论文概览 |《Journal of Transport Geography》2024.12 Vol.121

本次给大家整理的是《Journal of Transport Geography》杂志2024年12月第121卷的论文的题目和摘要，一共包括52篇SCI论文！

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The effects of built environments on bicycle accidents around bike-sharing program stations using street view images and deep learning techniques: The moderating role of streetscape features

基于街景图像和深度学习技术的建成环境对共享单车站周边自行车事故的影响：街景特征的调节作用

【摘要】

With the global rise of bike-sharing programs (BSP), planners and traffic experts have raised concerns as to whether the rapid growth of BSP ensures cycling safety. Despite numerous studies on built environments encouraging bike usage, there is limited knowledge whether streetscape environments around BSP stations affect bicycle accidents. We address this gap by investigating the relationships between various built environments and bicycle accidents around BSP stations, with a particular focus on the moderating effects of comprehensive streetscapes. Streetscape environments, estimated through semantic segmentation and k-means clustering, were used in two-level negative binomial regression models to clarify how street- and station-level environments affect different types of bicycle accidents. The findings indicate increased crash likelihoods on higher-speed roads, streets with traffic facilities, in proximity to public transportation infrastructure, and specific streetscape types. In particular, streetscape features like green oasis streets and open-sky roadways positively contribute to mitigating the negative effects of traffic facilities, such as bike networks and crosswalks, on cycling safety. This study aids in developing comprehensive strategies and guidelines to retrofit built environments for better traffic safety and thereby promote urban cycling.

【摘要翻译】

随着全球自行车共享计划（BSP）的兴起，规划者和交通专家们对BSP的快速增长是否能够确保骑行安全表示担忧。尽管有许多关于鼓励骑自行车的建成环境的研究，但关于BSP站点周围的街景环境是否影响自行车事故的了解仍然有限。我们通过研究各种建成环境与BSP站点周围自行车事故之间的关系，特别关注综合街景的调节效应，来填补这一空白。通过语义分割和K均值聚类估算的街景环境，被用于两级负二项回归模型，以明确街道级和站点级环境如何影响不同类型的自行车事故。研究结果表明，高速道路、设有交通设施的街道、靠近公共交通基础设施的区域以及特定类型的街景会增加事故发生的可能性。特别是，像绿色绿洲街道和开敞式道路这样的街景特征有助于缓解交通设施（如自行车网络和人行横道）对骑行安全的负面影响。本研究有助于制定综合策略和指导方针，以改造建成环境，提高交通安全，从而促进城市骑行。

Integrating smart card records and dockless bike-sharing data to understand the effect of the built environment on cycling as a feeder mode for metro trips

整合智能卡记录与无桩共享单车数据，探究建成环境对自行车作为地铁换乘模式的影响

【摘要】

Urban transportation and planning are at a pivotal juncture, requiring a nuanced understanding of the built environment's impact on dockless bike sharing (DBS) to metro transfer trips. Existing methodologies, often focused on DBS trips around metro stations or limited by scant datasets, overlook the pressing need for a method to discern large-scale DBS-metro trips as DBS becomes a standard feeder mode for metro trips and the yet unexplored spatial lag effects of the built environment on DBS-metro interactions. To bridge these gaps, we develop a method integrating smart card records and DBS data, revealing a comprehensive trip chain encompassing both metro and DBS. Our application of association rule algorithms to large-scale data provides detailed spatial insights into feeder trips. We employ a network-adjacency-based partial spatial Durbin model, tailored with a negative binomial regression for count data and maximum likelihood estimation for continuous data. Analysis from Shenzhen reveals: (1) A strong correlation is observed between the count of trips using cycling as a feeder mode (COUNT) and the location of stations within the metro network structure. Notably, the COUNT shows more significant aggregation when compared to the ratio of DBS-metro transfer trips to the total metro trips at each station (RATIO); (2) significant influence of both local and adjacent spatial variables of the built environment on the RATIO and COUNT of cycling trips; (3) specific factors like feeder station location, city center proximity, Street greenness view situation, and road intersection density significantly influencing the cycling feeder mode for metro trips; (4) Moreover, areas with more urban villages and industry appeared to contribute to the cycling feeder mode for metro trips, both in terms of RATIO and COUNT. This study underscores the necessity of fostering a conducive built environment to leverage DBS's potential to bridge the last-mile gap.

【摘要翻译】

城市交通与规划正处于关键转折点，迫切需要深入理解建成环境对无桩共享单车（DBS）与地铁换乘出行的影响。现有的方法论通常侧重于地铁站周围的DBS出行，或因数据集有限而受限，忽视了随着DBS成为地铁出行标准接驳方式所需的大规模DBS-地铁出行识别方法，以及建成环境对DBS-地铁互动的空间滞后效应尚未被探索的紧迫需求。为填补这些空白，我们开发了一种整合智能卡记录与DBS数据的方法，揭示了涵盖地铁和DBS的全面出行链。我们将关联规则算法应用于大规模数据，提供了关于接驳出行的详细空间见解。我们采用基于网络邻接的部分空间Durbin模型，结合用于计数数据的负二项回归和用于连续数据的最大似然估计进行调整。深圳的分析结果显示：(1) 使用骑行作为接驳模式的出行次数（COUNT）与地铁网络结构中车站的位置之间存在强相关性。值得注意的是，与每个车站DBS-地铁换乘出行占总地铁出行比例（RATIO）相比，COUNT表现出更显著的聚集现象；(2) 建成环境的局部及相邻空间变量对骑行出行的RATIO和COUNT有显著影响；(3) 特定因素如接驳车站位置、靠近市中心、街道绿化视野状况以及道路交叉口密度显著影响地铁出行的骑行接驳模式；(4) 此外，城市村庄和工业较多的区域在RATIO和COUNT方面均有助于地铁出行的骑行接驳模式。本研究强调了营造有利建成环境以利用DBS潜力弥补“最后一公里”空白的必要性。

Green commuting within the x-minute city: Towards a systematic evaluation of its feasibility

x分钟城市中的绿色通勤：系统性评估其可行性

【摘要】

In cities, carbon emissions associated with commuting transport is large and significant. This study integrates data about the jobs-housing relationship, road network configurations, public transport availability, and real-time traffic conditions during peak hours to evaluate the commuting feasibility and performance of green travel modes (walking, cycling and public transport) and explore the potential determining factors. In the context of the x-minute city, the green travel commuting feasibility (GTCF) indicator measures the percentage of the working population who can commute via green travel modes within specific x-minute thresholds. 15, 30, 45 and 60 min have been considered. In comparison, the car travel commuting feasibility (CTCF) indicator is developed to evaluate the corresponding commuting performance by car. Nanshan district of Shenzhen in China is taken as a case study. Results show that distinct gaps exist between GTCF and CTCF. Public transport performs well only for long-distance (> 8 km) commuting trips, and cycling does well for short (< 3 km) and medium-distance trips. Geographically, areas with large differences of GTCF and CTCF are identified for improving green travel modes with priority. Potential factors influencing GTCF are explored with a regression model and case-based analysis. Smaller street blocks, bus route realignment and better jobs-housing balance should be targeted. Designing cycling short-cuts and public transport routes that avoid traffic jams are also recommended to promote green commuting. The findings demonstrate that real-time trip-planning information is of great value in evaluating the commuting feasibility of multimodal travel and identifying influential factors for achieving the x-minute city.

【摘要翻译】

在城市中，与通勤交通相关的碳排放量巨大且显著。本研究整合了关于工作-住房关系、道路网络配置、公共交通可用性以及高峰时段实时交通状况的数据，以评估绿色出行方式（步行、骑行和公共交通）的通勤可行性和表现，并探讨潜在的决定因素。在x分钟城市的背景下，绿色出行通勤可行性（GTCF）指标衡量在特定x分钟阈值内通过绿色出行方式通勤的工作人口百分比，考虑了15分钟、30分钟、45分钟和60分钟的阈值。相比之下，汽车出行通勤可行性（CTCF）指标被开发用以评估相应的汽车通勤表现。中国深圳市南山区被选为案例研究。结果显示GTCF和CTCF之间存在明显差距。公共交通仅在长距离（>8公里）通勤出行中表现良好，而骑行则在短距离（<3公里）和中等距离出行中表现出色。从地理上看，确定了GTCF和CTCF差异较大的区域，优先改善绿色出行方式。通过回归模型和基于案例的分析探讨了影响GTCF的潜在因素。应针对较小的街区、公交线路调整和更好的工作-住房平衡。还建议设计避免交通拥堵的骑行捷径和公共交通路线，以促进绿色通勤。研究结果表明，实时行程规划信息在评估多模式出行的通勤可行性和识别实现x分钟城市的影响因素方面具有重要价值。

Spatial transitions of areas near highway interchanges of the eastern A4 highway section in Poland

波兰A4高速公路东段互通附近区域的空间转变

【摘要】

This paper presents the research outcomes of a study on the spatial transitions of areas around the highway interchanges of the eastern section of the A4 highway in Poland. We hypothesise that the changes that occur in the areas around these interchanges are a direct result of the construction and use of the new highway. The aim of this research was to determine the nature and scale of these transformations over a period of about 10 years, with the intent to find possible geometric regularities and taking into account the spatial relationships between the highway interchanges under study and the existing network of cities. The analysis of the highway interchanges were quantitative, expressed by the quantitative growth of new buildings located in the vicinity of a given junction, as well as in spatial terms – examining the geometric distribution of the placement of new buildings and identifying the zones of the most dynamic spatial transformation for each interchange/junction. The findings were individually referenced to each interchange, after which they were aggregated to the cities that these junctions or groups of junctions serves. The study was based on original field research and a comparative analysis of satellite imagery that depicted the site development of the space investigated in the period preceding the construction of the junctions and at the time of the study. GIS and CAD tools, as well as a review of the literature and the state of the art were used. The results presented contribute a number of important insights into the scale and nature of the transformation of the areas around the junctions under study. They also allow for general conclusions to be drawn concerning the impact of highway corridors on space, particularly that of suburban areas, and the impact of the location of highway interchanges on the transformation of the functional and spatial structure model of cities.

The gasoline price and the commuting behavior of US commuters: Exploring changes to green travel mode choices

汽油价格与美国通勤者的通勤行为：探索绿色出行方式选择的变化

【摘要】

This paper explores how gasoline prices and the commuting behavior of US commuters are related, with a focus on the use of private motor vehicles, public transit, walking, and cycling. Basic economic theory suggests that as gasoline prices rise, there tends to be a decrease in the consumption of gasoline due to the substitution and income effect, leading to a reduced use of private motor vehicles by commuters who may opt for relatively cheaper modes of transportation for their daily commutes. Using data from the American Time Use Survey spanning from 2003 to 2019, coupled with state- and year-specific gasoline prices, the study reveals a positive relationship between gasoline prices and daily commuting time. Furthermore, gasoline prices are also associated with the choice of commuting modes. Higher gasoline prices are negatively related to the proportion of commuting time using private motor vehicles and positively related to the proportion of commuting time using public transit, walking, and cycling. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the association between gasoline prices and the proportion of commuting time using public transit and walking varies depending on the rural status of commuters. The results of this paper can be used to formulate pricing policies in order to change the daily travel choices of commuters, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and develop a less fuel-dependent transport sector in the US.

【摘要翻译】

本论文探讨了美国汽油价格与通勤者通勤行为之间的关系，重点关注私家车、公共交通、步行和骑行的使用。基本经济理论表明，随着汽油价格的上涨，由于替代效应和收入效应，汽油消费往往会减少，导致通勤者减少私家车的使用，转而选择相对便宜的交通方式进行日常通勤。研究使用了覆盖2003年至2019年的美国时间使用调查数据，以及按州和年份具体的汽油价格，结果显示汽油价格与每日通勤时间之间存在正相关关系。此外，汽油价格还与通勤方式的选择相关。较高的汽油价格与使用私家车的通勤时间比例呈负相关，与使用公共交通、步行和骑行的通勤时间比例呈正相关。异质性分析表明，汽油价格与使用公共交通和步行的通勤时间比例之间的关联因通勤者的农村状态而异。本文的研究结果可用于制定定价政策，以改变通勤者的日常出行选择，减少温室气体排放，并在美国发展一个减少对燃油依赖的交通部门。

Equity of access to rail services by complementary motorized and active modes

通过互补的机动与主动交通方式实现铁路服务的公平可达性

【摘要】

The public transport system only serves its true purpose when people living in the region have adequate and direct access to its services. Rail systems, including light rail, metro, urban, suburban, and long-distance trains, are the key fixed structural elements of any transport system that provide faster access for both shorter and longer trips and are regarded as a more efficient and environmentally friendly option to move a larger number of passengers than road transport. However, it is not feasible in terms of investment and financial sustainability to provide rail services everywhere, especially in rural zones. Thus, connectivity with all the other available (active and motorized) modes is crucial to improve accessibility and reduce inequities. In this paper, we developed a methodology to quantify and contrast the access to the existing rail services between zones of a metropolitan area and corresponding inequities. We considered not only the usually analyzed active modes, pertaining to a certain level of proximity to the rail stations, but also motorized modes (e.g., car and bus) that can enable the connection to rail services where these are not easily accessible by walking or cycling. First, the accessibility to the existing rail stations is quantified using place-based gravity measures, considering the travel times for the complementary modes with and without incorporating the stations' attractiveness, measured by service frequency. Second, the global inequity levels of the spatial distribution of the rail network in the metropolitan area are evaluated using the Gini index. Third, local inequities, at a scale of small census blocks, are measured considering the access (supply) and the population (potential demand). While the local-scale analysis allows to identify the most unfavored zones, the global inequities by complementary modes aim to inform targeted strategies to improve the integration of those modes with rail services. The methodology was applied to the Metropolitan Area of Porto, Portugal, where we observed a non-uniform distribution of rail services and a decrease in access towards the periphery. However, considering the population living in each zone, both underserved and well-served zones are mostly present in the most populated/central areas.

【摘要翻译】

公共交通系统只有在区域内居民能够充分且直接地访问其服务时，才能发挥其真正的作用。铁路系统，包括轻轨、地铁、城市铁路、郊区铁路和长途列车，是任何交通系统中关键的固定结构要素，能够为短途和长途出行提供更快速的访问，被认为是比公路交通更高效且环保的运输大量乘客的选择。然而，从投资和财务可持续性的角度来看，在所有地方，特别是农村地区提供铁路服务并不可行。因此，与所有其他可用的（主动和机动）交通方式的连接对于改善可达性和减少不平等至关重要。本文开发了一种方法，量化并对比大都市区各区域对现有铁路服务的访问情况及其相关的不平等现象。我们不仅考虑了通常分析的主动交通方式，即与铁路站点有一定接近程度的步行或骑行方式，还考虑了能够在步行或骑行不便时连接铁路服务的机动交通方式（如汽车和公交车）。首先，使用基于地点的引力模型量化现有铁路站点的可达性，考虑了补充交通方式的行程时间，并结合了通过服务频率衡量的站点吸引力。其次，利用基尼系数评估大都市区铁路网络空间分布的全球不平等水平。第三，在小型人口普查区尺度上，考虑访问（供应）和人口（潜在需求）来衡量局部不平等。局部尺度分析有助于识别最不受惠的区域，而通过补充交通方式的全球不平等则旨在为改善这些交通方式与铁路服务的整合提供有针对性的策略。该方法应用于葡萄牙波尔图大都市区，结果显示铁路服务分布不均，向外围地区的可达性有所下降。然而，考虑到每个区域的居住人口，无论是服务不足还是服务良好的区域，大多集中在人口最多的中心区域。

Investment modes in dry port with network effect under regionally competitive environment

区域竞争环境下具有网络效应的干港投资模式

【摘要】

As an efficient bridge linking the mainland and overseas, dry ports can not only revitalize the regional economy but also promote the growth of seaport throughput. However, the construction of dry ports is a long-cycle and high-consumption project, and it is necessary to coordinate the interests of all parties at the early stage of construction and fully consider the impact of the completed dry port on the seaport and the local economy. Therefore, this paper considers two Port Operators A and B, and Port Operator A decided to invest in dry port to upgrade and expand. We investigate under what conditions Port Operator A should establish what scale of dry port in the face of the increasingly complex competitive environment and shippers' port selection behavior. For that, we take two seaports as a kind of network product, and analyze the necessity and feasibility conditions for Port Operators to invest in the construction of dry ports by applying the economic theory of network effect on the basis of the improved Hotelling model. The results show that even if the network effect is low, if the shippers bear a low unit transportation cost, the construction of dry ports can not only help Port Operator A to enhance competitiveness but also promote the development of Social Welfare. If the network effect intensity is high, Port Operator A can realize rapid expansion by taking advantage of the high service quality of dry ports, but the scale of dry port should be controlled within a certain range.

【摘要翻译】

作为连接大陆与海外的高效桥梁，干港不仅能振兴区域经济，还能促进海港吞吐量的增长。然而，干港的建设是一个周期长、消耗高的项目，需要在建设初期协调各方利益，并充分考虑已建成干港对海港和地方经济的影响。因此，本文考虑了两个港口运营商A和B，港口运营商A决定投资建设干港以进行升级和扩建。我们研究了在日益复杂的竞争环境和托运人港口选择行为面前，港口运营商A应在何种条件下建立何规模的干港。为此，我们将两个海港视为一种网络产品，并在改进的霍特林模型基础上，应用网络效应的经济理论，分析了港口运营商投资建设干港的必要性和可行性条件。研究结果表明，即使网络效应较低，如果托运人承担的单位运输成本较低，建设干港不仅有助于港口运营商A提升竞争力，还能促进社会福利的发展。如果网络效应强度较高，港口运营商A可以利用干港的高服务质量实现快速扩张，但干港的规模应控制在一定范围内。

Mobility of non-binary and gender nonconforming individuals: A systematic literature review

非二元及性别非顺从个体的流动性：系统性文献综述

【摘要】

The gendered nature of travel behaviours and experiences have long been recognised in research and policy making. However, research on non-binary people and their mobility is scarce, as is the acknowledgement of a spectrum nature of gender within the transportation discipline. This paper presents the first systematic literature review, using PRISMA guidelines, of the mobility and travel experiences of non-binary people. The review identified that to date the main research domains for non-binary people's mobility considered issues of harassment and violence on public transit, fear, security measures, intersectionality, and strategies to deal with discrimination. The paper highlights spatial and geographical constraints, such as immobility and inaccessibility, that non-binary people face when interacting with public transportation system. Strategies to improve mobility for the gender nonconforming community included upgrading public transport stations, increasing funding for public transportation, and providing gender diversity training for transit workers. The findings draw attention to the need for substantial further transportation research into the field. By including non-binary perspectives in transport research, a unique range of insights and experiences can be unlocked, while increasing inclusivity in transport research.

【摘要翻译】

性别化的出行行为和体验在研究和政策制定中早已得到认可。然而，关于非二元性别人士及其出行的研究仍然稀缺，交通学科内对性别光谱性质的认识也不足。本文基于PRISMA指南，首次系统性地回顾了非二元性别人士的出行和移动体验的文献。回顾结果显示，迄今为止，关于非二元性别人士出行的主要研究领域包括公共交通中的骚扰和暴力、恐惧、安全措施、交叉性以及应对歧视的策略。本文强调了非二元性别人士在使用公共交通系统时面临的空间和地理限制，如不便出行和无法进入。改善性别非顺从群体出行的策略包括升级公共交通站点、增加公共交通资金以及为交通工作人员提供性别多样性培训。研究结果引起了对该领域进一步交通研究的重大关注。通过在交通研究中纳入非二元性别视角，可以揭示一系列独特的见解和体验，同时提高交通研究的包容性。

Quantifying urban sprawl and investigating the cause-effect links among urban sprawl factors, commuting modes, and time: A case study of South Korean cities

量化城市蔓延并探讨城市蔓延因素、通勤模式与时间之间的因果关系：韩国城市案例研究

【摘要】

This study aims to create a detailed urban sprawl index, investigate the relationship between density and other urban sprawl factors, and analyze how these factors affect commuting mode time in South Korean cities using structural equation modeling and multiple linear regression. Urban sprawl factors are categorized from various individual perspectives into density, urban landscape, land-use mix, centeredness, and street connectivity. We show that while scores for urban landscape, density, and centeredness were high in cities with large populations, scores for land-use mix and street connectivity were high in cities with medium and small populations. We found that density had significant effects on urban landscape, centeredness, and street connectivity. The indirect effects of density on commuting modes and time counterbalance the direct effects, indicating that while the indirect effects do not change the direction of the direct effects, they reduce their magnitude, making the total effect smaller than the direct effect. A higher density was associated with fewer commuters using cars and higher numbers of public transit, but the reduction in cars was limited to less than 30 min of commuting time. In addition, high density was positively associated with commuting time. High scores for urban landscape, land-use mix, and street connectivity were associated with a reduction in commuting time but did not have an effect on the conversion from cars to public transit for the journey to work. High scores for urban landscape and street connectivity were associated with more walking commuters but were limited to commuting for less than 60 min. This study shows that urban sprawl factors are mutually complementary for commuting mode changes and time. This study provides evidence for establishing sustainable transportation plans. In addition, the urban sprawl index can be used in future research to investigate the effects of urban sprawl on various social and environmental phenomena.

【摘要翻译】

本研究旨在创建一个详细的城市蔓延指数，调查密度与其他城市蔓延因素之间的关系，并利用结构方程模型和多元线性回归分析这些因素如何影响韩国城市的通勤模式时间。城市蔓延因素从不同的个体视角分类为密度、城市景观、土地使用混合、中心化和街道连通性。研究显示，在人口较多的城市中，城市景观、密度和中心化得分较高，而土地使用混合和街道连通性得分则在中小型城市中较高。我们发现密度对城市景观、中心化和街道连通性有显著影响。密度对通勤模式和时间的间接影响抵消了直接影响，表明间接影响虽然不改变直接影响的方向，但减弱了其幅度，使得总效应小于直接效应。较高的密度与使用私家车的通勤者减少和公共交通使用者增加相关，但私家车减少的时间限制在通勤时间减少不到30分钟。此外，高密度与通勤时间延长呈正相关。城市景观、土地使用混合和街道连通性得分较高与通勤时间的减少相关，但对通勤方式从私家车转向公共交通的转变没有影响。城市景观和街道连通性得分较高与步行通勤者增多相关，但仅限于通勤时间少于60分钟。本研究表明，城市蔓延因素在通勤模式变化和时间上是相互补充的。本研究为制定可持续交通规划提供了证据。此外，城市蔓延指数可用于未来研究，以调查城市蔓延对各种社会和环境现象的影响。

Geopolitical tension and shipping network disruption: Analysis of the Red Sea crisis on container port calls

地缘政治紧张与航运网络中断：红海危机对集装箱港口靠泊的分析

【摘要】

The Red Sea crisis is unprecedented since the Suez Crisis of 1967 and Yom Kippur War of 1973. The crisis brings to fore attention on geopolitical tension and shipping network disruption. The study applies the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) paradigm to investigate shipping line behavior and its impact on container ports. The focus is on the Asia-Europe and Asia-Mediterranean trade routes. Market structure considers the distribution of ports-of-call, while conduct analyses shipping line service organization and vessel deployment strategies. Performance considers the aspects of efficiency, market growth and market share for weekly shipping service calls at container ports. The focus is on shipping services as they form the basis of shipping networks. Data mining is performed to draw information from three sources including AIS information. Results show that while the Cape Route is the alternative to the Suez Canal, longer sailing distance saw shipping lines deploy additional vessels to maintain frequency of port-calls. Adjustments to port-calls reveal transshipment containers handled by Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea ports to be relatively “footloose”. Implications to ports from shipping network operation, resilience strategies, and port choice are offered.

【摘要翻译】

红海危机自1967年的苏伊士危机和1973年的赎罪日战争以来尚属前所未有。这场危机引发了对地缘政治紧张局势和航运网络中断的关注。本研究运用结构-行为-绩效（SCP）范式，调查航运公司行为及其对集装箱港口的影响。研究重点放在亚欧和亚地中海贸易航线上。市场结构部分考察了停靠港口的分布，而行为部分分析了航运公司的服务组织和船舶部署策略。绩效部分则考虑了集装箱港口每周航运服务调用的效率、市场增长和市场份额等方面。研究重点关注航运服务，因为它们构成了航运网络的基础。通过数据挖掘，从包括自动识别系统（AIS）信息在内的三个来源提取信息。研究结果显示，尽管好望角航线是苏伊士运河的替代路线，但更长的航行距离导致航运公司部署额外的船舶以维持港口调用频率。对港口调用的调整表明，东地中海和红海港口处理的转运集装箱相对“漂浮不定”。本研究提出了航运网络运营、韧性策略和港口选择对港口的影响建议。

Estimating the impact of cycling infrastructure improvements on usage: A spatial difference-in-differences approach

自行车基础设施改进对使用量影响的估计：一种空间双重差分方法

【摘要】

As a sustainable mode with numerous benefits, cycling offers promoting physical fitness and providing a cost-effective transport option. To promote cycling, cities worldwide are striving to increase cycling usage by improving infrastructure, and network connectivity. Understanding the magnitude of the influence of cycling infrastructure on cycling usage is vital. This paper hence aims to estimate the impact of cycling infrastructure improvement on cycling usage. To this end, a generalised spatial difference-in-differences (GS-DiD) fixed effect spatial lag model is utilised using data collected from bicycle counters in Lyon and Paris. The model allows controlling spatial and temporal unobserved heterogeneity. The results indicate that cycling infrastructure improvement has a positive and statistically significant effect on cycling usage. Additionally, the spatial coefficient was found to be negative and statistically significant, suggesting that an increase in cycling infrastructure usage in neighbouring areas leads to a decrease in infrastructure usage in the area being examined. These findings provide evidence of the positive impact of cycling infrastructure improvement on cycling usage, while also highlighting the importance of considering spatial spillover effects in the analysis.

【摘要翻译】

作为一种具有众多益处的可持续交通方式，骑行有助于促进身体健康并提供一种具有成本效益的交通选项。为了推广骑行，全球各地的城市正通过改善基础设施和网络连通性来努力增加骑行的使用率。理解骑行基础设施对骑行使用率影响的程度至关重要。因此，本文旨在估计骑行基础设施改善对骑行使用率的影响。为此，本文采用了一种广义空间双重差分（GS-DiD）固定效应空间滞后模型，利用来自里昂和巴黎的自行车计数器收集的数据。该模型能够控制空间和时间上的未观测异质性。研究结果表明，骑行基础设施的改善对骑行使用率具有正向且统计显著的影响。此外，空间系数被发现为负且具有统计显著性，这表明邻近地区骑行基础设施使用率的增加会导致被研究地区基础设施使用率的下降。这些发现提供了骑行基础设施改善对骑行使用率积极影响的证据，同时也强调了在分析中考虑空间溢出效应的重要性。

Crafting a jogging-friendly city: Harnessing big data to evaluate the runnability of urban streets

打造慢跑友好型城市：利用大数据评估城市街道的可跑性

【摘要】

Jogging, historically marginalized in the realms of urban and transportation strategy since it is not about commuting, is garnering appreciation for its health-related merits. The growing public focus on health underscores the urgent need for planning and infrastructure to support outdoor physical activities, yet current evaluations of urban environments' friendliness toward such activities are insufficient. This investigation unveils a runnability evaluation framework predicated on accessible geospatial big data. Initial steps involved delineating potential metrics from the built environment, pedestrian perceptions, and the natural setting, as informed by literature. This was followed by constructing a backward stepwise regression analysis, utilizing jogging frequency as the response variable against the identified metrics as predictors. The ensuing model retained certain variables, which were then deemed valid metrics, and their regression coefficients were appropriated as weights to compute a runnability index for individual street segments. This framework was applied in Guangzhou, affirming the model's objectivity and validity. The introduced framework furnishes researchers and urban planners with an objective and reproducible tool for the evaluation of runnability and possesses the versatility for an extension to assess walkability and bikeability. This study encourages the attention and support of jogging activities.

【摘要翻译】

慢跑在城市和交通策略领域历来被边缘化，因为它并非用于通勤，但由于其健康相关的优点，正在获得越来越多的认可。公众对健康的日益关注凸显了规划和基础设施以支持户外体育活动的迫切需求，然而，目前对城市环境友好度的评估尚不充分。本研究揭示了一个基于可获取的地理空间大数据的跑步友好度评估框架。初步步骤包括根据文献从建成环境、行人感知和自然环境中划定潜在指标。随后，构建了一个反向逐步回归分析模型，将慢跑频率作为响应变量，以识别出的指标作为预测变量。所得模型保留了某些变量，这些变量随后被视为有效指标，并将其回归系数作为权重，用于计算各街道段的跑步友好度指数。该框架在广州进行了应用，验证了模型的客观性和有效性。所介绍的框架为研究人员和城市规划者提供了一个客观且可重复的工具，用于评估跑步友好度，并具有扩展性，可用于评估步行友好度和骑行友好度。本研究倡导关注和支持慢跑活动。

Hierarchy and mobility of Latin America and Caribbean container ports

拉丁美洲与加勒比地区集装箱港口的层级与流动性

【摘要】

Research on port hierarchies within a maritime region is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of seaborne trade and the broader trends within the maritime sector and related supply chains. This study investigates the evolution of the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) container ports and regional sub-systems from 2000 to 2022, analyzing traffic dynamics, shifts in port throughput rankings, and market concentration trends in and among the different coastal regions. Conceptually, this analysis benefits from the notion of evolutionary phases, revealing the stages of a port system's development. Methodologically, 49 LAC ports of international interest are categorized into different coastal regions and tiers based on throughput sizes. Various metrics, including the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), and Kendall Tau (τ), assess port hierarchy and related mobility since 2000. The observed shifts in the hierarchy and market structures, coupled with the fluctuating positions of critical ports, underscore the transition that LAC container ports dynamics experienced in the 21st century. Following a particularly dynamic and volatile evolution observed in the 2000s, the financial crisis of 2008/09 was a critical juncture leading to the transition of the LAC port dynamics from the ‘emerging’ to the ‘maturity’ phase. On the contrary, the pandemic (2019) has not affected the pre-existing hierarchy or the moderate market concentration that was already in progress. The LAC region comprises port sub-systems (coastal ranges) subjected to different tendencies towards (de)concentration, yet mobility in port rankings within each sub-system decreases. The study also reveals the coexistence of this transition with a structural transformation of port governance structures, i.e., granting of concessions of operations to third parties. In 20 of these ports and the above-average mobility of ports are operated by Global Terminal Operators (GTOs), and calls for further research on the (non) causality of these phenomena.

【摘要翻译】

研究海事区域内港口层级对于理解海上贸易动态以及海事部门及相关供应链中的更广泛趋势至关重要。本研究调查了2000年至2022年拉丁美洲和加勒比地区（LAC）集装箱港口及区域子系统的发展演变，分析了交通动态、港口吞吐量排名的变化以及不同沿海区域内外的市场集中趋势。从概念上讲，这一分析受益于演化阶段的概念，揭示了港口系统发展的各个阶段。在方法上，基于吞吐量规模，将49个具有国际影响力的LAC港口分类到不同的沿海区域和层级。使用包括基尼系数、洛伦兹曲线、赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数（HHI）和肯德尔Tau（τ）在内的多种指标，自2000年以来评估港口层级及相关流动性。观察到的层级和市场结构的变化，加上关键港口地位的波动，凸显了21世纪LAC集装箱港口动态所经历的转变。在2000年代经历了特别动态和波动的发展之后，2008/09年的金融危机成为一个关键转折点，导致LAC港口动态从“新兴”阶段过渡到“成熟”阶段。相反，2019年的疫情并未影响先前存在的层级或已经在进行中的中等市场集中度。LAC地区包括受不同（去）集中趋势影响的港口子系统（沿海范围），但每个子系统内的港口排名流动性有所下降。研究还揭示了这一转变与港口治理结构的结构性转型并存，即将运营特许权授予第三方。在这49个港口中，有20个港口及其上述平均流动性的港口由全球终端运营商（GTOs）运营，并呼吁对这些现象的（非）因果关系进行进一步研究。

Exploring the geographical equity-efficiency tradeoff in cycling infrastructure planning

探索自行车基础设施规划中的地理公平与效率权衡

【摘要】

Cycling is affordable, healthy, and sustainable, but access to destinations on low-stress safe cycling routes in most cities is both limited and unevenly distributed. Many cities are expanding cycling networks to improve safety, increase cycling mode share, and increase diversity in access to cycling, however resources remain limited which requires prioritization of infrastructure. When proposed infrastructure locations are optimized to provide the highest average access to opportunities using a utilitarian definition of accessibility, marginalized groups and locations may be further left behind. This occurs since the greatest gains to network connectivity, using a utility definition, come from expansions inside or directly adjacent to the densest network areas. We compare utilitarian and equity-driven planning strategies for cycling network expansion and explore tradeoffs in spatial coverage, equity, and efficiency, using Toronto, Canada as a case study. We find that optimizing accessibility in several small regions instead of city-wide leads to an infrastructure plan that is more spatially dispersed. Further, we show that an optimization model targeting low-access areas produces an infrastructure plan with more regions meeting a minimum threshold of accessibility but with lower average accessibility gains, indicating the presence of an equity-efficiency tradeoff. We also find that infrastructure projects that maximize a region's accessibility to jobs are often located outside that region, challenging political perceptions of "local" infrastructure and benefits. These results inform planning, advocacy, design, and policy, and shed light on spatial and socio-demographic equity tradeoffs in deciding where to add cycling infrastructure.

【摘要翻译】

骑行是一种经济实惠、健康且可持续的出行方式，但在大多数城市中，通往目的地的低压力、安全的骑行路线的可达性既有限又分布不均。许多城市正在扩展骑行网络，以提高安全性、增加骑行出行方式的占比，并提升骑行可达性的多样性，然而资源仍然有限，这需要对基础设施进行优先排序。当拟议的基础设施位置使用功利主义的可达性定义来优化，以提供最高的平均机会可达性时，边缘化群体和地区可能会被进一步忽视。这是因为，按照功利主义的定义，网络连通性最大的增益来自于在最密集的网络区域内或紧邻这些区域的扩展。我们以加拿大多伦多为案例，比较了功利主义和公平驱动的骑行网络扩展规划策略，并探讨了空间覆盖、公平性和效率之间的权衡。研究发现，相较于全市范围内优化可达性，在多个小区域内优化可达性会导致基础设施规划更加分散。此外，我们表明，针对低可达区域的优化模型会产生更多区域达到最低可达性阈值的基础设施规划，但平均可达性增益较低，这表明存在公平与效率之间的权衡。我们还发现，旨在最大化某一区域就业可达性的基础设施项目往往位于该区域之外，这挑战了政治上对“本地”基础设施和利益的认知。这些结果为规划、倡导、设计和政策制定提供了参考，并揭示了在决定在哪里增加骑行基础设施时，空间和社会人口公平性之间的权衡。

The impact of heterogeneous accessibility to metro stations on land use changes in a bike-sharing context

地铁站异质可达性在共享单车情境下对土地利用变化的影响

【摘要】

The integration of urban rail transit and land use has been adopted as a crucial approach to fostering compact development in cities. Proximity to rail transit stations can increase the probability of land use changes, while few studies have analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of rail transit on land use changes. This study proposes a distance-decay function to delineate the spatial heterogeneity of metro station accessibility using bike-sharing data and examines the impact of metro stations accessibility on land use changes. Jiading New Town in Shanghai, China, is selected as our study case. By utilizing a non-linear distance-decay function to delineate metro station accessibility as a driving factor for training neural networks in a vector-based cellular automata model, an improvement in simulation accuracy is achieved compared to the model using a linear distance-decay function. This study could help establish more efficient strategies for promoting integrated development of rail transit and land use. The significance of this study lies in the generality of the optimized land use vector-based cellular automata model considering the spatial heterogeneity of metro station accessibility, which could also be applied to other situations, such as considering the accessibility to bus stops and road networks.

【摘要翻译】

城市轨道交通与土地使用的整合已被采用为促进城市紧凑型发展的关键方法。靠近轨道交通站点可以增加土地使用变化的可能性，然而，关于轨道交通对土地使用变化影响的空间异质性分析研究较少。本研究提出了一种距离衰减函数，利用共享单车数据描绘地铁站可达性的空间异质性，并考察地铁站可达性对土地使用变化的影响。上海嘉定新城被选为研究案例。通过利用非线性距离衰减函数将地铁站可达性作为驱动因素，训练基于矢量的元胞自动机模型中的神经网络，与使用线性距离衰减函数的模型相比，模拟精度得到了提升。本研究有助于建立更有效的策略，以促进轨道交通与土地使用的整合发展。该研究的意义在于优化后的考虑地铁站可达性空间异质性的基于矢量的土地使用元胞自动机模型的普遍性，该模型也可应用于其他情境，如考虑公交站点和道路网络的可达性。

Trade time for space: Does living space moderate the relationship between commuting duration and mental health in Beijing?

以空间换时间：居住空间是否调节北京通勤时长与心理健康之间的关系？

【摘要】

Previous research has shown that a long commuting duration and shortage of living space are associated with poor mental health in individuals. However, most studies have regarded the two as separate factors and have focused exclusively on one dimension of mental health. To address these gaps, we use survey data from 2018 in Beijing to re-examine how commuting duration is associated with both the absence of psychological illness (depression) and the presence of positive mental well-being (happiness), and to test whether and to what extent living space moderates the commuting–mental health relationship. The results show that both commuting duration and living space are significantly associated with the two dimensions of mental health. Furthermore, living space has a quasi-moderating effect on the association between commuting duration and depression, but the moderating effect is insignificant for happiness. This implies that the “trade (commuting) time for (living) space” approach might matter for the absence of mental illness, but this is not an effective approach for the presence of positive subjective well-being. This study echoes the equilibrium location theory but argues that the negative effects of commuting duration on mental health might be partially compensated by the benefits of housing conditions.

【摘要翻译】

先前的研究表明，长时间的通勤和居住空间不足与个体的心理健康状况不佳有关。然而，大多数研究将这两者视为独立因素，并且专注于心理健康的一个维度。为了解决这些缺口，我们使用2018年北京的调查数据，重新检验通勤时间与心理疾病缺失（抑郁）及积极心理福祉（幸福）的关系，并测试居住空间是否以及在多大程度上调节通勤与心理健康的关系。结果显示，通勤时间和居住空间都与心理健康的两个维度显著相关。此外，居住空间对通勤时间与抑郁之间的关系具有准调节作用，但对幸福的调节作用不显著。这意味着“用通勤时间换取居住空间”的方法可能对心理疾病的缺失有影响，但对积极的主观幸福感的存在则不起作用。本研究呼应了均衡位置理论，但认为通勤时间对心理健康的负面影响可能部分被居住条件的好处所补偿。

An enhanced transit accessibility evaluation framework by integrating Public Transport Accessibility Levels (PTAL) and transit gap

一种通过整合公共交通可达性水平（PTAL）与交通缺口来增强的交通可达性评估框架

【摘要】

Rapid urbanization has presented many challenges, notably spatial imbalances between the transit supply and demand within cities. The inequitable distribution of transit supply, which include the transit infrastructure and services, may lead to formation of areas where transit is under provisioned. This work aims to develop an enhanced framework for measuring spatial disparities in accessing transit systems by combining established concepts of Public Transport Accessibility Levels (PTAL) and transit gap. The proposed framework incorporates PTAL as a supply indicator and transit dependent population as the demand indicator while estimating the transit gap. PTAL takes into account the intricate relationship between transit infrastructure and transit services, an aspect that was overlooked by the previous studies on transit gap. Inclusion of PTAL enhances the transit gap evaluation method by offering a deeper understanding and a holistic perspective on the transit system. We demonstrate the proposed approach with an application in Singapore. Additionally, we propose a new classification system based on PTAL and transit gap to distinguish areas where high transit gap is a result of very high demand rather than poor supply. Results show that 44.82 % of the transit dependent population in Singapore lives in high transit gap area out of which 4.69 % population stays in transit desert zones, where supply is poor, and 40.13 % lives in transit stressed zone, where demand is very high. The study also developed a simple decision framework based on PTAL and transit gap scores to suggest effective policy measures for reducing the spatial disparity in transit system accessibility. The findings from the work can aid policymakers and transport planners in land-use and transport planning of cities.

【摘要翻译】

快速的城市化带来了许多挑战，特别是城市内部交通供应与需求之间的空间不平衡。交通供应的不公平分布，包括交通基础设施和服务，可能导致交通供应不足区域的形成。本研究旨在通过结合公共交通可达性水平（PTAL）和交通缺口的既有概念，开发一个增强的框架，以衡量获取交通系统的空间差异。所提出的框架将PTAL作为供应指标，将依赖交通的人口作为需求指标，同时估算交通缺口。PTAL 考虑了交通基础设施与交通服务之间的复杂关系，这是以往关于交通缺口研究所忽视的。纳入PTAL通过提供对交通系统更深入的理解和整体视角，增强了交通缺口的评估方法。我们通过在新加坡的应用展示了所提出的方法。此外，我们提出了一个基于PTAL和交通缺口的新分类系统，以区分高交通缺口是由于需求非常高而非供应不足所导致的区域。结果显示，新加坡44.82%的依赖交通人口居住在高交通缺口区域，其中4.69%的人口居住在交通荒漠区，供应不足，40.13%的人口居住在交通压力区，需求非常高。该研究还基于PTAL和交通缺口分数开发了一个简单的决策框架，以建议有效的政策措施，减少交通系统可达性的空间差异。研究结果可帮助政策制定者和交通规划人员进行城市的土地使用和交通规划。

Improving community resilience to disrupted food access: Empirical spatio-temporal analysis of volunteer-based crowdsourced food delivery

提升社区对食品获取中断的韧性：基于志愿者众包食品配送的实证时空分析

【摘要】

Unplanned disaster events can greatly disrupt access to essential resources, with calamitous outcomes for already vulnerable households. This is particularly challenging when concurrent extreme events affect both the ability of households to travel and the functioning of traditional transportation networks that supply resources. This paper examines the use of volunteer-based crowdsourced food delivery as a community resilience tactic to improve food accessibility during overlapping disruptions with lasting effects, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and climate disasters. The study uses large-scale spatio-temporal data (n = 28,512) on crowdsourced food deliveries in Houston, TX, spanning from 2020 through 2022, merged with data on community demographics and significant disruptive events occurring in the two-year timespan. Three research lenses are applied to understand the effectiveness of crowdsourced food delivery programs for food access recovery: 1) geographic analysis illustrates hot spots of demand and impacts of disasters on requests for food assistance within the study area; 2) linear spatio-temporal modeling identifies a distinction between shelter-in-place emergencies and evacuation emergencies regarding demand for food assistance; 3) structural equation modeling identifies socially vulnerable identity clusters that impact requests for food assistance. The findings from the study suggest that volunteer-based crowdsourced food delivery adds to the resilience of food insecure communities, supporting its effectiveness in serving its intended populations. The paper contributes to the literature by illustrating how resilience is a function of time and space, and that similarly, there is value in a dynamic representation of community vulnerability. The results point to a new approach to resource recovery following disaster events by shifting the burden of transportation from resource-seekers and traditional transportation systems to home delivery by a crowdsourced volunteer network.

【摘要翻译】

不受计划的灾难事件会极大地中断获取基本资源的途径，对本已脆弱的家庭造成灾难性的后果。当同时发生的极端事件既影响家庭的出行能力，又影响供应资源的传统交通网络的运作时，这尤其具有挑战性。本文探讨了基于志愿者的众包食品配送作为一种社区韧性策略，在重叠且具有持久影响的中断期间（如COVID-19大流行和气候灾害）改善食品获取的应用。

本研究使用了德克萨斯州休斯敦市2020年至2022年间的众包食品配送的大规模时空数据（样本量=28,512），并将其与社区人口统计数据以及在两年期间发生的重要破坏性事件数据进行了整合。研究应用了三个研究视角，以理解众包食品配送项目在食品获取恢复方面的有效性：

1. 地理分析展示了研究区域内食品援助需求的热点和灾害对食品援助请求的影响；

2. 线性时空模型区分了待在原地紧急情况和撤离紧急情况在食品援助需求方面的差异；

3. 结构方程模型识别了影响食品援助请求的社会脆弱身份群体。

研究结果表明，基于志愿者的众包食品配送增强了食品不安全社区的韧性，支持其在服务目标人群中的有效性。本文通过说明韧性如何是时间和空间的函数，并且类似地，社区脆弱性的动态表示具有价值，从而对相关文献做出了贡献。研究结果指出了一种在灾难事件后进行资源恢复的新方法，即将运输负担从资源需求者和传统交通系统转移到由众包志愿者网络进行的家庭配送。

Understanding the complementary effect of bike-sharing on public transit: A case study of subway line expansion in Xiamen, China

理解共享单车对公共交通的互补效应：以中国厦门地铁线路扩展为案例研究

【摘要】

The rapid growth of dockless bike-sharing services (DBSs) in recent years has provided a new potential technological solution to the critical last mile problem of urban mobility and is thus considered a complement to public transit. However, there is little causal evidence of such technology-enhanced DBSs complementing public transit. To address this research gap, this paper empirically investigates the complementary effect of DBSs on public transit using a quasi-natural experiment on the opening of Subway Line 3 in Xiamen, China. Our difference-in-differences estimation results show that the number of DBS trips near newly opened stations increased by 84.7 % on average after the subway opening, representing 40.4 % of all bike-sharing trips within the 100-m buffer zone of the subway station entrance. The results of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity analysis revealed that such complementary effects were concentrated within 2 km of rail transit stations, especially during peak commuting hours and in areas with low bus accessibility and high population density. Moreover, the number of street intersections negatively affected the complementary effect of DBS on the subway when the connection distance was short (i.e., less than 800 m). These findings can inform city governments on the effective use of DBSs to solve the critical last mile problem of public transit and to improve urban mobility, while also illuminating how service providers can optimize capacity allocation and vehicle rebalancing decisions.

【摘要翻译】

近年来，无桩共享单车服务（DBSs）的快速增长为城市交通的关键“最后一公里”问题提供了一种新的潜在技术解决方案，因此被视为公共交通的补充。然而，关于这种技术增强型DBSs补充公共交通的因果证据仍然有限。为了解决这一研究空白，本文利用中国厦门地铁3号线开通的准自然实验，实证研究了DBSs对公共交通的补充效应。我们的差异中的差异（Difference-in-Differences）估计结果显示，地铁开通后，新开站点附近的DBS出行次数平均增加了84.7%，这占地铁站入口100米缓冲区内所有共享单车出行的40.4%。时空异质性分析的结果表明，这种补充效应主要集中在距轨道交通站点2公里以内，尤其在高峰通勤时段以及公交可达性低和人口密度高的区域。此外，当连接距离较短（即少于800米）时，街道交叉口的数量对DBS对地铁的补充效应产生了负面影响。这些发现可以为城市政府在有效利用DBSs解决公共交通的关键“最后一公里”问题和改善城市交通流动性方面提供参考，同时也揭示了服务提供者如何优化容量分配和车辆再平衡决策。

Discovering temporal-spatial features of jobs-housing relationship from a regional perspective: A nationwide study

从区域视角发现就业-居住关系的时空特征：一项全国性研究

【摘要】

The recent developments in regionalization have redefined the concept of jobs-housing relationship, calling for reexaminations from the regional perspective. This paper studies the temporal and spatial features of jobs-housing relationship and their relations with regional mobility and regional structure in 2258 Quxians (urban districts or rural counties) across China based on 49 months of cellular signaling data. Results show that jobs-housing relationship differ between city types and have seasonal cycles and yearly trends reflecting the rhythm and development of human activity. The temporal variations in jobs-housing relationship are affected by regional mobility, and larger intercity travel volume leads to lower balance level. The spatial variations in jobs-housing relationship are influenced by the form of regional structure, as measured using the Zipf scaling exponent. More polarized regions are less balanced with exceptions in underdeveloped regions. There is an underlying inflection point in jobs-housing relationship that is similar to its long-term average value and reflects regional market equilibrium. This paper contributes to existing literature by providing a big-data driven nationwide jobs-housing study fully aware of the theoretical and practical needs of a regionalizing world. Findings advances our understanding of macroscopic jobs-housing relationship, and offers policy suggestions for governments across the globe.

【摘要翻译】

区域化的最新发展重新定义了“工作-住房关系”的概念，要求从区域视角重新审视这一关系。本文基于49个月的手机信令数据，研究了中国2258个区县（包括城市区和农村县）的工作-住房关系的时空特征及其与区域流动性和区域结构的关系。研究结果显示，不同类型的城市之间的工作-住房关系存在差异，并且具有反映人类活动节奏和发展的季节性周期和年度趋势。工作-住房关系的时间变化受到区域流动性的影响，较大的城际旅行量导致平衡水平降低。工作-住房关系的空间变化则受到区域结构形式的影响，这一结构通过齐夫（Zipf）缩放指数进行衡量。更加极化的区域平衡性较低，但欠发达区域除外。工作-住房关系中存在一个潜在的拐点，类似于其长期平均值，反映了区域市场的均衡。本文通过提供一个基于大数据的全国性工作-住房研究，充分考虑了区域化世界的理论和实践需求，为现有文献做出了贡献。研究发现加深了我们对宏观层面工作-住房关系的理解，并为全球各国政府提供了政策建议。

Rural travel burdens in the United States: Unmet need and travel costs

美国农村出行负担：未满足的需求与出行成本

【摘要】

Transportation accessibility, or the ease of reaching valued destinations, is a critical determinant of a person's ability to satisfy their essential needs. A lack of accessibility can result in travel burdens such as high transportation costs or unmet needs and adversely affect well-being. Prior research establishes the inverse relationship between travel burdens and access to transportation options such as public transit and proximity to destinations as well as a person's resources, including their income and access to a personal vehicle. Although travel behavior is understood to differ across rural versus urban contexts, little is known about the nature of travel burdens in rural communities. Using the 2017 National Household Travel Survey, this study quantifies and compares travel burdens in rural versus nonrural communities in the United States. In each context, we quantify and compare i) the magnitude of travel burdens, ii) who experiences travel burdens, and iii) the individual and environmental factors that are associated with travel burdens. We find higher rates of burdensome travel outcomes among rural residents. People who live in rural areas are more likely to report burdensome travel costs and unmet travel needs due to a lack of transportation options compared to people living in nonrural areas, and these differences are exacerbated for people without car access. Dispersed rural contexts are unique in that they exhibit a combination of higher rates of financial burden and unmet need relative to urban contexts. Within rural areas, financial burdens and unmet need are less prevalent for those who live in a small town when compared with those living in more dispersed areas, which suggests that even a small concentration of services and opportunities may facilitate greater access. Collectively, our results highlight the need for research that attends to context-specific needs and strategies to address travel burdens in rural communities.

【摘要翻译】

交通可达性，或称为到达重要目的地的便捷程度，是决定一个人满足基本需求能力的关键因素。缺乏可达性可能导致诸如高昂的交通成本或未满足的需求等出行负担，并对福祉产生不利影响。已有研究确立了出行负担与交通选项（如公共交通）和目的地近距离以及个人资源（包括收入和私人车辆使用权）之间的负相关关系。尽管出行行为在农村与城市环境中有所不同，但关于农村社区出行负担的性质知之甚少。本研究利用2017年国家家庭出行调查，量化并比较了美国农村与非农村社区的出行负担。在每种环境中，我们量化并比较了：i) 出行负担的程度，ii) 谁会经历出行负担，以及 iii) 与出行负担相关的个人和环境因素。研究发现，农村居民面临更高比例的沉重出行结果。与非农村地区居民相比，农村地区居民更可能报告由于缺乏交通选项而产生的高额出行成本和未满足的出行需求，并且这些差异在没有汽车使用权的人群中更加显著。分散的农村环境具有独特性，因为它们相较于城市环境表现出更高的财务负担和未满足需求的组合。在农村地区内部，与居住在更分散区域的人相比，居住在小城镇的人群的财务负担和未满足需求较少，这表明即使是服务和机会的少量集中也可能促进更大的可达性。总体而言，我们的结果强调了需要进行针对具体环境需求的研究，并制定策略以解决农村社区的出行负担问题。

Perceived walkability and daily walking behaviour in a “small city context” – The case of Norway

小城市背景下的感知步行性与日常步行行为——以挪威为例

【摘要】

Walking is essential for environmentally friendly transport, vibrant street life, and public health. Due to the short distances, small cities should have great potential for walking; however, the car still dominates in many places. Moreover, whether and how conditions related to a Northern European location play a role in perceived walkability and subsequent walking behaviour in small cities has rarely been studied. This paper aimed to answer what characterizes walkability in the context of a small city in Norway, using Narvik, Kongsvinger, and Steinkjer as case studies. The investigation is based on a mixed methodological approach, including a survey with public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS), followed by a qualitative investigation with focus group interviews with families. The results suggest that walking for commuting purposes is considered a realistic option by most residents, although the car is used for most trip purposes, indicating that there exists an unfulfilled potential for walking. Results from the walkability assessment with PPGIS suggest that for a positive walking experience, perceived walkability includes a range of walkability indicators of a distinct nature that interact. The interviews provided explanations about important incentives in the cities that encourage the use of cars at the cost of making it attractive to walk. Good access by car stimulates its use despite short distances, and its dominance prevents fulfilling pedestrians' needs regarding calm surroundings and space reserved for vibrant street life and vegetation. Fragmented infrastructure limits parents' confidence in their children's safety. Lighting and maintenance are important in the winter to ensure walkability.

【摘要翻译】

步行对于环保交通、生机勃勃的街道生活和公共健康至关重要。由于距离较短，小城市本应具有较大的步行潜力；然而，汽车在许多地方仍然占主导地位。此外，北欧地区的相关条件是否以及如何影响小城市中的步行可达性感知及随后步行行为，尚鲜有研究。本文旨在通过纳入挪威的小城市纳尔维克（Narvik）、孔斯温格尔（Kongsvinger）和斯泰因凯尔（Steinkjer）作为案例，探讨小城市背景下步行可达性的特征。研究采用混合方法，包括带有公众参与地理信息系统（PPGIS）的调查，随后进行与家庭的焦点小组访谈的定性研究。结果表明，大多数居民认为步行通勤是一个现实的选择，尽管大多数出行目的仍以汽车为主，这表明步行存在未被满足的潜力。基于PPGIS的步行可达性评估结果显示，为了获得积极的步行体验，感知的步行可达性包括一系列具有独特性质且相互作用的步行可达性指标。访谈解释了城市中鼓励使用汽车而牺牲步行吸引力的重要激励因素。良好的汽车通行便利性促进了其使用，尽管距离较短，其主导地位阻碍了满足行人关于宁静环境、为生机勃勃的街道生活和植被保留空间的需求。碎片化的基础设施限制了家长对孩子安全的信心。冬季的照明和维护对于确保步行可达性至关重要。

The elephant in the room: Long-haul air services and climate change

房间里的大象：长途航空服务与气候变化

【摘要】

This paper extends previous research that has examined the impact of banning (super) short-haul flights on climate change. Looking at all scheduled passenger flights worldwide, our results confirm that policies focused on super short-haul flights would have very limited climate benefits. Flights of less than 500 km account for 26.7 % of flights but only 5.2 % of fuel burnt, while flights of 4000 km or more account for just 5.1 % of flights, but 39.0 % of fuel burnt. When the results are broken down by region and country, it appears that the share of fuel burnt by long-haul flights varies according to social, political, economic and geographical factors, including remoteness. While fuel burnt is highly correlated with GDP at the country level, this is less true for long-haul flights, arguably because long-haul services are so geographically selective that not all countries can be expected to host them. We also find that since the mid-1990s, the long-haul segment has grown much more rapidly (+163 % seat-km) than the super-short-haul one (+28 %). These findings have important policy implications and suggest that “avoid” strategies should receive more attention than “shift” and “improve” strategies in aviation climate policy.

【摘要翻译】

“We try our best to follow traffic rules because we don't want Hong Kong people to lose face”: Assimilation from transit to motorcycles among Hong Kong students in Taiwan

“我们尽力遵守交通规则，因为不想让香港人丢脸”：香港学生在台湾从公共交通转向摩托车的同化过程

【摘要】

Although the transport assimilation experiences of various East-to-West immigrant groups have been studied, those of international students have received little attention. This study explores the transport assimilation process of Hong Kong students in Taiwan, with a focus on their transition from a public transport-orientated society to one centred on motorcycles. Data were collected through secondary sources of news articles and online discussions to understand the context of Hong Kong students' observation of Taiwan's traffic, and then through primary-source interviews with Hong Kong students in Tainan, a typical motorcycle-dominant city in Taiwan. The analysis adopted an inductive, thematic approach guided by the acculturation framework. Results reveal disparities between the transport and traffic cultures of Hong Kong and Taiwan, leading to acculturative stress and the adoption of motorcycles as a primary mode of transport. However, motorcycle riding introduced new acculturative stress due to unwritten traffic norms and local driving behaviours. Job opportunities and long-term plans to stay in Taiwan, as well as the ease of obtaining the licence, were motivations for motorcycle use. Nevertheless, by maintaining their sociocultural competence, such as a strong traffic safety culture, those students may delay transport assimilation or cause transport dissimilation. This study contributes to understanding the mobility of international students and suggests that longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the impact of traffic safety culture on transport assimilation and the interrelationships between motorcycle use and long-term stay in a new society.

【摘要翻译】

尽管各种东西方移民群体的交通同化经历已被研究，但国际学生的交通同化经历却鲜有关注。本研究探讨了香港学生在台湾的交通同化过程，重点关注他们从以公共交通为主导的社会向以摩托车为中心的社会的过渡。数据通过新闻文章和在线讨论的二手资料收集，以了解香港学生对台湾交通状况的观察背景，随后通过对台南（台湾典型的摩托车主导城市）香港学生的原始访谈资料进行收集和分析。分析采用了以文化适应框架为指导的归纳性主题方法。结果显示，香港与台湾在交通和行车文化上存在差异，导致文化适应压力，并促使学生采用摩托车作为主要交通方式。然而，摩托车骑行引入了新的文化适应压力，因为存在未成文的交通规范和当地的驾驶行为。就业机会和在台湾长期居留的计划，以及获取驾照的便利性，是使用摩托车的动机。然而，通过保持他们的社会文化能力，例如强烈的交通安全文化，这些学生可能会延迟交通同化或导致交通不同化。本研究有助于理解国际学生的流动性，并建议需要进行纵向研究以探讨交通安全文化对交通同化的影响，以及摩托车使用与在新社会长期居留之间的相互关系。

Development of a complete method for re-conceptualizing street classification in an urban municipality

理解共享单车对公共交通的互补效应：以中国厦门地铁线路扩展为案例研究

【摘要】

The rapid growth of dockless bike-sharing services (DBSs) in recent years has provided a new potential technological solution to the critical last mile problem of urban mobility and is thus considered a complement to public transit. However, there is little causal evidence of such technology-enhanced DBSs complementing public transit. To address this research gap, this paper empirically investigates the complementary effect of DBSs on public transit using a quasi-natural experiment on the opening of Subway Line 3 in Xiamen, China. Our difference-in-differences estimation results show that the number of DBS trips near newly opened stations increased by 84.7 % on average after the subway opening, representing 40.4 % of all bike-sharing trips within the 100-m buffer zone of the subway station entrance. The results of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity analysis revealed that such complementary effects were concentrated within 2 km of rail transit stations, especially during peak commuting hours and in areas with low bus accessibility and high population density. Moreover, the number of street intersections negatively affected the complementary effect of DBS on the subway when the connection distance was short (i.e., less than 800 m). These findings can inform city governments on the effective use of DBSs to solve the critical last mile problem of public transit and to improve urban mobility, while also illuminating how service providers can optimize capacity allocation and vehicle rebalancing decisions.

【摘要翻译】

近年来，无桩共享单车（DBS）服务的快速增长为城市出行的关键“最后一公里”问题提供了一种新的潜在技术解决方案，因此被视为公共交通的补充。然而，关于这种技术增强的DBS是否真正补充公共交通的因果证据尚少。为填补这一研究空白，本文通过对中国厦门地铁3号线开通的准自然实验，实证研究了DBS对公共交通的补充效应。我们的差分中的差分估计结果显示，地铁开通后，新开通站点附近的DBS出行次数平均增加了84.7%，占地铁站入口100米缓冲区内所有共享单车出行的40.4%。时空异质性分析的结果表明，这种补充效应主要集中在铁路交通站点周边2公里以内，尤其是在高峰通勤时段以及公交可达性低和人口密度高的区域。此外，当连接距离较短（即小于800米）时，街道交叉口的数量对DBS对地铁的补充效应产生了负面影响。这些发现可以为城市政府在有效利用DBS解决公共交通的关键“最后一公里”问题和改善城市出行方面提供参考，同时也揭示了服务提供商如何优化容量分配和车辆再平衡决策。

Bridging or separating? Co-accessibility as a measure of potential place-based encounters

桥接还是分隔？共可达性作为潜在地点相遇的衡量标准

【摘要】

Accessibility is a widely used concept across various disciplines to evaluate the degree to which individuals can reach desired destinations. Conventionally, accessibility is determined by the attractiveness of a destination and the associated travel cost to reach it. However, existing place-based accessibility measures do not differentiate between destinations accessible to individuals from a single demographic group and those accessible to individuals from diverse demographic groups. We propose a measure to assess the potential of distinct destinations to bring different individuals and demographic groups together, defining this property as co-accessibility. We demonstrate how measuring co-accessibility can enhance existing accessibility measures, describe its components, and provide a mathematical formulation for quantifying it. To illustrate the practical application of our measure, we conduct a case study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, comparing the accessibility and co- accessibility of various destinations. This sample case study highlights the complexities and challenges inherent in measuring co-accessibility. Building on existing literature and our analysis results, we discuss the potential implications of co-accessibility, identify key challenges in its assessment, and recommend directions for future research.

【摘要翻译】

Accessibility（可达性）是一个在各个学科中被广泛使用的概念，用于评估个体到达期望目的地的程度。传统上，可达性通过目的地的吸引力及到达该目的地的相关旅行成本来确定。然而，现有的基于地点的可达性衡量标准未能区分对单一人口群体个体可达的目的地和对多样人口群体个体可达的目的地。我们提出了一种衡量不同目的地将不同个体和人口群体聚集在一起潜力的指标，将此特性定义为共可达性（co-accessibility）。我们展示了通过测量共可达性如何增强现有的可达性衡量标准，描述了其组成部分，并提供了量化它的数学公式。为了说明我们指标的实际应用，我们在荷兰阿姆斯特丹进行了一个案例研究，比较了各种目的地的可达性和共可达性。这个案例研究突显了测量共可达性所固有的复杂性和挑战。基于现有文献和我们的分析结果，我们讨论了共可达性的潜在影响，识别了评估中的关键挑战，并为未来的研究方向提出了建议。

When e-activities meet spatial accessibility: A theoretical framework and empirical space-time thresholds for simulated spatial settings

当电子活动遇上空间可达性：模拟空间环境下的理论框架与实证时空阈值

【摘要】

The high penetration of e-activities (e-working, e-shopping, e-leisure) has empowered people to overcome space-time constraints in daily routines, and this trend is growing. Accordingly, new knowledge is sorely needed to incorporate e-activities into accessibility planning and to define new conceptualizations, methods, and quantifiers that recognize digital and in-person accessibility in real life. This paper introduces the framework of “augmented accessibility” and identifies space-time thresholds in which e-activities are more competitive than in-person activities. By being aware of these thresholds, specific policies could be adopted for encouraging people to save travel time and allocate it to reach other in-person destinations, thereby increasing their overall spatial accessibility. At methodological level, time geography concepts and elasticity analysis are combined, estimating space-time thresholds for six simulated spatial settings: from polycentric and compact cases to sprawled and monocentric cases. The results indicate that e-activities are more competitive in sprawled settings and emphasize the relevance of travel directionality (from opportunity hubs to low-density places) for retaining high spatial accessibility levels and increased travel distances. The social and policy implications of space-time thresholds are discussed for each simulated spatial setting by estimating and comparing critical travel distances for different transport modes. The paper closes by discussing aspects related to practical operationalization of the proposed framework, its communicability, interpretability, and usability.

【摘要翻译】

电子活动（如电子办公、电子购物、电子休闲）的高渗透率使人们能够在日常生活中克服时空限制，并且这一趋势正在增长。因此，迫切需要新的知识将电子活动纳入可达性规划，并定义新的概念、方法和量化指标，以在现实生活中识别数字和面对面可达性。本文介绍了“增强可达性”框架，并确定了电子活动比面对面活动更具竞争力的时空阈值。通过了解这些阈值，可以采用特定政策鼓励人们节省旅行时间，并将其用于到达其他面对面目的地，从而提高整体空间可达性。在方法论层面，本文结合了时间地理学概念和弹性分析，估算了六种模拟空间设置的时空阈值：从多中心和紧凑型案例到蔓延型和单中心型案例。结果表明，在蔓延型设置中，电子活动更具竞争力，并强调了旅行方向性（从机会中心到低密度地区）对于保持高空间可达性水平和增加旅行距离的重要性。通过估算和比较不同交通模式的关键旅行距离，本文讨论了每种模拟空间设置下时空阈值的社会和政策影响。最后，本文讨论了与所提出框架的实际操作化、可传达性、可解释性和可用性相关的方面。

Analysis of socioeconomic and built environment factors influencing travel mode choice of older adults in Georgia

佐治亚州老年人出行方式选择的社会经济及建成环境因素分析

【摘要】

This paper explores the travel behavior of older adults in comparison to younger adults using the 2017 U.S. National Household Travel Survey Georgia Add-on. We employ a discrete mode choice model to examine how the relationships between travel outcomes and socioeconomic, trip, and built environment characteristics vary by age. Travel modes are categorized into automobile, public transit, and non-motorized modes (i.e., walking and biking). The analysis reveals significant differences in factors related to non-auto mode travel outcomes between age groups. The presence of health conditions is associated with a lower likelihood of older adults choosing non-auto modes, and this effect intensifies with age. The association between trip purposes and travel outcome also varies; home-based-other purpose trips, such as healthcare appointments or community activities, are associated with a higher probability of older adults choosing non-motorized modes compared to other trip purposes. Residential density is more of a factor for older adults' non-auto mode choices, and older adults living in non-auto mode supportive environments are more likely to maintain non-auto mode usage. The study further finds that older adults and those with health conditions live and travel in less dense, less walkable areas than their counterparts, which makes it difficult for them to have viable non-auto transportation options. To expand mobility options for older adults, planners should design programs for older adults with health conditions and provide services for those who can no longer drive or without access to automobiles. Additionally, considering built environment conditions and the varying needs of individuals based on trip purposes is recommended to satisfy the mobility needs of older adults in accordance with their lifestyles.

【摘要翻译】

本文利用2017年美国国家家庭出行调查佐治亚附加数据，探讨了老年人与年轻人之间的出行行为差异。我们采用离散模式选择模型，考察出行结果与社会经济、行程及建成环境特征之间的关系如何因年龄而异。出行模式被分类为汽车、公共交通和非机动车模式（即步行和骑行）。分析结果显示，不同年龄组在与非汽车模式出行结果相关的因素上存在显著差异。健康状况的存在与老年人选择非汽车模式的可能性降低相关，且这一影响随着年龄的增长而加剧。出行目的与出行结果之间的关联也有所不同；以家庭为基础的其他目的出行，如医疗预约或社区活动，与老年人选择非机动车模式的概率较其他出行目的更高。居住密度对老年人选择非汽车模式出行的影响更大，生活在支持非汽车模式环境中的老年人更有可能维持非汽车模式的使用。研究进一步发现，老年人及有健康问题的人群生活和出行在密度较低、步行性较差的地区，这使得他们难以拥有可行的非汽车交通选项。为了扩展老年人的出行选择，规划者应为有健康问题的老年人设计相应的项目，并为无法再驾驶或无法使用汽车的人提供服务。此外，建议在考虑建成环境条件的同时，根据出行目的的不同需求，满足老年人根据其生活方式的出行需求。

How does the built environment affect intermodal transit demand across different spatiotemporal contexts?

建成环境如何在不同时空背景下影响多模式交通需求？

【摘要】

Bus and metro are the two primary modes of public transportation in many megacities worldwide. Understanding their cooperation is crucial for the integration of the public transportation system. Despite extensive research on public transportation demand, studies focusing on bus-metro cooperation remain limited. Intermodal transit demand directly reflects the level of cooperation between the two modes in travel behavior. In this study, intermodal transit demand is extracted from smart card data in Beijing, China. The extreme gradient boosting algorithm is employed to investigate the determinants of intermodal transit demand considering spatiotemporal variation. The SHapley Additive exPlanations method further interprets these models. Findings reveal that (1) the relative spatial relationship between bus and metro service facilities significantly influences their cooperation; however, these influences gradually weaken as urban space expands from the core to the peripheral area; (2) in peripheral area, the characteristics of the bus network hold the highest average importance ranking; (3) extensive nonlinear relationships and threshold effects exist between the built environment and intermodal transit demand, with the magnitude, pattern, and direction of these impacts varying significantly across different spatiotemporal contexts; and (4) changes in the spatial layout of transportation service supplies impact their competition and cooperation, such as adequate bus service supplies potentially reducing the cooperation between bus and metro to some extent. These findings will assist planners and public transit operators in developing regulations that encourage cooperation between bus and metro, thereby increasing the attraction and competitiveness of the public transit system.

【摘要翻译】

公交和地铁是全球许多大都市中两种主要的公共交通模式。理解它们之间的协作对于公共交通系统的整合至关重要。尽管关于公共交通需求的研究非常广泛，但专注于公交与地铁协作的研究仍然有限。跨模式交通需求直接反映了两种模式在出行行为中的协作水平。在本研究中，跨模式交通需求是从中国北京的智能卡数据中提取的。我们采用极端梯度提升算法（Extreme Gradient Boosting）来研究考虑时空变化的跨模式交通需求的决定因素。SHapley Additive exPlanations（SHAP）方法进一步解释了这些模型。研究结果显示：（1）公交和地铁服务设施之间的相对空间关系显著影响它们的协作；然而，随着城市空间从核心向外围区域扩展，这些影响逐渐减弱；（2）在外围区域，公交网络的特征具有最高的平均重要性排名；（3）建成环境与跨模式交通需求之间存在广泛的非线性关系和阈值效应，这些影响的大小、模式和方向在不同的时空背景下显著不同；（4）交通服务供应的空间布局变化影响它们的竞争与协作，例如，充足的公交服务供应可能在一定程度上减少公交与地铁之间的协作。这些发现将帮助规划者和公共交通运营商制定鼓励公交与地铁协作的规章，从而提升公共交通系统的吸引力和竞争力。

First-mile and last-mile externalities: Perspectives from a developing country

首英里和末英里外部性：来自发展中国家的视角

【摘要】

Transport equity, which emphasises fair and equitable distribution to reach various significant activities and opportunities such as work and healthcare, has greatly interested researchers and practitioners. Enhancing first-mile and last-mile travel and commuting experiences augment an individual's travel satisfaction. However, challenges with first-mile and last-mile travel lead to social exclusion and inequity concerns in accessing services and a reduction in the utilisation of public transport. There is limited insight regarding commuters' experiences and challenges in this context, particularly in developing countries. This dearth of knowledge makes it difficult to implement measures to enhance connectivity and accessibility. Thus, we investigate the first-mile and last-mile experiences and challenges of commuters in Ghana using qualitative and quantitative data from semi-structured interviews and questionnaire survey, which are rare in this subject's study. The analysis through the logit model showed that commuters with increasing distances for the first and last miles have difficulty with transport accessibility. The results showed that demographic factors like age and gender did not significantly affect first-mile and last-mile accessibility, suggesting that the challenges are experienced across different groups. The thematic analysis revealed five essential themes: (i) cost, (ii) limited accessibility, (iii) safety, long walking distances and (v) temporal factors like weather as challenges commuters encounter with their first-mile and last-mile trips. This research contributes to the extant literature on the experiences and challenges of first-mile and last-mile commutes. It provides depth to the literature by offering perspectives from a developing country. It also holds practical significance for transport authorities and government departments and agencies.

【摘要翻译】

运输公平（Transport equity）强调公平合理地分配资源，以便人们能够到达各种重要活动和机会，如工作和医疗，这一概念引起了研究人员和从业者的极大关注。提升“第一英里”和“最后一英里”的出行及通勤体验能够增强个体的出行满意度。然而，“第一英里”和“最后一英里”出行所面临的挑战导致社会排斥和在获取服务方面的不公平问题，同时也减少了公共交通的利用率。在这一背景下，特别是在发展中国家，关于通勤者体验和挑战的见解有限。这种知识的匮乏使得实施措施以增强连接性和可达性变得困难。因此，我们利用来自半结构化访谈和问卷调查的定性和定量数据，研究了加纳通勤者在“第一英里”和“最后一英里”出行中的体验和挑战，这在该主题的研究中较为罕见。通过逻辑回归模型的分析表明，通勤者在“第一英里”和“最后一英里”距离增加时，面临交通可达性的困难。结果显示，年龄和性别等人口因素对“第一英里”和“最后一英里”的可达性没有显著影响，这表明这些挑战在不同群体中普遍存在。主题分析揭示了五个主要主题：（i）成本，（ii）有限的可达性，（iii）安全性，长距离步行，以及（iv）天气等时间因素，都是通勤者在“第一英里”和“最后一英里”出行中遇到的挑战。本研究丰富了现有关于“第一英里”和“最后一英里”通勤体验和挑战的文献，通过提供来自发展中国家的视角，深化了相关研究。同时，本研究对交通管理部门及政府部门和机构具有实际意义。

Spatio-temporal dynamics and recovery of commuting activities via bike-sharing around COVID-19: A case study of New York

COVID-19期间共享单车通勤活动的时空动态与恢复：纽约案例研究

【摘要】

The COVID-19 has led to significant changes in urban travel behaviors, with commuting being one of the most affected travel modes. Commuting cycling by bike-sharing systems (BSS) is regarded as a new transportation mode that is low-carbon and low-cost. However, its dynamic changes and spatiotemporal characteristics in different periods of COVID-19 still lack exploration. Therefore, this study adopts machine learning methods to identify commuter bike-sharing activities and develops a combined analysis method to analyze commuting cycling data via temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal aggregation. Finally, we select the bike-sharing data in New York City from periods before, during, and after COVID-19 to conduct experiments. It has been found that commuting cycling experienced a “decrease-rebound” trend at the macroscopic level under the pandemic impact. However, at the micro level, urban mobility driven by this travel mode failed to fully recover, as evidenced by significant changes in spatial and temporal mobility patterns. The findings shall not only help traffic operators and managers discover the BSS commuting patterns but also reveal the pandemic impact on the travel behavior of urban residents, promoting the development of intelligent services for urban emergency management and traffic management.

【摘要翻译】

COVID-19 导致了城市出行行为的显著变化，其中通勤是受影响最大的出行模式之一。通过共享单车系统（BSS）进行的通勤骑行被视为一种低碳、低成本的新型交通模式。然而，其在 COVID-19 不同阶段的动态变化和时空特征仍缺乏深入探讨。因此，本研究采用机器学习方法识别通勤者的共享单车活动，并开发了一种综合分析方法，通过时间、空间及时空聚合来分析通勤骑行数据。最后，我们选取纽约市在 COVID-19 前、期间及后的共享单车数据进行实验。研究发现，在疫情影响下，通勤骑行在宏观层面呈现出“下降-反弹”的趋势。然而，在微观层面，由于共享单车驱动的城市流动性未能完全恢复，表现为时空流动模式的显著变化。这些发现不仅有助于交通运营商和管理者发现共享单车的通勤模式，还揭示了疫情对城市居民出行行为的影响，促进了城市应急管理和交通管理智能化服务的发展。

Bayesian multivariate spatiotemporal statistical modeling of bus and taxi ridership

贝叶斯多变量时空统计建模在公交和出租车客流量中的应用

【摘要】

Statistical modeling of ridership over both space and time provides valuable insights on transportation planning and policies. Existing spatiotemporal studies, however, predominantly focus on analyzing a single type rather than multiple types of ridership, thus cannot leverage the correlation between different types of ridership. This study proposes a Bayesian multivariate spatiotemporal statistical model to jointly analyze multiple ridership over time. Specifically, the model accounts for correlation between multiple ridership based on different assumptions of space-time interactions (i.e., departures from the main spatial and temporal patterns) between different types of ridership as well as if covariates are included in the model. Using hourly bus and taxi ridership in the city of Wuhu, China as an example, the case study indicates that accounting for the correlation between the space-time interactions of each ridership, beyond the correlation between the main spatial patterns of the two ridership, further improves the statistical inferences of ridership modeling. In addition, the proposed approach enables the detection of spatial and spatiotemporal hotspots of each ridership as well as bus-taxi ratio hotspots using posterior probabilities. It also supports visual inspections regarding how the inclusion of covariates explains these hotspots. The proposed approach not only advances multivariate spatiotemporal statistical modeling of ridership, but can also provide useful insights on space- and time-specific transport policies at a granular resolution.

【摘要翻译】

统计建模涵盖空间和时间两个维度的乘客量，为交通规划和政策制定提供了宝贵的见解。然而，现有的时空研究主要集中于分析单一类型的乘客量，而非多种类型，因此无法利用不同乘客量类型之间的相关性。本研究提出了一种贝叶斯多变量时空统计模型，以联合分析多个乘客量随时间的变化。具体而言，该模型基于不同的时空交互假设（即不同乘客量类型的主要空间和时间模式的偏离），以及是否在模型中包含协变量，来考虑多种乘客量之间的相关性。以中国芜湖市的每小时公交和出租车乘客量为例，案例研究表明，考虑每种乘客量的时空交互相关性，超越了两种乘客量主要空间模式之间的相关性，进一步提高了乘客量建模的统计推断。此外，所提出的方法能够利用后验概率检测每种乘客量的空间和时空热点，以及公交-出租车比率的热点。它还支持对协变量的包含如何解释这些热点进行视觉检验。该方法不仅推动了乘客量多变量时空统计建模的发展，还能在细粒度分辨率下为空间和时间特定的交通政策提供有用的见解。

Do affluent neighbourhoods pay more for transit access? Exploring the capitalization of employment accessibility within different housing submarkets in Vancouver

【摘要】

Decades of research indicate that accessibility plays a fundamental role in the urban systems of cities by influencing land markets and household location choices. Accessibility is also often positioned as a policy tool in enhancing the well-being of disadvantaged population groups. Considered together, recent research into transportation equity underscores the need to critically investigate the distribution of accessibility with their affordability impacts. To better understand this dynamic, this research assesses variability in the relationship between employment access and house prices within different neighbourhood types in Metro Vancouver. We first calculate network accessibility to employment opportunities. Next, to integrate equity, we use sociodemographic indicators from census data to establish a typology of four neighbourhoods: Affluent, Stable Middle-class, At-Risk Middle-class and Economically-disadvantaged. Finally, using real estate data, we employ spatial econometric models to estimate differences in the capitalization of accessibility in residential property prices across these neighbourhood types. Results suggest that the value of transit access does differ by neighbourhood type in Metro Vancouver. While more affluent neighbourhoods exhibit the highest marginal willingness to pay for accessibility, predicted prices are highest in disadvantaged neighbourhoods due to their higher absolute levels of access. The research offers new insight into how property price effects vary according to different accessibility and sociodemographic contexts, and highlights important implications for both policy and future research.

【摘要翻译】

几十年的研究表明，可达性在城市系统中起着基础性的作用，通过影响土地市场和家庭的选址决策。可达性通常也被作为一种政策工具，用于提升弱势群体的福祉。综合来看，近年来关于交通公平的研究强调了需要批判性地调查可达性的分布及其可负担性的影响。为了更好地理解这一动态，本研究评估了大温哥华地区不同类型社区中就业可达性与房价之间关系的变异性。我们首先计算了到就业机会的网络可达性。接着，为了整合公平性，我们使用人口普查数据中的社会人口指标，建立了四种社区类型的分类：富裕社区、稳定中产阶级社区、处于风险中的中产阶级社区和经济困难社区。最后，利用房地产数据，我们采用空间计量经济模型估计了这些社区类型中可达性在住宅物业价格中的资本化差异。结果表明，大温哥华地区不同社区类型的交通可达性价值存在差异。虽然更富裕的社区表现出对可达性的最高边际支付意愿，但由于其更高的绝对可达性水平，预测价格在经济困难社区中最高。该研究为不同可达性和社会人口背景下物业价格效应的变化提供了新的见解，并为政策制定和未来研究提出了重要的启示。

A comparative analysis of cross-sectional study and natural experiment in rail transit-travel behavior research: A case study in Wuhan, China

铁路交通出行行为研究中横断面研究与自然实验的比较分析：以中国武汉为例

【摘要】

There has been a global increase in investment in rail transit, driven by its potential to enhance transportation efficiency, reduce air pollution, and stimulate economic growth. Both cross-sectional studies and natural experiments have contributed to the growing body of evidence supporting these claims. While natural experiments are commonly preferred for evaluating the impact of rail transit, cross-sectional studies remain popular due to their ease of data collection. However, there is a scarcity of studies that compare these two approaches using the same dataset to assess the robustness of cross-sectional studies. Using a two-wave panel dataset from Wuhan, China, this study used both cross-sectional and natural experimental analyses to examine the relationship between urban rail transit and travel behavior. The study attempted to enhance the credibility of the cross-sectional analysis by controlling for confounding variables and by combining it with the propensity score matching (PSM) method, respectively. The results revealed that the cross-sectional analyses could produce similar results, when setting a more stringent significance level. The findings suggested that well-designed cross-sectional studies can be reliable and represent a cost-effective alternative to resource-intensive natural experiments.

【摘要翻译】

全球在轨道交通方面的投资有所增加，这主要是因为轨道交通有潜力提高交通效率、减少空气污染和促进经济增长。横断面研究和自然实验都为支持这些主张的证据库不断壮大。尽管自然实验通常被优先用于评估轨道交通的影响，但由于数据收集较为容易，横断面研究仍然广受欢迎。然而，使用相同数据集比较这两种方法以评估横断面研究的稳健性的研究却非常稀缺。本研究利用来自中国武汉的两波面板数据，采用横断面分析和自然实验分析相结合的方法，研究城市轨道交通与出行行为之间的关系。研究尝试通过控制混杂变量和结合倾向得分匹配（PSM）方法，分别提高横断面分析的可信度。结果显示，在设定更严格的显著性水平时，横断面分析能够产生类似的结果。研究发现，设计良好的横断面研究可以是可靠的，并且是资源密集型自然实验的成本效益替代方案。

Exploring fatal/severe pedestrian injury crash frequency at school zone crash hotspots: using interpretable machine learning to assess the micro-level street environment

探索学校区域事故热点的致命/严重行人伤害事故频率：利用可解释机器学习评估微观街道环境

【摘要】

Several countries have implemented designated school zones and installed traffic calming measures to enhance the safety of vulnerable pedestrians near schools. While macro-level built environment attributes (e.g., land use) have been widely acknowledged in relation to the role they play in urban traffic safety, the effects of micro-level streetscape characteristics on crash frequency have not been investigated to any significant extent. Moreover, the associations between these environmental features and crashes in school zones remains largely unknown. To address this issue, we first identified school zone-related crash hotspot using spatiotemporal hotspot mining on a comprehensive dataset of 20,484 pedestrian-vehicle crashes between 2017 and 2021 in Seoul, South Korea. Streetscape characteristics were analysed using street view imagery and advanced computer vision techniques to extract and classify pixel-wise visual elements. Preliminary findings reveal spatiotemporal variations in fatal and severe injury (FSI) crashes, with school zones in central commercial and industrial areas emerging as persistent crash hotspots that have remained statistically significant hotspots for 90 % of the study period. Further impact analysis using interpretable machine learning helped to uncover the non-linear relationships between both micro and macro environmental features and FSI frequency. Lower levels of street enclosure and walkability were associated with a higher frequency of FSI crashes, while increased openness and imageability were also correlated with more FSI incidents. Additionally, street greenery was found to reduce FSI crashes once it reached a certain threshold. Our findings extend existing knowledge of how the built environment and streetscape design influence pedestrian safety in school zones, paving the way for more targeted interventions to plan safer pedestrian environments around schools.

【摘要翻译】

多个国家已经实施了指定的学校区域并安装了交通缓解措施，以增强学校附近脆弱行人的安全性。虽然宏观层面的建成环境属性（例如土地利用）在城市交通安全中所起的作用已被广泛认可，但微观层面的街景特征对事故频率的影响尚未得到充分研究。此外，这些环境特征与学校区域内事故之间的关联仍然在很大程度上未知。为了解决这一问题，我们首先使用时空热点挖掘方法，从韩国首尔2017年至2021年期间的20,484起行人-车辆事故的综合数据集中识别出与学校区域相关的事故热点。街景特征通过街景图像和先进的计算机视觉技术进行分析，以提取和分类逐像素的视觉元素。初步研究结果显示，致命和严重伤害（FSI）事故在时空上存在变化，位于中央商业和工业区的学校区域成为持续的事故热点，在研究期间的90%时间内保持统计显著的热点。进一步的影响分析使用可解释的机器学习方法，有助于揭示微观和宏观环境特征与FSI频率之间的非线性关系。较低的街道封闭度和步行性与更高频率的FSI事故相关，而更高的开放度和形象性也与更多的FSI事件相关。此外，街道绿化在达到一定阈值后被发现能够减少FSI事故。我们的研究结果扩展了现有关于建成环境和街景设计如何影响学校区域内行人安全的知识，为规划学校周围更安全的行人环境提供了更有针对性的干预措施的途径。

Equity and accessibility assessment of fixed route transit systems integrated with on-demand feeder services

固定路线交通系统与按需接驳服务整合的公平性与可达性评估

【摘要】

In contemporary societies, public transportation holds paramount significance for fostering sustainable and equitable urban development. Concurrently, innovative mobility solutions, such as the integration of on-demand mobility services like Demand Response Transit (DRT) and Transportation Network Companies (TNC) with Fixed Route Transit (FRT) systems, are gaining prominence. On-demand mobility, with its adaptive dynamic routing, can improve public transit access by best utilizing the existing infrastructure. However, to ensure the adequacy of the service of an integrated system, it is essential to evaluate equity and accessibility of the system. While research has explored the adaptability of integrated multi-modal transport systems, a critical gap remains in understanding the impact on transportation accessibility, particularly for transit-reliant communities. This study utilizes spatial indicators to depict accessibility changes at FRT bus stops post-integration with on-demand services. To assess the enhancement in accessibility resulting from integration, the study employed an agent-based model, testing two scenarios: i) Walking with FRT and ii) On-demand Feeder with FRT (DRT and TNC integrated as feeders). The evaluation employs key metrics, including Transit Coverage Gap, the Lorenz curve, and the Gini index, to analyze the accessibility and equity of the integrated services. Additionally, a novel measure, termed the “Accessibility-Radius,” is proposed to quantify spatial accessibility to FRT services. Accessibility-Radius (AR) is defined as the radial service range of a public transit stop, which captures the dependence of the users of the FRT stop to access the public transit facilities. In this study, we quantified the AR as the 90th and 95th percentile distances between various origins and the nearest FRT stops of completed trips. The results of a case study of the city of Morristown, Tennessee, US, indicate that after integration, the Gini index improved from 0.88 to 0.71, and 29.6 % more people had access to public transportation. The study also utilizes the AR performance metric to evaluate a recently developed transit integration project in Memphis, Tennessee, US. The results demonstrate a remarkable 224 % improvement in transit coverage Gap at an FRT stop. Therefore the contribution of this study is a framework to evaluate the accessibility and equity enhancement for a public transit system after integrating with on-demand feeder services.

【摘要翻译】

在当代社会，公共交通对于促进可持续和公平的城市发展具有至关重要的意义。与此同时，创新的出行解决方案，如将按需出行服务（如需求响应交通（DRT）和交通网络公司（TNC））与固定路线交通（FRT）系统整合，正日益受到关注。按需出行凭借其自适应的动态路径规划，能够通过最佳利用现有基础设施来改善公共交通的可达性。然而，为确保集成系统服务的充分性，评估系统的公平性和可达性至关重要。尽管研究已经探讨了集成多模式交通系统的适应性，但在理解其对交通可达性的影响，尤其是对依赖公共交通的社区的影响方面，仍存在关键的研究空白。本研究利用空间指标来描述集成后FRT公交站点的可达性变化。为了评估集成带来的可达性提升，研究采用了基于代理的模型，测试了两种情景：i) 步行与FRT结合；ii) 按需中转与FRT结合（将DRT和TNC作为中转服务）。评估采用了关键指标，包括交通覆盖差距（Transit Coverage Gap）、洛伦兹曲线（Lorenz curve）和基尼指数（Gini index），以分析集成服务的可达性和公平性。此外，提出了一种新颖的度量方法，称为“可达性半径”（Accessibility-Radius，AR），用于量化对FRT服务的空间可达性。可达性半径定义为公共交通站点的辐射服务范围，反映了FRT站点用户访问公共交通设施的依赖程度。在本研究中，我们将AR量化为各种起点与完成行程的最近FRT站点之间的第90和第95百分位距离。田纳西州莫里斯敦市的案例研究结果表明，集成后基尼指数从0.88改善到0.71，29.6%的居民获得了更多的公共交通可达性。研究还利用AR性能指标评估了田纳西州孟菲斯市最近开发的交通集成项目。结果显示，FRT站点的交通覆盖差距显著改善了224%。因此，本研究的贡献在于提出了一个框架，用于评估公共交通系统在与按需中转服务集成后在可达性和公平性方面的提升。

Where else to visit? Demystifying vacationers' diverse intra-destination visitation preferences in a pilgrimage hub

“还可以参观哪些地方？揭示朝圣枢纽中度假者多样化的目的地内参观偏好”

【摘要】

Intra-destination travel behavior of tourists is underexplored, particularly regarding the determinants of their preference for tourism spots in and around a prominent tourism destination. This study aims to investigate the tourist groups' preferences for visiting micro-destinations around the pilgrimage city of Puri, India, by utilizing the socio-demographic profile and travel/stay characteristics as explanatory variables. An in-person questionnaire survey was conducted, evoking the responses of 672 tourist groups. Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value framework was employed to model tourist groups' discrete choice of discretionary tourism location categories and corresponding intensity of engagement as the continuous quantity. To capture the correlation between visitation alternatives, two Multiple Discrete-Continuous Nested Extreme Value models were further estimated each utilizing distinct nested structures. These two structures were formulated by grouping the alternatives based on spatial proximity and attraction type, respectively. The findings highlight that visitation to a particular micro-destination encourages exploration of other nearby attractions. Additionally, inherent preference for a specific type of attraction leads tourists to consistently prefer sites of similar attraction type across all distances away from their stay location. Annual visitors are typically confined to their core purpose with a lesser inclination for distant discretionary micro-destinations. Tourists with a longer stay duration and income are observed to have a higher propensity to choose distant discretionary spots more prominently. Aged groups (predominance of 45+ members) typically avoid distant micro-destinations except for religious tourism spots. Interestingly, the findings suggest that the type of accommodation can explain the visitation preferences significantly. In summary, this study offers a unique contribution through novel behavioral insights and demonstrates a methodological approach to derive a model necessary for estimating trip attractions to diverse tourism sites.

【摘要翻译】

旅游者的目的地内部出行行为尚未得到充分研究，特别是在他们对主要旅游目的地周边旅游景点偏好的决定因素方面。本研究旨在通过利用社会人口特征和出行/停留特征作为解释变量，调查印度浦里朝圣城市周边微观目的地的旅游团体访问偏好。通过面对面问卷调查，收集了672个旅游团体的回应。采用多重离散-连续极值框架来建模旅游团体对不同类别的可自由选择旅游地点的离散选择以及相应参与强度的连续数量。为了捕捉访问备选项之间的相关性，进一步估计了两种多重离散-连续嵌套极值模型，每种模型使用不同的嵌套结构。这两种结构分别基于空间接近性和吸引类型对备选项进行分组。研究结果表明，访问特定微观目的地会促进对其他附近景点的探索。此外，对特定类型景点的固有偏好使得旅游者在远离住宿地点的所有距离范围内持续偏好相似类型的景点。年度访客通常局限于其核心目的，对远距离的可自由选择微观目的地的倾向较小。停留时间较长且收入较高的旅游者更倾向于选择远距离的可自由选择景点。年龄较大的群体（以45岁以上成员为主）通常避免远距离的微观目的地，除非是宗教旅游景点。有趣的是，研究发现住宿类型可以显著解释访问偏好。总之，本研究通过提供新的行为见解做出了独特的贡献，并展示了一种方法论方法，用于推导估计不同旅游景点出行吸引力所需的模型。

Thinking beyond models: The propensity to fly of four Central European countries

超越模型思考：中欧四国的飞行倾向

【摘要】

This paper proposes a new enhanced propensity to fly model based on multilinear regression analysis, which is used to analyse the air transport market potential in four central European countries. Eurostat database data from 31 European states in years 2009–2019 were used with an emphasis on data homogeneity and robustness. To evaluate the quality of the regression model, the influence of seven variables was considered in total on propensity to fly – GDP, geographical characteristics of states (3 variables), magnitude of tourism, the effect of economically active people of working age, and education. The multi-regression analysis findings show differences between the theoretical and actual values in the examined states. In all four investigated states, the theoretical values predicted by the regression model are higher than the actual numbers. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, these differences are substantially larger than in the other two countries. This may indicate that a proportion of air passengers from the Czech Republic and Slovakia choose airports in other countries for their travel. The article discusses the causes and consequences of the mentioned differences. The proposed enhanced propensity to fly method can help decision-makers assess the scale of ‘air passenger leakage’ from the four countries of the Central Europe to airports abroad. It could serve as one of the tools to inform the design and/or review of air transport policies. However, while the model is statistically strong and reliable, it remains a ‘crude tool’ and should be used in conjunction with other data by air transport planners.

【摘要翻译】

本文提出了一种基于多元回归分析的增强型飞行倾向模型，用于分析中欧四个国家的航空运输市场潜力。研究使用了2009年至2019年间31个欧洲国家的欧盟统计局（Eurostat）数据库数据，强调数据的同质性和稳健性。为了评估回归模型的质量，研究总共考虑了七个变量对飞行倾向的影响——国内生产总值（GDP）、各州的地理特征（3个变量）、旅游规模、经济活跃的工作年龄人口的影响以及教育水平。多元回归分析结果显示，所研究国家的理论值与实际值之间存在差异。在所有四个被调查的国家中，回归模型预测的理论值均高于实际数值。在捷克共和国和斯洛伐克，这些差异比其他两个国家显著更大。这可能表明，来自捷克共和国和斯洛伐克的一部分航空乘客选择在其他国家的机场进行旅行。文章讨论了上述差异的原因和后果。所提出的增强型飞行倾向方法可以帮助决策者评估中欧四国“航空乘客外流”到国外机场的规模。它可以作为制定和/或审查航空运输政策的工具之一。然而，尽管该模型在统计上强大且可靠，但它仍然是一个“粗糙的工具”，应与其他数据结合使用，以供航空运输规划人员参考。

The effects of infrastructure quality on the usefulness of automated vehicles: A case study for Leeds, UK

基础设施质量对自动驾驶车辆实用性的影响：英国利兹的案例研究

【摘要】

With rapid advancements in automated driving technologies, there is a growing emphasis on enhancing physical and digital infrastructure to ensure safe and efficient integration of Automated Vehicles (AVs) into road networks. This study conducts the first exploratory analysis of the impact of heterogeneity in road infrastructure readiness on the usefulness of AVs for urban commuting, with a focus on Leeds, UK. Employing a hypothetical scenario where current car commuters have access to AVs for their daily trips, this research explores possibility of replacing commuting trips by AVs, given the existing levels of infrastructure readiness. Through the evaluation of various road network configurations and AV capabilities, the study evaluated the usefulness of AVs for such journeys. The findings reveal that infrastructure readiness levels significantly impact AV performance and usefulness, potentially necessitating infrastructure upgrades to facilitate future AV deployment. The analysis indicates that relatively less challenging paths for AVs tend to be longer than those typically used by human-driven vehicles, with an increase of approximately 5 miles (8 km) in travel distance for some origin-destination pairs. Despite only 20 % of road links being classified as extremely challenging within the network, their dispersed distribution resulted in significant connectivity barriers, rendering a considerable number of trips infeasible for AV navigation. The research findings can provide valuable insights to help understand the integration of AVs into road networks and assist decision-makers and transport planners in developing informed and forward-looking policies, regulations and guidelines.

【摘要翻译】

随着自动驾驶技术的快速进步，越来越重视加强物理和数字基础设施，以确保自动驾驶车辆（AVs）安全高效地融入道路网络。本研究对道路基础设施准备度异质性对自动驾驶车辆在城市通勤中有用性的影响进行了首次探索性分析，重点关注英国利兹市。通过假设当前的汽车通勤者可以使用自动驾驶车辆进行日常出行，本研究在现有基础设施准备度的前提下，探讨了使用自动驾驶车辆替代通勤行程的可能性。通过评估各种道路网络配置和自动驾驶车辆的能力，研究评估了自动驾驶车辆在此类行程中的有用性。研究结果表明，基础设施准备度水平显著影响自动驾驶车辆的性能和有用性，可能需要升级基础设施以促进未来自动驾驶车辆的部署。分析显示，相对较少挑战性的自动驾驶车辆路径往往比人类驾驶车辆通常使用的路径更长，一些起点-终点对的行程距离增加了约5英里（8公里）。尽管网络中只有20%的道路链接被归类为极具挑战性，但其分散的分布导致了显著的连通性障碍，使相当数量的行程对自动驾驶车辆导航来说不可行。研究结果可以为理解自动驾驶车辆融入道路网络提供有价值的见解，并帮助决策者和交通规划人员制定明智和前瞻性的政策、法规和指导方针。

Inter-regional rail travel and housing markets connectedness between London and other regions

伦敦与其他地区之间的区域铁路出行与住房市场关联性

【摘要】

Taking London as a location with which to measure the ripple effect in the UK housing market, this study aims to explain and verify the high degree of correlation between inter-regional transportation and the regional correlation of the housing market. Based on the literature on the relationship between short-term mobility and long-term migration, this paper illustrates that the extent to which people use trains for travel across regions will be related to the ripple effect in the regional housing markets. Frequent railway transport behavior, whether for commuting or traveling, might increase people's desire to relocate between regions, and thus leading to information transmission effects across regional housing prices and transaction volume. First, we estimate a dynamic indicator for the ripple effect. Then, the empirical tests use panel data, including the ripple indicator and passenger number data across time (1996–2022) and regions (nine regions). It is found that if London house prices drive other regional house prices to rise, inter-regional transportation demand will increase, and in turn, the increase of house prices in other housing markets will again drive up London house prices. The number of passengers will affect the information transmitted by the housing market transaction volume in other regions to the London housing market. This implies that higher inter-regional transport needs may lead to migration between London and other property markets, causing their transaction volumes to change in the same direction. The results of this paper verify that travel behavior between regions is a crucial factor in the leading/lagging behavior of regional housing market performance, implying a relationship between short-term travel and long-term migration. The results also indicate that incorporating variables of housing market correlations may help in the prediction of passenger numbers or transportation demand.

【摘要翻译】

以伦敦为测量英国房地产市场连锁反应的地点，本研究旨在解释和验证区域间交通与房地产市场区域相关性之间高度相关性的原因。基于关于短期流动性与长期迁移关系的文献，本文阐明了人们跨区域乘坐火车旅行的程度将与区域房地产市场的连锁反应相关。频繁的铁路交通行为，无论是用于通勤还是旅行，可能会增加人们在区域间迁移的意愿，从而导致区域房价和交易量之间的信息传递效应。首先，我们估算了连锁反应的动态指标。然后，实证测试使用了面板数据，包括1996年至2022年期间九个地区的连锁反应指标和乘客数量数据。研究发现，如果伦敦的房价推动其他区域的房价上涨，区域间交通需求将增加，进而其他房地产市场房价的上涨将再次推高伦敦的房价。乘客数量将影响其他区域房地产市场交易量向伦敦房地产市场传递的信息。这意味着更高的区域间交通需求可能导致伦敦与其他房地产市场之间的迁移，导致它们的交易量朝同一方向变化。本文的结果验证了区域间旅行行为是区域房地产市场表现领先/滞后行为的关键因素，暗示了短期旅行与长期迁移之间的关系。研究结果还表明，纳入房地产市场相关性变量可能有助于预测乘客数量或交通需求。

Impacts of weather-related road closures on daily habitual travel in North Carolina

天气相关的道路封闭对北卡罗来纳州日常习惯性出行的影响

【摘要】

Weather-related road closures have the potential to cause serious impacts to society by disrupting road network function. Impacts to the population are variable based on the temporal and spatial extent of the closures, as well as the ability of the road network to absorb the impacts of closures by offering suitable alternative routes. In general, analyses of the impacts of weather-related road closures have focused on short-term, major events, such as hurricanes. There has been little focus on the ability for weather-related disruptions of varying size and severity (from localized tree fall to major hurricanes) to cause cumulative impacts to the population over longer time scales. This analysis considers daily impacts to free-flow travel time by employing an adjusted graph theory approach that also considers demand to more effectively analyze travel time impacts. In particular, this study uses mobility data to determine “habitual travel” for each census block group in the state, which allows for consideration of weather-related travel time impacts based on regularly occurring trips. We conduct a case study in North Carolina over the period of 2016–2023. Results indicate that although major events (such as Hurricane Matthew and Florence) represent the days with the most intense travel time disruptions, much of the state has experienced more than 30 days of travel-time disruption due to weather-related closures. Ultimately, rural areas of the state, especially the southeast coastal plain and the far western area of the state, emerge as the most impacted regions, which exposes potential vulnerabilities, especially considering the expected increase of weather-related road closures due to climate change.

【摘要翻译】

天气相关的道路封闭可能对社会造成严重影响，特别是通过干扰道路网络的正常运行。封闭对人群的影响因封闭的时间和空间范围，以及道路网络是否能够提供合适的替代路线来吸收封闭影响而有所不同。一般来说，天气相关道路封闭的影响分析主要集中在短期的重大事件上，如飓风。对于各种规模和严重程度的天气干扰（从局部树木倒塌到重大飓风）是否会在较长时间尺度内对人群造成累积性影响的研究相对较少。本文通过调整图论方法，结合交通需求，分析了天气相关的道路封闭对自由流动旅行时间的日常影响。特别是，本研究使用流动性数据来确定每个普查区块组的“常规旅行”，从而能够根据常规发生的旅行来考虑天气相关的旅行时间影响。我们在2016至2023年期间对北卡罗来纳州进行了案例研究。结果表明，尽管重大事件（如飓风“马修”和“弗洛伦斯”）是旅行时间干扰最为严重的日子，但该州的大部分地区由于天气相关的封闭经历了超过30天的旅行时间干扰。最终，州内的农村地区，特别是东南沿海平原和西部偏远地区，成为受影响最严重的区域，这暴露出潜在的脆弱性，特别是考虑到气候变化可能导致天气相关道路封闭的增加。

Spatial scale effects of transportation, social and natural attributes of street environments on perceived activity opportunities for older adults

交通、社会和自然街道环境属性的空间尺度效应对老年人感知活动机会的影响

【摘要】

The street environment correlates with perceived activity opportunities for older adults. While numerous studies have examined the transportation and social attributes of street environments, the natural attributes have been less explored. Furthermore, the nonlinear relationship between the street environment and perceived activity opportunities across different spatial scales remains under-researched. We hypothesize that transportation, social, and natural attributes influence perceived activity opportunities, and their nonlinear effects vary across spatial scales. Therefore, we used activity survey data and multi-source big data from Dalian, China. Employing gradient boosted decision tree (GBDT) methods, we evaluated the nonlinear correlation between the street environment and perceived activity opportunities. Our study considered three community life circle scales: 5-min, 10-min, and 15-min. The results indicated that street features varied significantly at different spatial scales. Specifically, factors such as density of street network, diversity of street interface, distance to the nearest public transport station, accessibility of green space, diversion ratio, and distance to the nearest blue space notably influence perceived activity opportunities across these scales. The study also found that the nonlinear correlations between street environments and perceived activity opportunities were prevalent and varied across spatial scales. These results suggest that priorities for street environment improvements should account for these spatial scale variations. Our research provides multi-scale recommendations for the development of sustainable transportation, age-friendly communities, and the promotion of aging in place.

【摘要翻译】

街道环境与老年人感知的活动机会之间存在相关性。尽管许多研究已经探讨了街道环境的交通和社会属性，但自然属性的研究相对较少。此外，不同空间尺度上街道环境与感知活动机会之间的非线性关系仍然没有得到充分研究。我们假设交通、社会和自然属性会影响感知活动机会，并且它们的非线性效应在不同空间尺度上存在差异。因此，本研究使用了来自中国大连的活动调查数据和多源大数据，采用梯度提升决策树（GBDT）方法，评估了街道环境与感知活动机会之间的非线性相关性。研究考虑了三个社区生活圈尺度：5分钟、10分钟和15分钟。结果表明，街道特征在不同空间尺度上存在显著差异。具体而言，街道网络的密度、街道界面的多样性、到最近公共交通站的距离、绿地可达性、分流比率以及到最近蓝色空间的距离等因素在这些尺度上显著影响感知的活动机会。研究还发现，街道环境与感知活动机会之间的非线性相关性在各空间尺度上普遍存在，并有所不同。这些结果表明，街道环境改进的优先事项应考虑到这些空间尺度的差异。我们的研究为可持续交通、老年友好社区以及促进老龄化社会居住的发展的多尺度建议提供了参考。

Analysis of shipping accident patterns among commercial and non-commercial vessels operating in ice-infested waters in Arctic Canada from 1990 to 2022

1990至2022年间在加拿大北极冰区水域运营的商业与非商业船舶航运事故模式分析

【摘要】

Over the past two decades, the Canadian Arctic has experienced a marked reduction in sea ice extent, coinciding with a significant rise in ship traffic. This study explores the relationship between ship traffic, shipping accidents, accident rates, and diminishing sea ice from 1990 to 2022 during the shipping season. The findings reveal that ship traffic has increased substantially along major Arctic routes, such as the Hudson Strait, Baffin Island, and the Northwest Passage, driven by the consistent decline in sea ice. Despite this rise in traffic, accident rates for commercial vessels, particularly General Cargo and Tanker ships, have significantly decreased, suggesting that current safety measures may be effective. However, the study also uncovered a significant positive correlation between all vessel accidents and sea ice concentration, indicating that certain ice conditions still pose substantial risks to vessels. Additionally, passenger vessel traffic has shown a notable positive correlation with accidents, pointing to emerging risks in the region. Non-commercial vessels, such as fishing vessels, have demonstrated stable accident rates, though they remain understudied. These results underscore the complexity of Arctic maritime operations in the face of climate change and highlight the urgent need for adaptive strategies, continuous monitoring, and targeted policy interventions to ensure the safety and sustainability of future Arctic shipping.

【摘要翻译】

在过去二十年里，加拿大北极地区经历了海冰范围的显著减少，恰逢船舶交通量的大幅增加。本研究探讨了1990年至2022年期间，航运季节内船舶交通、航运事故、事故发生率与海冰减少之间的关系。研究结果表明，主要北极航道（如哈德逊海峡、巴芬岛和西北航道）的船舶交通量显著增加，这一趋势与海冰的持续减少密切相关。尽管船舶交通量上升，商业船舶（尤其是普通货船和油轮）的事故发生率显著下降，表明现有的安全措施可能是有效的。然而，研究也发现，所有船舶事故与海冰浓度之间存在显著的正相关关系，表明某些冰况仍对船舶构成重大风险。此外，客运船舶的交通量与事故之间也显示出明显的正相关，提示该地区可能出现新的风险。非商业船舶（如渔船）的事故率保持稳定，但这些船舶的研究较为不足。这些结果凸显了在气候变化背景下，北极航运作业的复杂性，并强调了需要采取适应性策略、持续监控以及有针对性的政策干预，以确保未来北极航运的安全性和可持续性。

Complex network analysis of fossil fuel functional regions in the United States during the period 2017 to 2022

2017至2022年间美国化石燃料功能区域的复杂网络分析

【摘要】

In this paper we use complex network analysis to describe fossil fuel spatial flows among 132 places covering the entire United States in 2017 and in 2022. These spatial flows are for crude petroleum, gasoline, and oil fuels. The analysis shows that all three fuels have different network topology. For all six networks we find major hubs of crude petroleum and its products, gasoline and fuel oils, concentrated in areas with large reserves such as the south-central part of the US. Using modularity, a network cluster identification metric, we show that spatial interactions can be used to delineate functional regions and their differences across fuel types. These functional regions evolve over time in response to the shifting US role as a major producer and net exporter of fossil fuels, expansion of the domestic pipeline network, and increases in fuel production and refinement locations. The modal split of the fuels examined in this paper shows the dominant role pipelines play for crude petroleum, transporting approximately 83 % of tonnage in 2017 and increasing to almost 89 % in 2022. In contrast, gasoline and oil fuels modal split hovers at around 60 % of tonnage transported by tanker truck followed by other modes including pipelines. Our analysis shows geographic clustering of major hubs and their functional regions along the Gulf Coast in Texas and Louisiana. These are in places that are often the locations of natural disasters. This together with the rapid increase of a few hubs as gateways to fossil fuel US exports makes them prime candidates in disrupting fossil fuel supply chains worldwide and amplifies vulnerability of fossil fuel supply chains. The spatial clustering trends shown in this paper provide added evidence of the source of short-term negative impacts in places such as Chicago in Illinois and Corpus Christi in Texas. This offers added information for government intervention.

【摘要翻译】

这篇论文使用复杂网络分析来描述2017年和2022年间，美国132个地区之间的化石燃料空间流动，涵盖原油、汽油和石油燃料。分析表明，这三种燃料的网络拓扑结构各不相同。对于所有六个网络，研究发现原油及其产品、汽油和燃料油的主要枢纽集中在像美国中南部这样拥有大量储备的地区。通过使用模块化度这一网络聚类识别指标，我们展示了空间互动可以用来划定功能区域，并揭示不同燃料类型之间的差异。这些功能区域随着美国作为主要生产国和净出口国角色的变化、国内管道网络的扩展以及燃料生产和炼制地点的增加而演变。本文考察的燃料在运输方式上的分配情况表明，管道在原油运输中的主导作用，2017年约有83%的货物通过管道运输，到2022年这一比例几乎增加到89%。相比之下，汽油和石油燃料的运输方式分配则大致为60%的货物通过油罐车运输，其次是管道等其他方式。我们的分析显示，主要枢纽及其功能区的地理集聚现象沿着德克萨斯州和路易斯安那州的墨西哥湾沿岸出现。这些地方往往也是自然灾害频发的区域。结合美国某些枢纽作为化石燃料出口的快速增长，使得这些地方成为全球化石燃料供应链中断的主要候选地，从而增加了化石燃料供应链的脆弱性。论文中显示的空间集聚趋势进一步证明了芝加哥（伊利诺伊州）和科尔普斯克里斯蒂（德克萨斯州）等地的短期负面影响的来源。这为政府干预提供了重要的信息。

Spatial drivers of logistics development in the Netherlands

荷兰物流发展中的空间驱动因素

【摘要】

Empirical studies of logistics location choice have largely focused on logistics as a single sector. This research attempts to address this research gap by analysing the heterogeneity in locational preferences of logistics across facility types and sizes. We estimate a multinomial logistic regression model to study the relative impact of various spatial drivers on logistics development in the Netherlands. We explicitly assess the role of a government policy aimed at stimulating logistics growth. We find that factors such as highway and rail accessibility, proximity to consumers and urban areas, land availability, and proximity to other logistics firms have a positive effect across all logistics categories while restrictive zoning measures have a negative effect. On the contrary, the effects of factors such as access to seaports and freight terminals, urban attractiveness, and land price are more heterogeneous and vary with the function and size of logistics. Finally, our analysis also reveals positive effects of the logistics growth stimulating spatial policy. Using our estimated parameters, we also map the predicted probabilities to identify potential future locations for logistics development.

【摘要翻译】

物流选址的实证研究大多集中于将物流视为单一行业。本文试图填补这一研究空白，通过分析不同设施类型和规模之间的物流选址偏好的异质性。我们采用多项式逻辑回归模型，研究各种空间驱动因素对荷兰物流发展的相对影响。我们明确评估了一项旨在促进物流增长的政府政策的作用。研究发现，高速公路和铁路的可达性、接近消费者和城市地区、土地可用性以及与其他物流公司接近等因素对所有物流类别都有正面影响，而限制性区域规划措施则有负面影响。相反，港口和货运终端的接入、城市吸引力和土地价格等因素的影响则更为异质，且根据物流的功能和规模有所不同。最后，我们的分析还揭示了促进物流增长的空间政策的正面效应。通过我们估算的参数，我们还将预测的概率映射出来，识别出未来物流发展潜力的地区。

Assessing the impact of transit accessibility on employment density: A spatial analysis of gravity-based accessibility incorporating job matching, transit service types, and first/last mile modes

评估交通可达性对就业密度的影响：结合岗位匹配、交通服务类型及首/末英里模式的引力模型空间分析

【摘要】

Transportation economics studies show that the activity density, in particular, employment density, is influenced by availability and quality of transportation infrastructure and services, including public transit. These studies also show that businesses and economic activities may have unique requirements, preferences, and characteristics, which may lead to varying effect of transportation on different sectors. However, the relationship between transit infrastructure and employment density has been examined mostly using simple transit proximity distance or travel time in the past research and few have used transit accessibility, and none have accounted for first/last mile (FMLM) modality, different public transit service type, and job matching mechanisms. This study attempts to fill these gaps by utilizing a new accessibility measure that is adaptive to the aforesaid features and comparing its relationship with employment density across various industries. The results show a positive and significant relationship between employment density and bus service accessibility for all industrial sectors, while the effect of light rail service is significant only for finance, real estate, insurance, food, and accommodation industrial sectors, and when FMLM modality is driving. Proximity to public transit was found to be a stronger predictor of job density than accessibility. Additionally, the effect of closeness to highway network was almost twice the effect of transit proximity for all sectors, especially for blue-collar jobs. The results also highlight that industrial sectors tend to cluster in areas with higher employment diversity but are indifferent towards higher land use diversity. These results signify several challenges in transportation equity and multimodal planning and policies. Improving regional public transit integration through coordinated physical infrastructure, fare systems, and schedules, along with enhancing walking amenities in key areas, could improve connectivity between activities. Additionally, incorporating equity considerations into land use planning, such as through distributional impact analysis, can help monitor and ensure equity in future urban developments.

【摘要翻译】

运输经济学研究表明，活动密度，特别是就业密度，受到交通基础设施和服务的可用性及质量的影响，包括公共交通。这些研究还表明，不同的行业和经济活动可能有独特的需求、偏好和特征，这可能导致交通对不同部门的影响有所不同。然而，过去的研究大多使用简单的交通接近距离或旅行时间来考察交通基础设施与就业密度之间的关系，很少使用交通可达性，更没有考虑到“首末一公里”（FMLM）模式、不同类型的公共交通服务和工作匹配机制。本研究试图填补这些空白，利用一种适应上述特征的新型可达性指标，并比较其与不同行业就业密度的关系。研究结果表明，所有行业部门的就业密度与公交服务可达性之间存在正向且显著的关系，而轻轨服务的影响仅在金融、房地产、保险、食品和住宿行业中显著，且当“首末一公里”模式起主导作用时效果更为明显。研究还发现，接近公共交通站点比交通可达性对就业密度的预测作用更强。此外，接近高速公路网络的影响几乎是公共交通接近度的两倍，特别是在蓝领工作岗位中。研究结果还强调，工业部门倾向于集中在就业多样性较高的地区，但对土地使用多样性较高的地区并不敏感。这些结果突显了交通公平和多模式规划政策面临的若干挑战。通过协调物理基础设施、票价系统和时刻表，提升关键区域的步行设施，可以改善活动之间的连接性。此外，将公平考虑纳入土地利用规划中，如通过分布性影响分析，有助于监测并确保未来城市发展的公平性。

Transport network changes and varying socioeconomic effects across China's Yangtze River Delta

中国长江三角洲交通网络变化及其对社会经济的不同影响

【摘要】

Newly constructed transport infrastructure may have varying socioeconomic effects across cities and regions. This study employs a spatial equilibrium model to examine how the development of expressways and high-speed rails (HSRs) may induce changes in employed residents, housing rents, and consumer surplus within China's Yangtze River Delta region. Empirical findings indicate limited effects of transport infrastructure in reducing disparities, when juxtaposed with the substantial and sometimes conflicting impacts of urban development (i.e., job and housing increments) at the regional level. A more detailed spatial analysis suggests that the positive effects towards even development from transport accessibility improvements are more applicable to bridging intra-city-regional disparities. This highlights the necessity for integrated urban development and transportation planning policies to optimise equitable socioeconomic outcomes.

【摘要翻译】

新建的交通基础设施可能在不同城市和地区产生不同的社会经济影响。本研究采用空间均衡模型，探讨了高速公路和高速铁路（HSR）建设如何影响中国长江三角洲地区的就业居民数量、住房租金和消费者剩余。实证结果表明，与区域层面上城市发展的显著且有时相互矛盾的影响（如就业和住房增量）相比，交通基础设施在减少区域差异方面的作用有限。更详细的空间分析表明，交通可达性的改善对促进城市内部区域差异缩小的正向效应更为明显。这突显了城市发展和交通规划政策需要更加集成化，以优化公平的社会经济成果。

Please mind the gap: Examining regional variations in private vehicle carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption—The case of Australia

请注意差距：审视澳大利亚私人车辆二氧化碳排放和燃油消耗的区域差异

【摘要】

This study investigates the geographic and annual variations in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel consumption generated by private vehicles across Australia's regions over an 18-year period (2002 to 2020). We examine the influence of vehicle numbers, geography, and time on emissions and fuel consumption using spatial analysis alongside panel regression. Emissions remain relatively high in North Queensland, the Northern Territory, and South West Western Australia and Greater Sydney had steepest decline among the metropolitan regions. Modelling results reveal that higher numbers of internal combustion engine vehicles are positively associated with higher CO2 emissions and fuel usage while higher numbers of electric vehicles are negatively associated. This underscores the importance of targeting high-emission regions for transitioning to electric vehicles. The current study provides empirical insights that hold important implications for policymakers concerning the spatial and temporal trends in private vehicle emissions with the potential to inform low-carbon transport planning.

【摘要翻译】

本研究调查了2002年至2020年间，澳大利亚各地区私人车辆碳二氧化碳（CO₂）排放量和燃料消耗量的地理和年度变化。我们通过空间分析和面板回归模型，研究了车辆数量、地理位置和时间对排放量和燃料消耗的影响。研究发现，昆士兰北部、北领地、西澳大利亚南部以及大悉尼地区的排放量相对较高，其中大悉尼地区在所有大都市区域中排放量下降最为显著。模型结果显示，内燃机车辆的数量与较高的CO₂排放量和燃料使用量正相关，而电动汽车的数量则呈负相关。这强调了在高排放地区推进电动汽车转型的重要性。本研究提供的实证结果对政策制定者具有重要意义，能够为低碳交通规划提供有价值的空间和时间趋势分析。

Mining female commuter typology, commute cost and labor supply in Riyadh: a space-time investigation based on e-hail taxi data

挖掘利雅得女性通勤者类型、通勤成本与劳动供给：基于电子叫车数据的时空研究

【摘要】

Before 2018, Saudi Arabia was the only country that enshrined a legal prohibition on women driving. However, little has been done to empirically investigate the associations between female commute cost and labor supply before the driving ban was lifted. This is largely due to the data scarcity on disaggregated-level female mobility patterns and travel behaviors. To fill the gap, this study deployed a space-time framework to identify suspicious female roundtrip commuters whose majority of taxi trips were between home and workplaces based on about one million e-hailing O-D data from female passengers in Riyadh. Her commute costs (i.e., distance, time, out-of-pocket cost, commute burden) and labor supply information (i.e., work hours, skill-job mismatch) were then inferred by supplementing neighborhood-level Census data and open data on major female employers. Overall, female riders had significantly longer travel distance/time and higher out-of-pocket costs than male passengers. Though no causal statements were made, higher commute burden was related to lower Saudi female employment rate and longer working hours, while lower burden was associated with higher skill-job mismatch in terms of over-education, confirming our hypotheses that well-educated Saudi females might 1) choose not to work, 2) extend hours of work to offset travel costs, or 3) switch to nearby jobs with lower wage and skill-job match. Therefore, females’ restricted mobility became a non-negligible job market friction. Meanwhile, females worked in the manufacturing sector could pay more than 75% of her wages on e-taxis, implying a sector-specific spatial mismatch issue. Our findings provide a useful baseline on the female travel cost and labor supply situations before the lifting of driving ban. It enables comparative studies to understand the impacts of ongoing women empowerment for mobility and employment autonomy. The space-time framework also provides useful references for future research when gender-specific travel behavior surveys are not feasible.

【摘要翻译】

在2018年之前，沙特阿拉伯是唯一通过法律禁止女性驾驶的国家。然而，在解除驾驶禁令之前，关于女性通勤成本与劳动供给之间的关系的实证研究相对较少。这主要是由于缺乏关于女性出行模式和出行行为的详细数据。为填补这一空白，本研究使用了一个时空框架，基于来自利雅得约100万女性乘客的电子召车出行数据，识别了那些大多数出行路线为家庭与工作地点之间的女性单程通勤者。通过补充社区层级的普查数据和主要女性雇主的开放数据，推断了她们的通勤成本（如：距离、时间、实际支出、通勤负担）以及劳动供给信息（如：工作时间、技能与工作不匹配）。总体而言，女性乘客的出行距离/时间较长，实际支出也高于男性乘客。尽管本研究未作因果推论，但研究发现较高的通勤负担与较低的沙特女性就业率及更长的工作时间相关，而较低的通勤负担则与过度教育导致的技能-工作不匹配有关，证实了我们的假设：受过良好教育的沙特女性可能会选择不工作，或者延长工作时间以弥补通勤成本，或转向附近薪资较低且技能匹配度较差的工作。因此，女性受限的出行自由成为了就业市场中的一个不可忽视的摩擦因素。同时，制造业中的女性可能将超过75%的工资用于支付电子出租车费用，显示出该行业特有的空间错配问题。我们的研究为解除驾驶禁令前女性出行成本与劳动供给的状况提供了有用的基准。这为比较研究提供了理解女性赋权对出行和就业自主性影响的基础。此外，时空框架还为未来在无法进行性别特定出行行为调查时提供了有益的参考。

Neighborhood change and transit ridership: Evidence from Los Angeles and Orange Counties

邻里变迁与交通乘客量：来自洛杉矶和橙县的证据

【摘要】

Using data from Southern California, we examine the idea that rising housing prices in transit-rich neighborhoods contributed to pre-COVID declines in transit use. We merge ridership data from the Los Angeles region’s two largest transit providers with tract-level Census data on housing costs and other socioeconomic attributes. We show descriptively that a small share of Census tracts account for a disproportionate share of both total transit ridership and total ridership losses, and that along multiple dimensions these neighborhoods changed in ways consistent with gentrification. We then estimate regressions showing a statistically and economically significant association between rising rent and less tract-level ridership between two periods, 2008 to 2012 and 2013 to 2017. Specifically, a one-standard deviation increase in median rent is associated with 22 percent fewer neighborhood transit boardings.

【摘要翻译】

本研究使用来自南加州的数据，探讨了交通便利的社区中不断上涨的房价是否导致了COVID-19疫情前公共交通使用的下降。我们将洛杉矶地区两个最大公共交通提供商的乘车数据与普查区级别的住房成本和其他社会经济属性数据进行整合。描述性分析表明，少数几个普查区占据了公共交通总乘客量和乘车损失的较大份额，并且这些社区在多个维度上的变化符合“士族化”（gentrification）的趋势。接下来，我们通过回归分析估算了租金上涨与每个普查区乘车率下降之间的统计和经济显著关联。具体而言，中位数租金每增加一个标准差，相关社区的公共交通上车量减少22%。

Understanding the barriers affecting women's mobility in the first- and last-mile stretches in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

理解低中收入国家中影响女性在首英里和末英里出行的障碍：一项系统评审

【摘要】

Globally, women encounter physical and social barriers that challenge their mobility. This review explores the barriers affecting women's mobility, in the first- and last-mile stretches, in low- and middle-income countries and their consequences on accessibility, availability, affordability, and acceptability of public transport. This review includes 42 studies on mobility, accessibility, safety, travel patterns, and gendered transport, employing mixed, quantitative, and qualitative methods. The barriers observed in these studies are primarily related to 1) public transport, 2) non-motorized transport, 3) safety, 4) gendered norms, 5) urban form, and 6) policies. The most common concerns for women are the lack of adequate, reliable, inclusive, safe, and integrated public transport, poor pedestrian infrastructure, and unsafe environments. These, coupled with gendered norms, restrict mobility and access to essential services and opportunities for women, especially if traveling with children and luggage, as well as for older adults and persons with disabilities. This is one of the first reviews focusing on barriers affecting women's mobility. It advocates for more contextualized evidence-based studies on first- and last-mile connectivity from more geographic locations, integrated feeder and main transport lines, and operationalizing and monitoring policies and regulations.

【摘要翻译】

全球范围内，女性在出行时遇到各种物理和社会性障碍，这些障碍影响了她们的出行能力。本文综述了低收入和中等收入国家中，女性在出行的第一公里和最后一公里段所面临的障碍及其对公共交通的可达性、可用性、负担性和可接受性的影响。综述中分析了42项关于出行、可达性、安全性、出行模式和性别化交通的研究，这些研究采用了混合方法、定量和定性分析。研究中观察到的障碍主要与以下因素相关：1) 公共交通，2) 非机动车交通，3) 安全性，4) 性别化社会规范，5) 城市形态，6) 政策。这些研究中，女性面临的最常见问题是缺乏足够的、可靠的、包容性的、安全的和一体化的公共交通，行人基础设施不足以及不安全的环境。性别化的社会规范，加剧了这些问题，限制了女性的出行自由，尤其是对于携带儿童和行李的女性、老年人以及残障人士来说，这些问题更加突出。这也是首个聚焦于女性出行障碍的综述，呼吁对更多地理区域的第一公里和最后一公里连接进行更具背景性的基于证据的研究，提出整合的接驳交通和主干交通线路，并有效落实和监督相关政策和法规。

The territorial impacts of BlaBlaCar carpooling: Between metropolitan polarization, intermediate cities' structuration, and rural services

BlaBlaCar拼车的地域影响：介于大都市极化、中等城市结构化与农村服务之间

【摘要】

Often promoted by planning and transportation authorities as one of the principal ways to reduce the impact of mobility on transportation gas emissions, carpooling practices have increased over recent decades for daily commuting as well as long-distance travel. However, mainly due to the lack of data, little is known about the geography of these trips. On the one hand, the intensity of supply and demand may favor urban areas alongside common transportation systems. On the other hand, the scarcity of public transport in rural areas or small towns can support the growth of these shared mobilities.

This article presents a geographical investigation of carpooling patterns in France and to overcome the lack of survey-data, it proposes an original method based on massive data collected from the Blablacar platform, national leader for this type of online services. After a review of the literature, the paper presents the main elements of the methodology implemented to collect and analyze the web data of carpooling. The analysis presents new findings that reveal the geographical features of car-sharing in France. The impact varies depending on the size of the towns, the presence of regional and inter-regional urban systems, and the tourism specialization of rural areas. The study also emphasizes the unique position of Paris and the pivotal role of intermediate towns.

【摘要翻译】

随着城市规划和交通管理部门将拼车作为减少交通排放影响的主要方式之一，其在日常通勤和长途旅行中的应用在近年来逐渐增加。然而，由于数据缺乏，关于这些出行的地理特征仍然知之甚少。一方面，交通供需的强度可能倾向于促进城市地区和公共交通系统的结合；另一方面，农村地区或小城镇缺乏公共交通的现状可能促进共享出行方式的增长。

本文对法国的拼车模式进行了地理学研究，并提出了一种基于Blablacar平台收集的大量数据的原始方法，来弥补缺乏调查数据的不足。Blablacar是法国此类在线服务的全国领导者。文章首先回顾了相关文献，然后介绍了用于收集和分析拼车网络数据的方法。分析结果揭示了法国拼车的地理特征。这一影响因城镇规模、地区和跨区域城市系统的存在以及农村地区的旅游业特点而有所不同。研究还强调了巴黎的独特地位和中等城市在拼车中的关键作用。

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