全文刊登于《风景园林》2024年第10期 P8-9
连接文化与自然的遗产
Linking Heritage of Culture and Nature
云南普洱景迈山的古茶林已有千年历史，古茶树与周围的森林相互依存，森林不仅保护了茶园的生态环境，还帮助保持水土，防止了土壤的流失。这里的居民世代通过使用可持续的种植与收割技术，精心管理森林和茶园，维持了生态平衡，同时创造出富有文化特色的茶产业。景迈山的茶文化，是一种经济模式，更是一种与自然共处的智慧体现。这种自然与文化共存的遗产形式，不仅提升了当地的经济活力，也让人们看到了文化与自然遗产的融合与互动。
文化遗产与自然遗产并非两条平行的线，而是交织在一起，形成了人类历史与自然环境的相互影响和塑造。全球著名的文化遗产无不嵌入自然环境之中，成为人类与自然共同创造的奇迹。正如国际文物保护与修复研究中心（ICCROM）所强调的那样，文化遗产与自然遗产的保护必须结合在一起，因为它们共同构成了我们对人类过去的理解和对未来的希望。
在漫长的时光里，自然力量与人类活动共同塑造了今天的景象。山峦的起伏与河流的流向虽由地质演变决定，但人们在这片土地上劳作、栖息，创造了属于自己的文化，也赋予了这片土地独特的灵魂。今天，文化与自然的深度联结依旧保持着持久的力量，它们共同构成了人类文明的根基，是过去与未来对话的重要媒介。杭州西湖作为中国最著名的文化景观之一，不仅以美丽的湖光山色著称，更重要的是它千百年来与当地文化的深度融合。历代文人墨客在西湖边留下了众多诗词画作，使得自然景观成为文化的重要组成部分。同时，西湖周边的生态保护措施，如水资源管理、植物多样性保护等，也为其文化价值的保存提供了基础。通过对西湖的持续保护，杭州不仅保留了自然景观的独特魅力，也保持了文化与自然的和谐共存。秘鲁的马丘比丘，其保护不仅涉及古老建筑的修复，还包括周围生态系统的恢复。通过恢复植被和加强水资源管理等措施，马丘比丘这一文化遗产与其自然环境和谐共存，成为文化与自然共同保护的典范。
文化遗产不仅仅是建筑、艺术或仪式的载体，它还深深植根于自然环境中，构成了我们生活的整体。通过将文化与自然遗产视为一个不可分割的整体，我们才能更好地理解和保护它们，为未来的可持续发展奠定基础。这不仅是一项历史责任，也是一种确保人类未来与自然和谐共生的智慧选择。近年来随着气候变化的加剧，许多遗产地的自然环境发生了巨大的变化，海平面上升、极端天气事件频发，对这些遗产的保护提出了新的要求。面对这些挑战，遗产保护的概念也在不断进化，不再仅仅是维护古迹或生态系统，而是寻找一种可持续的方式，使文化与自然能够在未来继续共存。ICCROM在全球范围内倡导的“文化与自然共同保护”理念，深刻影响了现代遗产保护的发展方向。这个理念的核心是文化遗产与自然遗产并非孤立存在，而是互为支撑，旨在强调文化与自然作为一个有机整体的共生关系。它不仅要求我们在保护文化遗产时同时考虑自然环境，还要求我们理解遗产的多维性，即遗产不仅是物质形态的文化表现，还深深植根于自然环境之中。因此，如何实现这一目标成为遗产保护领域的重要课题。
连接文化与自然的遗产是一项保护任务，更是我们重新审视人与自然关系的一种方式。通过跨学科合作、社区参与、可持续管理等实现路径，我们可以更好地理解并保护这一珍贵的遗产资源。未来，我们需要继续探索更多的创新途径，将文化与自然的共生关系延续，为全球遗产保护和可持续发展提供新的动力和方向。
The ancient tea forest in Jingmaishan Mountain, Pu'er, Yunnan has a thousand years of history. Ancient tea trees are interdependent with the surrounding forest, which not only protects the ecological environment of the tea garden, but also helps to conserve soil and water and prevent land-lost. Through sustainable planting and harvesting techniques, the residents here have carefully managed the forests and tea gardens for generations, maintaining ecological balance and creating a culturally rich tea industry. The tea culture of Jingmaishan Mountain is not only an economic model, but also a manifestation of wisdom in nature and culture coexisting, which not only enhances the local economic vitality, but also demonstrates the integration and interaction between cultural and natural heritage.
Instead of two parallel lines, the intertwined cultural heritage and natural heritage have formed the mutual influence and shaping of human history and the natural environment. World renowned cultural heritage sites are all embedded in natural environment, thus becoming miracles created jointly by humans and nature. As emphasized by the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), the protection of cultural heritage and natural heritage must be combined, for they collectively constitute our understanding of the human past and hope for the future.
For a long time, natural forces and human activities have jointly shaped today’s scenery. Although the undulations of mountains and the flow of rivers are determined by geological evolution, the culture created by people’s labor and habitat activities on this land also endows it with a unique soul. Today, the deep connection between culture and nature still maintains a lasting power, together forming the foundation of human civilization and serving as an important medium for dialogue between the past and the future. As one of the most famous cultural landscapes in China, the West Lake in Hangzhou is not only renowned for its natural beauty of lakes and mountains, more importantly, also for its deep integration with local culture for thousands of years. Ancient literati have left numerous poems and paintings by the West Lake, making natural landscapes an important part of culture. Meanwhile, ecological protection measures around the lake, such as water resource management and plant diversity conservation, also provide a foundation for the preservation of its cultural value. The continuous protection of the West Lake not only preserves the unique charm of natural landscapes in Hangzhou, but also maintains the local harmonious coexistence of culture and nature. The protection of Machu Picchu in Peru involves not only the reconstruction of ancient buildings, but also the restoration of the surrounding ecosystem. Through measures such as restoring vegetation and strengthening water resource management, as a cultural heritage site, Machu Picchu is able to harmoniously coexist with its natural environment, thus becoming a model for the joint protection of culture and nature.
Cultural heritage not only serves as a carrier of architecture, art, or ceremony, but is also deeply rooted in the natural environment, constituting the entirety of our lives. Seeing cultural and natural heritage as an inseparable whole, we can better understand and protect them, laying a foundation for future sustainable development. This is not only a historical responsibility, but also a wise choice to ensure the harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature in the future. Due to the intensification of climate change in recent years, the natural environment of many heritage sites has undergone significant changes, such as rising sea levels and frequent extreme weather events, putting forward new requirements for the protection of these heritage sites. In the face of these challenges, the concept of heritage conservation is constantly evolving, no longer just about maintaining monuments or ecosystems, but finding a sustainable way for culture and nature to continue to coexist in the future. The concept of “joint protection of culture and nature” advocated by ICCROM globally has profoundly influenced the direction of modern heritage conservation. The core of this concept is that cultural heritage and natural heritage do not exist in isolation, but are mutually supportive, so as to emphasize the symbiotic relationship between culture and nature as an organic whole. The concept requires us to not only consider the natural environment while protecting cultural heritage, but also understand the multidimensionality of heritage, that is, heritage is not just a cultural expression in material form, but also deeply rooted in the natural environment. Therefore, how to achieve this goal has become an important issue in the field of heritage conservation.
More than a conservation task, linking heritage of culture and nature is also a way for us to re-examine the relationship between humans and nature. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, community participation, and sustainable management, we can better understand and protect this precious heritage resource. In the future, we need to continue exploring more innovative ways to maintain the symbiotic relationship between culture and nature, providing new impetus and direction for global heritage protection and sustainable development.
主编：郑曦
Editor-in-Chief: ZHENG Xi
2024年9月25日
September 25, 2024
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