establishing online journals, adopting the referee system, and continually innovating dissemination methods. These efforts underscore the proactive role of editors in driving journal reforms. After more than twenty years of efforts, Chinese academic journals have made remarkable progress in improving editing systems and innovating dissemination methods; As time goes by, however, the marginal benefits of these reforms are diminishing. The increasingly complex institutional monitoring systems and relentless competition in dissemination, have led to considerable involution and internal friction. This situation prompts a reconsideration of the reform trajectory, suggesting a potential shift towards stabilizing the role of academic journals. This shift would involve moving away from continuous reform and instead focusing on fostering ethics and trust, thereby promoting a healthier academic ecosystem in China.
Keywords: Academic journals; academic evaluation; referee system; role of editors; academic ecology
The Positive Synergy of Academic Journals, Evaluation and Community / Zhang Taozhou (129)
Abstract: Comprehensive academic journals, represented by university journals, have not formed a strong academic community in dialogue and exchange with academic evaluation and research due to both internal and external influences. This has led to mutual alienation and contradiction, profoundly affecting the construction of the academic environment. The key to addressing this issue lies in correctly understanding the positioning of academic journals and the guiding nature of academic evaluation in these journals. On this basis, it is essential to stimulate the enthusiasm of academic journals to participate in academic evaluation, explore the organic connection between academic journals and evaluation, and create a space for dialogue and interaction based on mutual subjectivity, thereby enabling the joint construction of a healthy academic community.
Keywords: Academic journal; academic evaluation; academic community; positive synergy
The Lament of Traditional Poetry as Dawn Breaks Suddenly: A Discussion on the Genres of “Poetry as History” in Ancient and Modern Times / Xia Zhongyi (140)
Abstract: Modern traditional Chinese poetry’s response to societal changes often does not align with the development of the times. For example, traditional poetry seemed indifferent to the 1976 “Smashing of the Gang of Four” and the 1978 “Liberation of Thought,” but the subsequent “Liberation of Identity” triggered a collective expression of grief and lamentation in traditional poetry during the new era. This may be because the “Liberation of Identity” was the only hope for the victims’ lives, and in the nearly hopeless moments of darkness, the sudden dawn brought an indescribable shock to the soul. Poets such as Lu Bing, Cheng Qianfan, and Jiang Xinmei expressed a deep personal understanding of the “Liberation of Identity” in their traditional poetry, becoming exemplary of reflective poetry. Among them, Jiang Xinmei’s traditional poetry not only excels in personal reflection, but also in historical reflection, making her poetry a model of the “Poetry as History” genre that mourned the events of 1978. Similar to how Du Fu carved a “Poetry as History” at the turning point when the Tang dynasty transitioned from strength to decline, Jiang Xinmei also documented the great turning point of contemporary “Liberation of Thought” with her “Poetry as History”. Although the “Scar Literature” movement, which emerged alongside the 1978 traditional poetry, remains an indispensable part of literary history textbooks, its intellectual value and aesthetic appeal clearly fell short of the traditional poetry of that time. Unfortunately, traditional poetry continues to be excluded from literary history curricula to this day.
Keywords: Traditional Chinese poetry; personal reflection; poetry as history; liberation of thought; liberation of identity; 1978
The Image of “Modern Literature” at the Beginning of the New Era: Taking the First Issue of New Literary and Historical Materials as an Example / Wu Yan (151)
Abstract: The first issue of New Literature Historical Materials was the first publication in the “new period” that mainly published modern literature historical materials, and bears the important mission of how to rebuild “modern literature” in a time of historical transformation. Taking the first issue of New Literature Historical Data as the research object, this paper intends to re-outline and trace the picture of “modern literature” at the beginning of the “new period” through patient and meticulous combing of the first issue and explore how New Literature Historical Data as a literary journal participates in and reconstructs the literary order in the “new period”, and asks what functions it assumes? In other words, this paper tries to answer the question of what the first issue of the New Literature Historical Data describes and how it describes it.
Keywords: New Literary and Historical Materials; first issue; modern literature; image; New Era
Foreign Authorities in Shanghai and the “Second Revolution” / Xu Tao (165)
Abstract: The “Second Revolution” stands as a significant historical event that profoundly influenced China’s trajectory, marking a pivotal turning point. Despite over a century having passed, a comprehensive understanding of such major events remains elusive in historical scholarship. This paper aims to shed light on the pivotal role played by the Shanghai International Settlement and French Concession, a significant yet relatively understudied participant, in the narrative of history. By placing Shanghai Foreign Authorities within the central stage of historical discourse and incorporating both global perspectives and local responses, this study analyzes the role of Shanghai in the “Second Revolution”. Research indicates that the urban space characterized by the “One City, Three Administrations” model, the power dynamics within the Shanghai International Settlement and French Concession, and the intricate and chaotic urban security framework, all exerted significant influence on the historical trajectory of the “Second Revolution”. It is evident that the “Second Revolution” was not merely a domestic political struggle among Chinese factions; the Shanghai Foreign Authorities also emerged as a critical field that inevitably shaped the outcome of the political contest during the early years of the Republic of China.
Keywords: Shanghai; “Second Revolution”; Dr. Sun Yat-sen; international settlement; French concession; consular body; Chapei
The Road to Modern Historiography: A Century-long Reflection on the Relationship between Gu Jiegang and the New Text Study of Confucian Classics / Fan Jingjing (177)
Abstract: After a century, the debate on the relationship between Gu Jiegang and the new text study of Confucian classics should have come to an end long ago. Looking back at this debate, it was initially just a normal discussion within the academic community. No one denied Gu Jiegang’s status as a modern historian because he was influenced by the new text study of Confucian classics. As the political situation changed, Gu Jiegang’s behavior with modern writers questioning ancient history became an “original sin”, and their relationship became a hot topic. The mainstream view is that Gu Jiegang repeated the mistakes of modern writers and was not a thoroughly modern historian. From the 1980s to the present, continuing the previous path, evaluation has not exceeded the scope of the above two opinions. It’s just that the previous extreme views were replaced by a common compromise attitude: it was recognized that Gu Jiegang was deeply influenced by the new text study of Confucian classics, and he was recognized as a modern historian. This attitude seems reasonable, but in fact it is not conducive to solving the problem. To sum up, most of the existing opinions are self-talk and even violate the law of logical identity. On the surface, this is a manifestation of academia being controlled by politics, but in fact it reflects the lack of modern academic consciousness. We need to go back to the starting point again and first fundamentally clarify the relationship between Gu Jiegang and the new text study of Confucian classics according to the standards of modern history before discussing other considerations. Otherwise, the research will only fall into low-level and meaningless involution. Whether the ice can be broken through the joint efforts of researchers remains to be seen.
Keywords: Gu Jiegang; New Text Study of Confucian Classics; Ku Shih Pien; modern historiography; the relationship between academia and politics
Research on the National Middle School During the Comprehensive War against Japanese Aggression from the Perspective of Central Local Relations / Zhang Jing (189)
Abstract: In the early 20th century, secondary education emerged in China, and since then, it has generally been handled by local authorities. However, after the War against Japanese Aggression, the Nationalist government, under the influence of the war, began to establish national middle schools to relieve the secondary school students who had retreated from the occupied areas to the rear. The establishment of national middle schools broke the division of educational rights and responsibilities between the central and local governments, becoming an important attempt by the central government to handle secondary education during wartime. After entering the stalemate stage of the War against Japanese Aggression, the Nationalist government on the one hand, restricted the scale of national high schools, weakening their relief function, and on the other hand, endowed them with a new “mission” of relieving overseas Chinese students and developing border education. After the victory of the War against Japanese Aggression, most national middle schools were reclassified to local management. The demobilization process of national middle schools is also a process for the Ministry of Education to adjust the allocation of secondary education resources in the eastern and western regions. During this process, the Nationalist government also intended to promote the balanced development of secondary schools, normal schools, and vocational schools.
Keywords: Central local relations; Comprehensive War against Japanese Aggression; national middle school; Ministry of Education of the National Government
