美联储,有变化

文摘   2024-12-06 15:01   中国澳门  

导读:如题

【正文】

2024年11月26日(美国当地时间),美联储公布今年11月议息会议纪要,解读如下:

一、对中国9月下旬出台的系列政策给予了积极评价

议息会议纪要比较罕见地对中国9月下旬以来出台的一系列政策进行了评述,具体看,

(一)近期的财政刺激政策开始在一定程度上提振了信心(there were signs that recent fiscal stimulus measures were starting to shore up confidence)。

(二)所宣布的系列新刺激政策措施刺激了国内风险资产价格的上升,不过对其它市场的外溢影响有限,同时推动了大量资金流入中国投资基金( the announcement of new policy stimulus measures boosted domestic risky asset prices, with limited spillovers to other markets; the announcements also drove notable flows into China-focused investment funds.)。

这说明,今年9月下旬以来出台的一系列政策,不仅在一定程度上提振了国内市场的信心,也引起了海外的关注。也即,和以前相比,海外对中国市场的关注出现了明显回升。这是好事,说明海外市场对中国系列政策及力度是充满期待的,只要得当,政策力度持续下去,相信预期和信心应能得到提振和扭转。

同时,11月会议纪要还指出中国的核心CPI降至了2008年全球金融危机以来的新低(In China, core inflation fell to its lowest level since the Global Financial Crisis. By contrast),这说明当前中国面临的通缩压力是比较大的。

二、认为美国经济基本面的下行风险已经降低,且潜在经济增长动力有所上升

会议纪要多次明示,和之前相比,目前美国经济基本面的下行风险已经明显降低。

(一)市场参与者目前判断经济主下行风险已经降低(risks had become less skewed toward the downside)。

(二)三季度潜在经济增长动力要比实际经济增速上升的更快(a better signal than GDP of underlying economic momentum—rose slightly faster than real GDP in the third quarter.)。

(三)相较于9月,对2024年实际经济增速和通胀水平的预期值均会更高一些(the real GDP growth projection for 2024 as a whole was higher…The staff's inflation forecast for 2024 was slightly higher than the one prepared for the previous meeting)。

(四)工作人员已经将下行风险的评估下调至基准线……风险偏向于下行(The staff had reduced its assessment of the downward risks to the baseline forecast for economic activity in light of incoming data…the staff judged that these risks were somewhat skewed to the downside)。

(五)通胀前景上行的风险变化不大,就业和经济下行的风险有所降低(In participants' evaluation of the risks and uncertainties associated with the economic outlook, upside risks to the inflation outlook were seen as little changed, while downside risks to employment and growth were seen as having decreased somewhat)。

以上意味着,在接下来的12月议息会议中,对2024年经济增速和就业的预期值均会发生一定调整,且部分人员预期通胀回到2%的时间会更长一些(although a couple noted the possibility that the process could take longer than previously expected)。

三、美联储对降息节奏的态度已发生变化:降息进程延续,但或有1次或数次的暂停降息

在对通胀预期、经济基本面和就业数据分析的基础上,会议纪要显示美联储对后续降息节奏的态度确实已经发生了变化。

(一)在解释过去一段时间美债利率上行的原因时,美联储自己解释到是和之前相比,由于市场预期后续美联储货币宽松的节奏会更加渐近性,不会大力度和快速。

(二)11月议息会议上所有委员均同意降息25BP,而委员们认为继续降息是合适的且,但随着时间的推移转向更中性的立场也是合适的(Participants judged that it was appropriate to continue the process of reducing the Federal Reserve's securities holdings……it would likely be appropriate to move gradually toward a more neutral stance of policy over time)。

(三)值得关注的是,11月议息会议上除有些委员会认为既不能降息太快、也不能降息太慢外,还有委员会提出了考虑暂停降息(some participants noted that the Committee could pause its easing of the policy rate)。

总体来看,议息会议纪要告诉我们,就未来一段时期看,美联储降息进程还没有停止,只是美联储对降息节奏和力度确实已经发生了变化,一次性降息50BP或连续降息的可能性均有所降低,即不排除未来的议息会议中有1次或数次暂停降息的情况发生。至于为什么认为降息进程还未结束,原因是目前美国中性利率水平的评估比较复杂,很难确定降息多少幅度或降息到何种位置比较合适,故选择边走边看、渐进降息的思路比较稳妥。

四、提出下调隔夜逆回购协议利率5BP

(一)会议纪要指出过去货币市场利率水平出现了季节性的明显上升(特别是季末,quarter-end),有担保的隔夜回购协议利率上升较多(In secured funding markets, rates on overnight repurchase agreements(repo)increased sharply)。

(二)由于联邦基金市场对准备金的变化不敏感,故工作人员建议对隔夜逆回购协议利率(the rate offered at the overnight reverse repurchase agreement,ON RRP)进行技术性调整(the possibility of a technical adjustment to the ON RRP offering rate),即将其下调5BP使其与联邦基金利率目标区间的下限一致,以便传导至货币市场。

(三)the ON RRP offering rate是美联储于2014年9月议息会议上推出的一项补充政策工具,其用意是使联邦基金利率能够控制在FOMC所设定的区间内(lowering the ON RRP offering rate 5 basis points would align the ON RRP offering rate with the bottom of the target range for the federal funds rate),此次调整将增强美联储调控货币市场利率的有效性,缓解货币市场过去经常出现的季节性流动性压力。

五、对主要风险的提示

在会议纪要中,美联储主要提示了两个风险:

(一)2025年恢复联邦政府债务上限可能会对市场流动性产生影响( the possible implications for the composition of Federal Reserve liabilities stemming from the federal debt limit potentially being reinstated in 2025……these substantial shifts could mask the effects of ongoing balance sheet runoff on money market conditions and pose challenges in assessing reserve conditions)。

(二)银行目前仍持续大量长久期资产,更容易受到长端利率意外上升的影响。相较而言,以杠杆率较高的对冲基金和以持有流动性较差资产比例较高的寿险公司等为代表的非银行金融机构面临的风险在加大(banks continued to hold large quantities of long-duration assets, leaving them more exposed than usual to an unexpected rise in longer-term interest rates. In the nonbank sector, leverage at hedge funds remained high, partly on account of the prevalence of the Treasury cash–futures basis trade. Life insurers' leverage remained somewhat elevated, and they continued to maintain large holdings of risky and illiquid securities.),脆弱性值得关注。

可以看出,这里对基金的风险提示多一些。

六、结语

(一)虽然美国经济基本面的下行风险有所降低,但11月议息会议纪要显示其对通胀向2%方向靠拢的判断并未发生变化(survey-based measures of longer-term inflation expectations were little changed. These measures continued to suggest an expectation that inflation would return over time to the Committee's 2 percent objective),只不过现在认为这个进程比较曲折且可能会比较漫长。这说明,美联储降息进程还未结束。

(二)11月议息会议纪要显示美联储的缩表进程可能会持续至2025年5月,且未来几个月内缩表和降息进程还会持续(the timing of the end of balance sheet runoff had shifted a bit later, to May 2025……though roughly two-thirds of respondents expected an end to runoff in either the first or the second quarter of 2025.……balance sheet runoff to continue alongside rate cuts for several more months)。这意味着,未来半年的方向应可以把握。


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