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1
How sustainable is electric vehicle adoption? Insights from a PRISMA review
电动汽车普及的可持续性如何？基于PRISMA综述的见解
【摘要】
The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) for personal passenger transportation in cities is increasingly impacting our society and environment, offering benefits such as reduced tailpipe emissions and noise pollution. However, while the existing literature predominantly concentrates on technological advancements and environmental benefits, there are emerging undesirable side effects that, if left unaddressed, may undermine the overall sustainability of urban mobility. The objective of this study is to identify the externalities associated with increased EV adoption in urban environments and to propose mitigation strategies that assist individuals and policymakers in making informed decisions about electric mobility choices. Therefore, a systematic literature review following the PRISMA protocol is performed to consolidate previous research on the externalities of increased EV adoption in urban environments and explore mitigation strategies. The analysis reveals that EV adoption: amplifies transport-related social inequalities; contributes to natural resource and habitat degradation; requires substantial charging infrastructure and power network investments, which necessitates mitigation strategies to extend beyond technical advancements, emphasising a shift from personal to public and shared transportation. The study findings offer invaluable insights for policymakers and scholars alike, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive urban mobility concepts that encompass sustainable passenger transportation modes and active government and citizen participation.
【摘要翻译】
电动汽车（EV）在城市中用于个人乘客运输的普及正日益影响我们的社会和环境，带来了减少尾气排放和噪音污染等益处。然而，尽管现有文献主要集中于技术进步和环境效益，但也出现了一些不良副作用，如果不加以解决，可能会削弱城市出行的整体可持续性。本研究的目的是识别城市环境中电动汽车普及增加所带来的外部性，并提出缓解策略，以帮助个人和政策制定者就电动出行选择做出明智决策。因此，本研究按照PRISMA协议进行系统文献综述，以整合先前关于城市环境中电动汽车普及增加的外部性研究，并探索缓解策略。分析结果显示，电动汽车普及：加剧了与交通相关的社会不平等；导致自然资源和栖息地的退化；需要大量的充电基础设施和电力网络投资，这需要超越技术进步的缓解策略，强调从个人交通向公共和共享交通的转变。研究结果为政策制定者和学者提供了宝贵的见解，强调了涵盖可持续乘客运输模式的综合城市出行概念以及积极的政府和公民参与的必要性。
2
A review of reflected sunlight from buildings: problems and challenges
建筑物反射阳光的综述：问题与挑战
【摘要】
With the rapid development of urbanization and building technologies, reflective materials such as glass curtain walls and cool walls have been increasingly utilized, significantly impacting both indoor and outdoor lighting and thermal environments. This paper reviews studies related to the reflected sunlight from buildings on thermal performance and visual comfort, covering research methodologies and evaluation approaches. It compares the application of cool materials on roofs and façades; design strategies are proposed for urban planning and building design. The review reveals that numerical simulations have been widely employed in studies concerning outdoor reflected sunlight. However, there remains a lack of standardized evaluation criteria for outdoor lighting and thermal environments. The general conclusions regarding the impact of cool walls on building thermal loads and outdoor temperatures are still ambiguous, and systematic research on mitigating outdoor reflective radiation in urban planning and management is limited. Based on the review of existing studies, this paper proposes the challenges posed by reflected sunlight and provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for building design and urban planning. This review paper is expected to contribute considerable significance for improving urban lighting environment and thermal comfort.
【摘要翻译】
随着城市化和建筑技术的快速发展，诸如玻璃幕墙和冷墙等反射材料的使用日益增多，显著影响了室内外的照明和热环境。本文回顾了与建筑物反射阳光对热性能和视觉舒适度相关的研究，涵盖了研究方法和评估方法。本文比较了冷材料在屋顶和立面的应用；并为城市规划和建筑设计提出了设计策略。综述显示，数值模拟已被广泛应用于有关室外反射阳光的研究。然而，针对室外照明和热环境的标准化评估标准仍然缺乏。关于冷墙对建筑热负荷和室外温度影响的一般结论仍不明确，且在城市规划和管理中减缓室外反射辐射的系统性研究有限。基于对现有研究的回顾，本文提出了反射阳光带来的挑战，并为建筑设计和城市规划提供了理论基础和实用指导。预计这篇综述论文将在改善城市照明环境和热舒适度方面具有重要意义。
Multi-objective energy management using a smart charging technique of a microgrid with the charging impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
基于智能充电技术的微电网多目标能源管理及插电式混合动力电动汽车充电影响研究
【摘要】
The Microgrid (MG) concept is being developed to better integrate renewable energy sources and automate distribution networks. Microgrids combine distributed generating units (DGs) and energy storage systems to achieve this. This research paper aims to simultaneously minimize the daily operational cost and net environmental pollution of a small MG system, factoring in the charging demand from Plug-in-Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and consumer load demands. The proposed energy management process not only minimizes operational costs and emissions, but also determines the optimal battery size for the energy storage system. The analysis also explores the importance of two critical variables - the operation and maintenance costs of the DGs, and the total daily cost of the battery energy storage system. The demand for PHEV charging is managed using an intelligent charging approach. Given the complexity of the optimization, a recently developed metaheuristic algorithm, Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA), is applied. The performance of SMA is compared against the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm and Sine Cosine Algorithm. To solve the multi-objective problem, a weighted sum method maintaining non-dominance and a fuzzy decision-maker technique are employed alongside the suggested algorithms. Three different scenarios verify the proposed method's effectiveness.
【摘要翻译】
微电网（Microgrid, MG）概念正在发展，以更好地整合可再生能源和自动化配电网络。微电网结合了分布式发电单元（DGs）和储能系统来实现这一目标。本研究旨在同时最小化小型微电网系统的日常运营成本和净环境污染，同时考虑插电式混合动力电动汽车（PHEVs）的充电需求和消费者负荷需求。所提出的能源管理过程不仅最小化运营成本和排放，还确定了储能系统的最佳电池容量。分析还探讨了两个关键变量的重要性——分布式发电单元的运营和维护成本，以及电池储能系统的每日总成本。PHEV充电需求通过智能充电方法进行管理。鉴于优化的复杂性，采用了最近开发的元启发式算法——粘液模算法（Slime Mould Algorithm, SMA）。SMA的性能与蚱蜢优化算法（Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm）和正弦余弦算法（Sine Cosine Algorithm）进行了比较。为解决多目标问题，采用了保持非支配性的加权和方法以及模糊决策技术，辅以所建议的算法。通过三种不同的情景验证了所提出方法的有效性。
4
Non-locality and spillover effects of residential flood damage on community recovery: Insights from high-resolution flood claim and mobility data
住宅洪水损害对社区恢复的非局部性与溢出效应：基于高分辨率洪水理赔与移动数据的见解
【摘要】
Examining the relationship between vulnerability of the built environment and community recovery is crucial for understanding disaster resilience. Yet, this relationship is rather neglected in the existing literature due to limitations in the availability of empirical datasets needed for such analysis. In this study, we combined fine-resolution flood damage claim data (composed of both insured and uninsured losses) and human mobility data (composed of millions of movement trajectories) during the 2017 Hurricane Harvey in Harris County, Texas, to specify the extent to which vulnerability of the built environment (i.e., residential flood damage) affects community recovery (based on the speed of human mobility recovery) locally and regionally. We examined such relationship using spatial lag, spatial reach, and spatial decay models to measure the extent of spillover effects of residential flood damage on community recovery. The results indicate that: first, the severity of residential flood damage significantly affects the speed of community recovery. A greater extent of residential flood damage suppresses community recovery not only locally but also in the surrounding areas; second, the spillover effects of residential flood damage on community recovery decay with distance from the highly damaged areas with a spatial reach of up to 31.2 miles (49.92 Km); third, areas display heterogeneous spatial decay coefficients, which are associated with urban form and structure features such as the density of facilities and roads. These findings provide a novel data-driven characterization of the spatial spillover effects of residential flood damage on community recovery and move us closer to a better understanding of complex spatial diffusion processes that shape community resilience to hazards. This study also provides valuable insights for emergency managers and public officials seeking to mitigate the non-local effects of flood damage.
【摘要翻译】
研究建成环境脆弱性与社区恢复之间的关系对于理解灾害韧性至关重要。然而，由于缺乏进行此类分析所需的实证数据集，这一关系在现有文献中较为被忽视。在本研究中，我们结合了2017年德克萨斯州哈里斯县飓风哈维期间的高分辨率洪水损害理赔数据（包括有保险和无保险的损失）以及人类移动数据（由数百万移动轨迹组成），以明确建成环境脆弱性（即住宅洪水损害）在本地和区域范围内对社区恢复（基于人类移动恢复速度）的影响程度。我们采用空间滞后、空间影响范围和空间衰减模型来衡量住宅洪水损害对社区恢复的溢出效应程度。研究结果表明：
（1）住宅洪水损害的严重程度显著影响社区恢复的速度。较大范围的住宅洪水损害不仅在本地抑制社区恢复，也影响周边地区的恢复；
（2）住宅洪水损害对社区恢复的溢出效应随着距离高损害区域的远近而衰减，其空间影响范围可达31.2英里（49.92公里）；
（3）不同区域显示出异质的空间衰减系数，这与城市形态和结构特征（如设施和道路的密度）相关联。
这些发现提供了一种基于数据的新颖方法，描述了住宅洪水损害对社区恢复的空间溢出效应，并帮助我们更好地理解塑造社区韧性复杂的空间扩散过程。本研究还为应急管理人员和公共官员提供了宝贵的见解，以期减轻洪水损害的非局部效应。
5
Healthy urban blue space design: Exploring the associations of blue space quality with recreational running and cycling using crowdsourced data
健康城市蓝空间设计：利用众包数据探索蓝空间质量与休闲跑步和骑行的关联
【摘要】
Urban blue space offers substantial health benefits by encouraging population physical activity. Despite much evidence on the nature-health nexus, the relationship between blue space and recreational exercises remains under-studied, limiting the realisation of health benefits in blue space design. Using crowdsourced data, including volunteered geographic information and street view image data, this study investigates the associations of blue space quality with recreational running and cycling in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Results show that recreational exercise levels on street segments vary based on the blue space type and design. Compared to inland canals and rivers, small-scale recreational waterbodies are more conducive to running but not cycling, while both activities tend to cluster around the Nieuwe Maas River. Interestingly, the Water View Index shows a general negative association with both activities after adjusting for the blue space type. Besides the waterbody characteristics, eye-level environmental factors, including higher Green View Index, lower building density, more diverse land use, greater connected street network and fewer traffic elements, are associated with more running and cycling exercises. Results for visual complexity and neighbourhood population composition are mixed depending on the exercise type. These findings are further translated into spatial design patterns for developing exercise-supportive and health-promoting blue spaces.
【摘要翻译】
城市蓝空间通过鼓励居民进行身体活动，提供了显著的健康益处。尽管关于自然与健康关系的证据众多，但蓝空间与休闲运动之间的关系研究仍然不足，这限制了在蓝空间设计中实现健康益处的可能性。本研究利用众包数据，包括志愿地理信息和街景图像数据，探讨了荷兰鹿特丹蓝空间质量与休闲跑步和骑行之间的关联。结果显示，不同类型和设计的蓝空间对街段上的休闲运动水平有不同的影响。与内陆运河和河流相比，小规模的休闲水体更有利于跑步，但对骑行则不然，而这两种活动往往集中在Nieuwe Maas河周围。有趣的是，在调整蓝空间类型后，水景指数与这两种活动均呈现总体负相关。除了水体特征外，眼平环境因素，如较高的绿视指数、较低的建筑密度、更为多样化的土地利用、更连通的街道网络和较少的交通元素，均与更多的跑步和骑行活动相关。视觉复杂性和社区人口组成的结果因运动类型而异。这些发现进一步转化为空间设计模式，用于开发支持运动和促进健康的蓝空间。
6
Enhanced modeling of vehicle-induced turbulence and pollutant dispersion in urban street canyon: Large-eddy simulation via dynamic overset mesh approach
城市街峡中车辆引发的湍流与污染物扩散的增强建模：基于动态叠加网格方法的大涡模拟
【摘要】
This study presented a novel application of large-eddy simulation (LES) with a dynamic overset mesh approach to simulate vehicle-induced turbulence in a two-dimensional street canyon. The simulation incorporated moving vehicle entities to emulate two-way traffic, with each vehicle equipped with a pollutant source to simulate pollutant dispersion. Comprehensive long-term statistical analyses were conducted to compare the simulated turbulence with those produced by the conventional approach (where vehicle-induced momentum was not considered) and the quasi-steady method (where vehicle motion was simplified as momentum sources). The results revealed that the presence of moving vehicle entities significantly distorted the primary circulation within the canyon, altering the transport pathways of both lateral momentum and air pollutants. The motion of vehicle entities also induced a substantial amount of turbulence, resulting in different pollutant removal mechanisms at the top of the canyon. The ensemble-average analysis revealed a downwash followed by an upwash within a cycle of vehicle movement, which largely contributed to momentum and pollutant transport. These findings underscored the need for considering the moving entities in LES approaches to enhance vehicle-induced turbulence modeling. Other factors influencing the simulation were discussed, aiming to guide more accurate and reliable turbulence modeling in urban environments.
【摘要翻译】
本研究提出了一种新颖的大涡模拟（Large-Eddy Simulation, LES）应用，采用动态叠加网格方法（dynamic overset mesh approach）来模拟二维街峡中车辆引发的湍流。模拟中引入了移动车辆实体，以仿真双向交通，每辆车配备了污染源以模拟污染物扩散。进行了全面的长期统计分析，将模拟的湍流与传统方法（未考虑车辆引发的动量）和准稳态方法（将车辆运动简化为动量源）产生的湍流进行了比较。结果表明，移动车辆实体的存在显著扭曲了峡谷内的主循环，改变了横向动量和空气污染物的传输路径。车辆实体的运动还引发了大量湍流，导致峡谷顶部的污染物去除机制不同。集合平均分析显示，在车辆运动周期内出现了下冲流和上冲流，这在很大程度上促进了动量和污染物的传输。这些发现强调了在LES方法中考虑移动实体以增强车辆引发的湍流建模的必要性。还讨论了影响模拟的其他因素，旨在指导更准确和可靠的城市环境湍流建模。
Energy management based on coalitionnal game subdivision applied to energy communities
基于联合博弈细分的能源管理在能源社区中的应用
【摘要】
The energy transition requires rethinking how we produce and consume energy. Energy communities (EC) provide a recent legal framework for sharing energy, aiming to reduce energy bills and the environmental footprint of their participants. One of the challenges is adapting economic models to this technological upheaval. In this context, cooperative games, based on game theory, are valuable tools for modeling energy management through cooperation. However, despite their promising characteristics, cooperative games are limited by their computational complexity. The required computation time to solve cooperative games increases exponentially with the number of participants, restricting their application in energy management. This paper aims to propose a solution to apply cooperative game theory tools to larger communities using a multidisciplinary approach. For this purpose, a game subdivision approach based on the specific properties of energy communities is proposed. This methodology will be shown to be efficient in terms of computation time. While the game theory concepts are depreciated by limiting computing time, the sub-games method can become an interesting tool in energy management. Advantages and drawbacks in terms of energy management and game theory are discussed in this paper.
【摘要翻译】
能源转型要求我们重新思考能源的生产和消费方式。能源社区（Energy Communities, EC）提供了一个最新的共享能源法律框架，旨在减少参与者的能源账单和环境足迹。其中一个挑战是将经济模型适应这一技术变革。在此背景下，基于博弈论的合作博弈是通过合作进行能源管理建模的有价值工具。然而，尽管合作博弈具有前景，但其计算复杂性限制了其应用。解决合作博弈所需的计算时间随着参与者数量的增加呈指数增长，限制了其在能源管理中的应用。本文旨在通过多学科方法提出一种将合作博弈论工具应用于更大社区的解决方案。为此，提出了一种基于能源社区特定属性的博弈细分方法。该方法在计算时间方面将被证明是高效的。虽然博弈论概念由于限制计算时间而受到削弱，但子博弈方法可以成为能源管理中的一个有趣工具。本文讨论了在能源管理和博弈论方面的优势和缺点。
Large language model as parking planning agent in the context of mixed period of autonomous vehicles and Human-Driven vehicles
大型语言模型作为自动驾驶与人工驾驶车辆混合时期的停车规划代理
【摘要】
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are anticipated to revolutionize future transportation, necessitating updates to traffic infrastructure, particularly parking facilities, due to the unique characteristics of AVs compared to Human-Driven Vehicles (HDVs). During the transition period in which AVs and HDVs coexist, adaptable infrastructure is essential to accommodate both vehicle types. Traditional research, typically reliant on complex mathematical models and simulations, faces challenges in adapting to diverse urban settings, requiring substantial time and resources. To address these challenges, a government-level framework was developed, enabling urban planners to quickly and accurately evaluate and optimize existing parking facilities for future AV and HDV coexistence scenarios. The framework integrates a Large Language Model (LLM) to enhance flexibility and efficiency in parking planning throughout the transitional period. Structured guidance is incorporated to enhance decision-making precision and reduce LLM hallucination risks. The flexibility, robustness, and accuracy of the framework were validated through step-by-step and end-to-end testing using real-world datasets. Specifically, the framework achieved 91.1 % comprehensiveness and 70.2 % consistency in Indicator Selection Module testing, a 68.9 % success rate in the Single Indicator Calculation Module, and a 66.7 % success rate in end-to-end testing, demonstrating its practical value in supporting cities during AV integration. Finally, the success rates of different LLM agent modules were further explored, along with a comparison of multiple LLMs and an analysis of key issues related to LLM trustworthiness in urban planning applications. The research highlights the potential of LLMs in advancing urban planning processes and optimizing existing infrastructure, contributing to smarter and more adaptable urban environments.
【摘要翻译】
自动驾驶汽车（Autonomous Vehicles, AVs）预计将彻底改变未来的交通方式，由于AVs相较于人工驾驶车辆（Human-Driven Vehicles, HDVs）具有独特的特性，这将需要更新交通基础设施，尤其是停车设施。在AVs与HDVs共存的过渡时期，可适应的基础设施对于容纳这两种车辆类型至关重要。传统研究通常依赖复杂的数学模型和模拟，在适应多样的城市环境时面临挑战，需要大量的时间和资源。为了解决这些问题，开发了一个政府级框架，使城市规划者能够快速且准确地评估和优化现有停车设施，以适应未来AV与HDV共存的情景。该框架整合了大型语言模型（Large Language Model, LLM），以提升在过渡期间停车规划的灵活性和效率。结构化指导被纳入其中，以增强决策的精确性并降低LLM幻觉（hallucination）的风险。通过使用现实世界数据集进行逐步测试和端到端测试，验证了该框架的灵活性、鲁棒性和准确性。具体来说，该框架在指标选择模块测试中达到了91.1%的全面性和70.2%的一致性，在单一指标计算模块中成功率为68.9%，在端到端测试中成功率为66.7%，展示了其在支持城市AV整合过程中的实际价值。最后，进一步探讨了不同LLM代理模块的成功率，并比较了多种LLM，分析了与城市规划应用中LLM可信度相关的关键问题。研究强调了LLMs在推进城市规划过程和优化现有基础设施方面的潜力，有助于构建更智能、更具适应性的城市环境。
9
Air quality improvement at urban bus stops: Optimal air purification placement using CFD
城市公交车站空气质量改善：利用计算流体力学优化空气净化设备的布置
【摘要】
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels are often elevated near roadways due to vehicle emissions, while sulfur dioxide (SO2) is predominantly found near petrochemical complexes as a result of industrial activities such as oil refining and chemical manufacturing. Considering the detrimental effects of these emissions on the environment and human health, the optimal placement of air purification systems at two bus stops in Ulsan, a heavily industrialized city in South Korea, was investigated in this study to reduce NO2 and SO2 concentrations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to identify strategic installation locations, resulting in a significant reduction in pollutant levels. The largest impact was noted for the Deokha Market bus stop, whereby the added health risk (AR) decreased by 1.93 % and the exposure reduction effectiveness (ERE), a measure of air purification system efficiency, increased by 13.8 %. Similarly, at the Hyomun Intersection bus stop, placing the system near the sidewalk led to a significant reduction in AR by 1.60 % and an increase in ERE by 11.63 %. Additionally, air purification systems at Ulsan bus stops are expected to reduce NO2 levels by 9.1 ppb, decreasing mortality risk by 1.44 %, saving 7 lives annually, and yielding an economic benefit of 33.06 million USD.
【摘要翻译】
由于车辆排放，氮氧化物（NO₂）浓度通常在道路附近升高，而二氧化硫（SO₂）主要在石化综合体附近发现，这是由于炼油和化学制造等工业活动所致。考虑到这些排放对环境和人类健康的有害影响，本研究在韩国重工业城市蔚山的两个公交车站进行了空气净化系统的最优布置，以减少NO₂和SO₂的浓度。通过计算流体力学（CFD）模拟，确定了战略性安装位置，从而显著降低了污染物水平。对德河市场公交车站的影响最大，健康风险增加率（AR）减少了1.93%，而空气净化系统效率的衡量指标——暴露减少效果（ERE）提高了13.8%。同样，在孝文交叉口公交车站，将系统安装在靠近人行道的位置，使AR显著减少了1.60%，ERE增加了11.63%。此外，蔚山公交车站的空气净化系统预计将NO₂浓度降低9.1 ppb，减少1.44%的死亡风险，每年可挽救7条生命，带来3306万美元的经济效益。
10
Scale effect on the relationship between urban landscape patterns and land surface temperature
城市景观格局与地表温度关系的尺度效应
【摘要】
Great efforts have been made to examine the linkages between land surface temperature (LST) and urban landscape patterns (ULPs), which, however, focus on a single spatial scale and linear relationships. This study aims to examine the influence range of four key ULP indicators on LST, namely the sky view factor (SVF) and three indices of built-up area, greens, and blue spaces. The analyses are conducted at the street block level in 38 big cities in China and leverage a multiscalar approach to investigate change patterns of indicators within multiple buffer zones and identify the buffer distance that yields the greatest influence. Results reveal that (1) the greatest local impacts are produced within 0 − 150 m buffer zones in most cities for all key ULP metrics; (2) the maximum impacts of most indicators in summer are greater than in other seasons; and (3) the influence magnitude of key ULP indicators increases after considering the scale effect, and the influence of SVF varies significantly across cities. Results suggest that the consideration of maximum influence ranges of ULP indicators can better explain LST spatial variations. Our findings offer evidence on the local impact of ULPs on LST and contribute to urban design in urban heat mitigation.
【摘要翻译】
在研究地表温度（LST）与城市景观格局（ULPs）之间的联系方面，尽管做出了巨大努力，但这些研究通常集中在单一空间尺度和线性关系上。本研究旨在考察四个关键ULP指标对LST的影响范围，即天空视角因子（Sky View Factor, SVF）以及建筑区、绿地和蓝空间的三个指数。分析在中国38个大城市的街区级别进行，采用多尺度方法研究多个缓冲区内指标的变化模式，并确定产生最大影响的缓冲距离。结果显示：(1) 在大多数城市中，所有关键ULP指标在0-150米的缓冲区内产生最大的局部影响；(2) 大多数指标在夏季的最大影响大于其他季节；(3) 在考虑尺度效应后，关键ULP指标的影响幅度增加，且SVF的影响在不同城市间显著不同。结果表明，考虑ULP指标的最大影响范围可以更好地解释LST的空间变化。我们的研究结果提供了ULP对LST的局部影响证据，并为城市热缓解中的城市设计提供了参考。
11
A tri-level hybrid stochastic-IGDT dynamic planning model for resilience enhancement of community-integrated energy systems
增强社区集成能源系统韧性的三层级混合随机-IGDT动态规划模型
【摘要】
In this paper, a resilience-oriented dynamic planning framework is developed for optimal sizing of the community-integrated energy system components, including photovoltaic system, wind turbine, boiler, power to gas technology, combined heat and power, and storage devices. The proposed framework is formulated as a tri-level linear programming that performs Community-Integrated Energy Systems design under normal conditions at the first level while evaluating system operation during disastrous conditions at the second level. In the third level, re-planning is done based on information-gap decision theory to enhance community-integrated energy systems’ resilience against various natural disasters. Stochastic programming is also employed at all levels to address the uncertainty of electricity market price, energy demand, solar radiation, and wind speed. A detailed P2G system including, a methanation device, electrolysis, and hydrogen storage is designed to improve the resilience of the system. In addition, the power to gas proposed in this model is coupled with a carbon capture unit to mitigate carbon emission by reusing emitted carbon from the flue gas of the boiler and combined heat and power. Various economic metrics and technical constraints are also considered to achieve a realistic design. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the positive interplay of renewable energy resources and energy storage technologies, specifically P2G, assisted the CIES in maintaining a stable and uninterrupted energy supply during extreme events. The results exhibit that increasing only 10 % of the resilience budget can decrease >93 % of unserved demand and helps reduction of >37 % of carbon emissions.
【摘要翻译】
本文开发了一种以韧性为导向的动态规划框架，用于优化社区集成能源系统组件的规模，包括光伏系统、风力涡轮机、锅炉、电转气技术、联合热电以及储能设备。所提出的框架被构建为一个三层线性规划模型，第一层在正常条件下进行社区集成能源系统的设计，第二层评估灾难性条件下的系统运行，第三层基于信息缺口决策理论（Information-Gap Decision Theory, IGDT）进行重新规划，以增强社区集成能源系统应对各种自然灾害的韧性。框架的各层还采用了随机规划，以应对电力市场价格、能源需求、太阳辐射和风速的不确定性。设计了一个包括甲烷化装置、电解槽和氢储存的详细电转气（Power to Gas, P2G）系统，以提高系统的韧性。此外，本模型中提出的电转气技术与碳捕集装置相结合，通过再利用锅炉和联合热电的烟气中排放的碳，减少碳排放。为了实现现实的设计，还考虑了各种经济指标和技术约束。数值模拟结果表明，可再生能源资源与储能技术，特别是P2G的积极互动，帮助社区集成能源系统在极端事件期间保持稳定和不间断的能源供应。结果显示，仅增加10%的韧性预算即可减少超过93%的未满足需求，并有助于减少超过37%的碳排放。
12
Climate adaptation strategies for active transportation: Barriers and facilitators in U.S. cities
主动交通的气候适应策略：美国城市中的障碍与促进因素
【摘要】
Despite efforts to mitigate climate change by promoting active travel, limited research has focused on climate adaptation for active transportation (CAAT) initiatives. To address this gap, we conducted a qualitative study based on interviews with 30 planning professionals to uncover what CAAT projects U.S. cities are implementing, their barriers, and their facilitators. We found that U.S. cities are increasingly implementing CAAT projects such as street trees and green stormwater infrastructure to address threats like extreme heat and pluvial flooding. Importantly, CAAT projects require collaborations between city departments (e.g., transportation and forestry). We also identified a complex network of barriers and facilitators shaping CAAT project implementation. Funding, politics, laws, and cross-department collaborations can be barriers and facilitators, and supportive (or unsupportive) politics and laws are strongly connected. Additionally, underserved communities face unique barriers to implementing CAAT projects, but recent facilitators such as dedicated funding have contributed to equitable investment.
【摘要翻译】
尽管通过促进主动出行来减缓气候变化的努力不断增加，但针对主动交通（CAAT）气候适应倡议的研究仍然有限。为填补这一空白，我们基于对30位规划专业人士的访谈进行了定性研究，以揭示美国城市正在实施哪些CAAT项目、面临的障碍以及促进因素。我们发现，美国城市正越来越多地实施诸如街道树木和绿色雨水基础设施等CAAT项目，以应对极端高温和短时强降雨等威胁。重要的是，CAAT项目需要城市各部门（例如交通部门和林业部门）之间的合作。我们还确定了影响CAAT项目实施的复杂障碍和促进因素网络。资金、政治、法律以及跨部门合作既可以是障碍也可以是促进因素，支持性（或不支持性）的政治和法律密切相关。此外，服务不足的社区在实施CAAT项目时面临独特的障碍，但诸如专门资金等近期促进因素有助于实现公平投资。
13
A new quantitative method for evaluating the impact of garden greening on outdoor thermal environment in summer - A case study of Japanese residential gardens
一种评估花园绿化对夏季户外热环境影响的新定量方法——以日本住宅花园为例
【摘要】
Garden greening can improve the outdoor thermal environment of buildings, but there is a lack of quantitative research on this aspect. First, this research quantitatively analyzes the effect of garden greening on the outdoor thermal environment by conducting field measurements at various distances from measurement points set up in a traditional Japanese residential garden during the summer, and a TDTE model was established. The results show that the outdoor thermal environment evaluation indices at each measurement point reach the maximum value of 13:00 daily. The outdoor thermal environment evaluation indices such as the average air temperature value at the nearest measurement point to the garden greening were 12 % lower than those at the farthest measurement point. Secondly, the TDTE model was established based on this foundation, and the validation of the measured data showed that the TDTE model had high reliability (the average RMSE value was 1.791, and the average MAPE value was 2.978). Finally, the model can provide ideas as well as the theoretical basis for quantitative research related to greening and outdoor thermal environments. This research provides scientific guidance for planning as well as reconstruction of residential garden greening.
【摘要翻译】
花园绿化可以改善建筑物的户外热环境，但在这方面的定量研究仍然不足。首先，本研究通过在传统日本住宅花园中设置多个测量点，并在夏季不同距离处进行现场测量，定量分析了花园绿化对户外热环境的影响，并建立了TDTE模型。结果显示，每个测量点的户外热环境评价指标每天在13:00达到最大值。靠近花园绿化的最近测量点的平均气温值比最远测量点低12%。其次，基于这一基础建立了TDTE模型，测量数据的验证结果表明，TDTE模型具有高度的可靠性（平均RMSE值为1.791，平均MAPE值为2.978）。最后，该模型不仅为与绿化和户外热环境相关的定量研究提供了思路和理论基础，还为住宅花园绿化的规划和改造提供了科学指导。
14
Operational sensitivity analysis of flooding volume in urban areas
城市地区洪水量的操作性敏感性分析
【摘要】
We focus on a probability-based approach to analyze the flooding volume during extreme rainfall events in urban areas. Our approach considers uncertainty in both non-operational and operational variables. The former are quantities that are tied to the characterization of rainfall events and key catchment features, whose uncertainties stem from incomplete characterization. The latter comprise elements of the system on which actions can be taken within a range of design values. As the non-deterministic nature of these two types of quantities differs at a fundamental level, we rely on an operational Global Sensitivity Analysis theoretical framework that explicitly recognizes this distinction. As a test bed to showcase our approach, we consider an urban catchment in Northern Italy. We assess the sensitivity of the flooding volume to a set of operational variables, such as diameter and roughness of a set of conduits of the sewer network as well as potential improvement of the infiltration capacity of the urban catchment. We show that our approach can identify the operational configuration with the highest effectiveness in mitigating instances of flooding, taking into account the uncertainties in the non-operational quantities that drive the system behavior.
【摘要翻译】
我们采用基于概率的方法来分析城市地区极端降雨事件期间的洪水量。我们的方法考虑了非操作变量和操作变量的不确定性。前者是与降雨事件特征和关键集水区特性相关的量，其不确定性源于特征描述的不完整。后者包括系统中可以在一定设计值范围内采取行动的元素。由于这两类量在非确定性性质上在根本层面上有所不同，我们依赖于一种操作性全球敏感性分析理论框架，该框架明确区分了这两类量。为了展示我们的方法，我们以意大利北部的一个城市集水区作为测试平台。我们评估了洪水量对一组操作变量的敏感性，例如污水网络中一组管道的直径和粗糙度，以及城市集水区渗透能力的潜在改进。我们的研究表明，考虑到驱动系统行为的非操作性量的不确定性，我们的方法能够识别出在减轻洪水发生方面最有效的操作配置。
15
An examination and analysis of the clustering of healthcare centers and their spatial accessibility in Tehran metropolis: Insights from Google POI data
德黑兰大都市区医疗中心的聚类及其空间可达性分析：基于Google POI数据的洞察
【摘要】
Metropolises, as centers of diverse activities, encounter numerous challenges, including equitable access to healthcare services. This study examines the inequality in healthcare center accessibility in Tehran, a critical factor for sustainable urban development. Utilizing Google Point of Interest data, healthcare center clusters in Tehran were identified, and various clustering algorithms were tested. The Mean Shift Cluster algorithm was the most effective method. The study also mapped accessibility by analyzing the radius of neighborhoods around urban blocks. The findings reveal a significant imbalance in the distribution of healthcare centers in the city, with a concentration in the city center that does not align with population density—a key indicator of demand. Notably, District 7, despite being centrally located, relatively has a higher clusters' concentration of lower-quality healthcare centers. The findings reveal that four sub-districts situated in the peripheral regions of Tehran city, which collectively account for approximately 6.3% of the city's total area, exhibit significantly lower accessibility to the healthcare centers compared to other sub-districts. Overall, the areas with superior accessibility are predominantly found in the city center and extend towards the north, with accessibility decreasing as one moves towards the outskirts of the city. These results underscore the need for targeted urban planning to address the uneven distribution of healthcare resources and promote equitable access across Tehran.
【摘要翻译】
大都市作为多样化活动的中心，面临诸多挑战，其中包括医疗服务的公平获取。本研究探讨了德黑兰医疗中心可达性的不平等现象，这是实现可持续城市发展的关键因素。研究利用Google兴趣点（POI）数据，识别了德黑兰的医疗中心聚类，并测试了多种聚类算法。结果表明，均值漂移聚类算法（Mean Shift Cluster）是最有效的方法。研究还通过分析城市街区周边邻域的半径来绘制可达性图。研究发现，德黑兰医疗中心的分布存在显著的不平衡，市中心的医疗中心集中度高，但这一分布并未与人口密度这一需求的关键指标相匹配。值得注意的是，尽管第七区位于市中心，其较低质量医疗中心的聚类集中度相对较高。研究结果还显示，位于德黑兰外围地区的四个子区（这些子区合计约占城市总面积的6.3%）的医疗中心可达性显著低于其他子区。总体而言，医疗中心可达性较高的区域主要集中在市中心并向北延伸，随着向城市边缘移动，可达性逐渐降低。这些结果强调了需要进行有针对性的城市规划，以解决医疗资源分布不均的问题，促进德黑兰各区域的公平医疗服务获取。
16
Navigating urban risks for sustainability: A comprehensive evaluation of urban vulnerability based on a pressure–sensitivity–resilience framework
城市可持续性中的风险管理：基于压力–敏感性–韧性框架的城市脆弱性综合评估
【摘要】
Cities are important symbols of civilization in human society. The vulnerability to cities caused by human activities and natural disasters has become increasingly evident. How to reduce the vulnerability of cities is an important topic in the research of urban public safety and sustainable development. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of urban vulnerability is conducted on the basis of the pressure–sensitivity–resilience framework from a complex systems perspective, integrating three subsystems—the resource–environment, economic, and social subsystems. On the basis of data from 18 cities in Sichuan Province, China, from 2006 to 2021, this study analyzes vulnerability in terms of its scores, spatial and temporal evolution, and obstacles. The results reveal that the overall vulnerability of the Sichuan Basin has shown a fluctuating downward trend over the past sixteen years, and the spatial distribution has evolved into a large “low-vulnerability” agglomeration. The obstacles affecting urban vulnerability are also changing dynamically and include factors such as the harmless treatment rate of household waste and industrial smoke dust emissions. Drawing from these insights, this study enables the identification and diagnosis of urban vulnerability and, further, provides city managers with tailored recommendations for crafting policies that aim to mitigate risks and promote sustainable development.
【摘要翻译】
城市是人类社会文明的重要象征。由人类活动和自然灾害引起的城市脆弱性日益明显。如何降低城市脆弱性是城市公共安全和可持续发展研究中的一个重要课题。本研究基于压力–敏感性–韧性框架，从复杂系统的视角对城市脆弱性进行了综合评估，整合了资源–环境、经济和社会三个子系统。基于中国四川省18个城市2006年至2021年的数据，本研究从得分、时空演变和障碍等方面分析了脆弱性。结果显示，四川盆地的整体脆弱性在过去十六年中呈现波动下降的趋势，空间分布演变为大范围的“低脆弱性”聚集。影响城市脆弱性的障碍因素也在动态变化，包括生活垃圾无害化处理率和工业烟尘排放等因素。基于这些洞见，本研究能够识别和诊断城市脆弱性，并进一步为城市管理者提供定制化的建议，以制定旨在减轻风险和促进可持续发展的政策。
17
Effects of diverse vegetation assemblages on the thermal behavior of extensive vegetated roofs
多样化植物组合对广泛绿化屋顶热行为的影响
【摘要】
Extensive vegetated roofs (EVRs) offer effective nature-based solutions to cities, mitigating thermal extremes induced by urbanization and climate change. A field experiment monitored EVR's thermal regulation in summer and winter. Two sites with contrasting microclimatic conditions in Córdoba city, Argentina, were compared: city center (Core of the urban heat island, UHI) and city periphery (Fringe of the UHI). Diverse plant assemblages constituted five treatments to evaluate plant and thermal performance. A Random Forest model analyzed the contributions of various factors to thermal benefits. All treatments showed > 60 % plant survival rates, and four treatments achieved > 90 % coverage. In winter, the assemblages, including succulents, herbs, and graminoids, offer effective thermal regulation. In summer, thermal performance differed between the two sites. At the Fringe, the native flora (herbaceous and graminoids) + herbaceous + succulents, and succulents + graminoids furnished outstanding thermal regulation. Conversely, at the Core, succulents outperformed. The coverage was the dominant variable for predicting thermal performance, followed by season and location. The findings provide the basis for designing EVRs to optimize thermal benefits.
【摘要翻译】
广泛绿化屋顶（EVRs）为城市提供了有效的基于自然的解决方案，减轻了城市化和气候变化引起的极端温度。一次实地实验在夏季和冬季监测了EVR的热调节效果。对比了阿根廷科尔多瓦市两处具有对比性微气候条件的地点：市中心（城市热岛的核心）和城市边缘（城市热岛的边缘）。多样化的植物组合构成了五种处理，以评估植物和热性能。随机森林模型分析了各种因素对热益处的贡献。所有处理显示植物存活率超过60%，四种处理达到了超过90%的覆盖率。冬季，这些组合，包括多肉植物、草本植物和禾本科植物，提供了有效的热调节。在夏季，两地的热性能有所不同。在边缘地带，原生植物（草本植物和禾本科植物）+ 草本植物 + 多肉植物，以及多肉植物 + 禾本科植物，提供了卓越的热调节。相反，在核心地带，多肉植物表现更佳。覆盖率是预测热性能的主要变量，其次是季节和位置。研究结果为设计EVRs以优化热益处提供了基础。
18
Supply-demand security assessment of water-energy-food systems: A perspective on intra-city coupling and inter-city linkages of ecosystem services
水-能源-食物系统的供需安全评估：生态系统服务的城市内耦合与城市间联结视角
【摘要】
Ensuring the supply-demand security of water-energy-food systems (WEF) is paramount in sustainable cities. Leveraging ecosystem services (ESs) as a bridge between WEF supply and demand, this study proposes a conceptual framework for assessing the supply-demand security of WEF from the perspective of intra-city coupling and inter-city linkages of WEF-related ESs. Considering 14 Liaoning cities, we developed supply-demand indices for three ESs: water yield, carbon storage, and food production. The supply-demand security pattern of WEF was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation, the Copula model, the coupling coordination degree model, the gravity model, and social network analysis, using these indices. The results show that the supply-demand security of WEF was higher in eastern Liaoning cities and weakened westward. Dandong had the highest supply-demand security, with a 98% probability of achieving moderate surplus in WEF resources. The regions of Dandong-Liaoyang-Anshan-Yingkou-Panjin-Jinzhou and Tieling-Fushun-Benxi formed two extreme WEF coupling coordination gravity networks. Liaoyang, Panjin, and Fuxin emerged as hubs in the WEF coupling coordination gravity networks and exhibited the highest degree and betweenness centrality values. Additionally, Fushun, Liaoyang, Dandong, and Tieling were identified as WEF high coupling coordination nodes. This supply-demand security assessment framework for WEF offers a scientific basis for developing sustainable city strategies.
【摘要翻译】
确保水-能源-食物系统（WEF）的供需安全在可持续城市中至关重要。利用生态系统服务（ESs）作为WEF供需之间的桥梁，本研究提出了一个概念框架，从城市内部耦合和城市间连接相关的WEF生态系统服务的角度，评估WEF的供需安全性。考虑到中国辽宁省的14个城市，我们为三种生态系统服务：水产量、碳储存和粮食生产，开发了供需指数。利用这些指数，采用斯皮尔曼等级相关、Copula模型、耦合协调度模型、引力模型和社会网络分析方法，评估了WEF的供需安全模式。结果显示，辽宁省东部城市的WEF供需安全性较高，向西部逐渐减弱。丹东市的供需安全性最高，具有98%的概率实现WEF资源的中度盈余。丹东-辽阳-鞍山-营口-盘锦-锦州和铁岭-抚顺-本溪地区形成了两个极端的WEF耦合协调引力网络。辽阳、盘锦和阜新在WEF耦合协调引力网络中成为枢纽，展现出最高的度数和中介中心性值。此外，抚顺、辽阳、丹东和铁岭被识别为WEF高耦合协调节点。这个WEF供需安全评估框架为制定可持续城市战略提供了科学基础。
19
Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of Urban Heat Island with a network-based approach
基于网络的方法探索城市热岛的时空演化模式
【摘要】
Exploring the development patterns of surface urban heat island (SUHI) has become crucial for formulating corresponding excess heat mitigation measures. However, there is currently a lack of analysis on the importance and interactions of different SUHI patches. This paper proposes a simple and effective method for measuring SUHI patterns, revealing the development patterns and growth trends of SUHI through spatial integration and interaction network construction. The results show that the values of nodes and edges in the SUHI network have continuously increased from 2005 to 2020, with an increase of the average importance index of nodes and the average interaction intensity of edges in the three regions by 40.2% and 23.6%, respectively. Moreover, the development pattern of SUHI exhibits a distinct unimodal characteristic. When the merging speed of SUHI patches exceeds the speed of new patch emergence, the total number of patches will decrease. The method proposed in this study demonstrates strong applicability across the three urban agglomerations and can be extended to other regions. The SUHI network enables the practical and efficient excess heat mitigation of heat island effects through the management (disruption) of key nodes. The corresponding heat island development hypothesis also enriches the theoretical understanding of heat island development.
【摘要翻译】
探索地表城市热岛（SUHI）的发展模式对于制定相应的过量热量缓解措施至关重要。然而，目前尚缺乏对不同SUHI斑块的重要性及其相互作用的分析。本文提出了一种简单有效的SUHI模式测量方法，通过空间整合和相互作用网络构建，揭示了SUHI的发展模式和增长趋势。结果表明，从2005年到2020年，SUHI网络中节点和边的数值持续增加，三个地区的节点平均重要性指数和边的平均相互作用强度分别增加了40.2%和23.6%。此外，SUHI的发展模式表现出明显的单峰特征。当SUHI斑块的合并速度超过新斑块出现的速度时，斑块总数将减少。本研究提出的方法在三个城市群中表现出强大的适用性，并可扩展到其他地区。SUHI网络通过管理（扰动）关键节点，实现了对热岛效应的实际和高效过量热量缓解。相应的热岛发展假设也丰富了对热岛发展理论的理解。
20
Assessing demographic and socioeconomic susceptibilities to heatwaves in the Southeastern United Kingdom
评估英国东南部地区人口统计和社会经济对热浪的脆弱性
【摘要】
As climate change intensifies, the frequency and intensity of heatwaves are rising to pose significant health risks. Population vulnerability, influenced by socioeconomic and demographic factors, is a widespread concern. We analysed heat vulnerability by demonstrating usefulness of principal component analysis on recent, localised census data at lower super output scale for vulnerability factors such as poverty, access to cooling facilities, age, and gender for a non-city yet highly heat risk vulnerable case study of Surrey, UK. Four major factors (poverty, elderly population, unemployed students, daily commute) were identified, creating a cumulative Heat Vulnerability Index, aiding in prioritising interventions and mapping vulnerable areas. Mapping revealed most areas had a moderate vulnerability level of 3 out of 6 for individual major factors, with cumulative scores ranging from 11 to 12 out of 20. The study emphasises the interconnectedness of vulnerability factors and highlights the applicability of the approach beyond Surrey. The demonstrated methodology provides a valuable template for vulnerability assessments in regions facing similar challenges and have its up-to-date effective heat action plan underlining the importance of tailored strategies for comprehensive heat risk management (e.g. cooling centres, transport aid, multilingual risk communication and home visits). Policymakers can utilise the insights gained to develop targeted measures for vulnerable populations and manage heat-related issues effectively on a global scale.
【摘要翻译】
随着气候变化的加剧，热浪的频率和强度上升，带来了显著的健康风险。人口脆弱性受社会经济和人口统计因素的影响，成为广泛关注的问题。我们通过在英国萨里郡这一非城市但高度易受热风险影响的案例研究中，利用主成分分析对最近的、本地化的低超级输出尺度人口普查数据进行分析，评估了贫困、冷却设施的获取、年龄和性别等脆弱性因素的热脆弱性。研究确定了四个主要因素（贫困、老年人口、失业学生、每日通勤），并创建了累积热脆弱性指数，帮助优先考虑干预措施并绘制易受影响区域的地图。映射结果显示，大多数地区在个别主要因素上的脆弱性水平为6分中的3分，累积得分在20分中介于11至12分之间。研究强调了脆弱性因素的相互关联性，并突出了该方法在萨里郡以外地区的适用性。所展示的方法论为面临类似挑战的地区进行脆弱性评估提供了宝贵的模板，并拥有最新的有效热行动计划，强调了为全面热风险管理制定定制化策略的重要性（例如，冷却中心、交通援助、多语种风险沟通和家庭访问）。政策制定者可以利用这些见解，针对脆弱群体制定有针对性的措施，并在全球范围内有效管理与热相关的问题。
21
Waste collection route optimisation for the second waste-to-energy plant in Budapest
布达佩斯第二座废物能源化工厂的垃圾收集路线优化
【摘要】
The city of Budapest produces approximately 680–700 000 tonnes of municipal solid waste every year, of which <2/3 is being recycled or used for energetic purposes, the rest ends up in a landfill. To combat this environmental and logistical problem the installation of a second waste incineration plant has been proposed in the south of the city. The only cost associated with fuel consumption in the case of waste to energy powerplants (WtE plants) is the transport cost, as the city council provides economic support for waste disposal. Since the transportation has a huge influence on the cost of opertation, logistical optimisation of the transport routes promises a direct impact on cost savings. In this study the logistical optimisation of the Southern Budapest area was carried out using image processing and logic based algorithm programming. As a result the optimal transport of 230 000 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) was solved resulting in a 4 835.2 km monthly travel distance reduction.This value can be translated to 7 823 €/month cost, 9 459.6 kg/month CO2 and 45.3 kg/month NOx emissions reduction in the urban areas.
【摘要翻译】
布达佩斯市每年产生约68万至70万吨城市固体废物，其中不到2/3被回收或用于能源用途，其余部分最终被填埋。为了解决这一环境和物流问题，建议在城市南部安装第二座废物焚烧厂。在废物能源化工厂（WtE工厂）的情况下，与燃料消耗相关的唯一成本是运输成本，因为市议会为废物处理提供经济支持。由于运输对运营成本有巨大影响，运输路线的物流优化有望直接带来成本节约。在本研究中，利用图像处理和基于逻辑的算法编程对布达佩斯南部地区的物流进行了优化。因此，优化了23万吨城市固体废物（MSW）的运输，导致每月行驶距离减少4835.2公里。这个数值可以转化为每月7823欧元的成本节约、每月9459.6公斤的二氧化碳（CO₂）和每月45.3公斤的氮氧化物（NOₓ）排放减少。
22
Sustainable urban digital innovation: A socio-technical competency-based approach to evaluation
可持续的城市数字创新：基于社会技术能力的评估方法
【摘要】
This study explores the leadership competencies required in practice by city planners and managers in smart city projects focusing on environmental urban sustainability. Although the literature notes that urban technologies and their capabilities can help address sustainability challenges in cities, there is a lack of studies exploring the competency requirements necessary to foster leadership capacity. This paper identifies leadership competencies within four real-world case studies in the urban built environment, guided by a socio-technical competency framework (DC2-CF). The selected case studies represent a diverse set of city planning purposes, geographic regions, various levels of spatial scale, and socio-technical elements of digital innovation. In these case studies, city managers exhibit specific competencies to develop digital innovation projects that uphold and advance urban sustainability. The study demonstrates the relevance and practical application of DC2-CF as a valuable tool to identify competency needs for local public, private, and community stakeholders throughout diverse stages of the urban digital innovation process. The findings suggest the complex relationship between competencies and project delivery, stressing variations in how they are utilised across various projects. Drawing from these key results, this paper provides practical recommendations for city professionals, guiding them in leading climate-friendly and sustainable urban digital innovation.
【摘要翻译】
本研究探讨了城市规划师和管理者在聚焦环境城市可持续性的智慧城市项目中实际所需的领导能力。尽管文献指出城市技术及其能力可以帮助应对城市的可持续性挑战，但缺乏探讨培养领导能力所需的能力要求的研究。本文在城市建设环境中的四个实际案例研究中，基于社会技术能力框架（DC2-CF），识别了领导能力。这些选定的案例研究代表了多样化的城市规划目标、地理区域、不同空间尺度以及数字创新的社会技术元素。在这些案例中，城市管理者展示了开发维护和推进城市可持续性的数字创新项目的具体能力。研究展示了DC2-CF作为一个有价值的工具在识别地方公共、私营和社区利益相关者在城市数字创新过程的各个阶段所需能力方面的相关性和实际应用。研究结果表明，能力与项目执行之间存在复杂关系，强调了它们在不同项目中使用方式的差异。基于这些关键结果，本文为城市专业人士提供了实用建议，引导他们领导气候友好和可持续的城市数字创新。
23
Downwind Warming of Cities? Inequal Heat Distribution Attributed to Winds
城市下风向的变暖？风导致的不均衡热分布
【摘要】
Heat exposure within urban areas is strikingly uneven, posing disproportionate risks to certain communities. While nature-based solutions have gained attention, the role of wind in distributing heat remains less understood in an urban planning scale. This study assessed the interaction between wind direction, speed, and heat advection in Taipei Basin during summers from 2011 to 2020, using data from densely installed meteorological stations. A novel method was developed to capture multiple wind directions while accounting for local terrain and urban effects. Results revealed that wind-induced heat advection is complicated by local terrain and nearby cities in the conurbation, varying heat distribution. Windy conditions were mostly warmer than calm conditions, with north-westerly and westerly winds causing the strongest heat advection. Heat advection increased with wind speeds up to 5.4 m/s and decreased thereafter. Substantial intra-urban differences in heat advection were observed, reaching 4.33°C daytime and 3.34°C nighttime. Upwind areas were not necessarily cooler, while some downwind areas at mountain foot experienced greater warming. Up to 2.6SD of advected heat magnitude was found downwind at night. These findings underscore inequitable heat transfer to areas that do not generate heat and the critical need for wind-sensitive planning for both city-region and inter-urban areas.
【摘要翻译】
城市区域内的热暴露极不均衡，对某些社区构成了不成比例的风险。虽然基于自然的解决方案已受到关注，但风在分配热量方面的作用在城市规划尺度上仍然了解不足。本研究利用密集安装的气象站数据，评估了2011年至2020年夏季台北盆地内风向、风速与热平流之间的相互作用。开发了一种新方法，以捕捉多种风向，同时考虑当地地形和城市效应。结果显示，风引起的热平流因当地地形和邻近城市的影响而复杂，导致热量分布不均。风大时的条件通常比平静时更暖和，西北风和西风导致最强的热平流。热平流随着风速增加至5.4米/秒而增强，随后减少。观察到城市内部在热平流方面存在显著差异，白天达到4.33°C，夜间达到3.34°C。上风区并不一定更凉爽，而山脚下的一些下风区则经历了更大的变暖。夜间下风区的平流热量幅度高达2.6个标准差。这些发现强调了热量向不产生热量区域的不公平传递，以及在城市区域和城市间区域进行风敏感规划的关键需求。
24
Multi-factor dynamic correlation prediction and analysis of carbon peaking for building sector: A case study of Shaanxi province
建筑部门碳达峰的多因素动态相关预测与分析：以陕西省为例
【摘要】
The factors influencing carbon emissions in the construction sector are numerous, and the relationships between these factors are complex. Previous studies on carbon peaking have often overlooked the dynamic changes between influencing factors and limited the number of variables to simplify the computation of predictive models. Based on the goal of carbon peaking, this study explores the relationships between internal factors within the construction industry and establishes a network of factor correlation. Furthermore, this network is embedded into an improved STIRPAT model, and a multi-factor dynamic correlation prediction model is constructed by incorporating scenario analysis. Taking Shaanxi Province, China, as a case for empirical analysis, the study explores carbon-peaking solutions for the building sector under different development scenarios. The findings indicate that carbon emissions in Shaanxi's building sector continuously increased during the study period, reaching 213 MtCO2 in 2020. Through factor screening, 12 driving factors were found to be significantly related to carbon emissions, all showing positive correlations, with the urbanization rate contributing the most to emissions. The dynamic association prediction model constructed had an accuracy of 0.996. Using this model, nine carbon emission scenarios were predicted, with optimizing the energy structure identified as the critical pathway, achieving a 5.01% reduction in emissions. A comprehensive strategy could achieve a 12.49% reduction and meet the carbon peaking target. Finally, the study proposes policy recommendations for the coordinated management of emissions reductions in cities and the construction industry, contributing to the development of sustainable cities and societies.
【摘要翻译】
建筑部门碳排放的影响因素众多，这些因素之间的关系复杂。以往关于碳达峰的研究常常忽视影响因素之间的动态变化，并为了简化预测模型的计算而限制了变量的数量。基于碳达峰目标，本研究探讨了建筑行业内部因素之间的关系，并建立了因素相关网络。此外，该网络被嵌入到改进的STIRPAT模型中，并通过情景分析构建了一个多因素动态相关预测模型。以中国陕西省为案例进行实证分析，研究在不同发展情景下探讨了建筑部门的碳达峰解决方案。研究结果表明，陕西建筑部门的碳排放在研究期间持续增加，2020年达到213百万吨二氧化碳。通过因素筛选，发现12个驱动因素与碳排放显著相关，均呈正相关，其中城镇化率对排放的贡献最大。所构建的动态关联预测模型的准确率达到0.996。利用该模型预测了九种碳排放情景，优化能源结构被确定为关键路径，实现了5.01%的排放减少。综合策略可以实现12.49%的减排，并达到碳达峰目标。最后，研究提出了针对城市和建筑行业减排协调管理的政策建议，有助于可持续城市和社会的发展。
25
Dynamic energy management and control of networked microgrids based on load to grid services and incentive-based demand response programs: A multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach
基于负载到电网服务和激励型需求响应程序的网络微电网动态能源管理与控制：一种多智能体深度强化学习方法
【摘要】
This study has presented the energy management paradigm in a networked microgrid structure based on L2G services and considering incentive-based load response (IBDR) programs and energy market requirements to reduce operating costs, control and restore voltage and frequency index, providing the benefits of subscribers and distribution system operators. In this study, multi-objective functions such as optimal operation based on IBDR structure and energy market requirements, risk assessment, and L2G service approach are configured in the framework of central and local controllers. Optimal operation and risk assessment are analyzed by a multi-task learning algorithm based on multi-objective function and L2G service policies are evaluated based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning. Control policies are sent by the communication system to the components affecting the optimal power distribution as well as the voltage and frequency controllers. L2G services have been evaluated in different scenarios such as plug-and-play operating conditions, load fluctuations, and operating in island mode. The results of optimal operation based on L2G services show that the IBDR program implementation reduces the total operation cost by 21%. Also, the total operating cost of the proposed framework is 13.97% less than the RL method and 27.8% less than the ANN method.
【摘要翻译】
本研究提出了一种基于L2G服务的网络微电网结构中的能源管理模式，考虑了激励型负载响应（IBDR）程序和能源市场需求，以降低运营成本，控制和恢复电压及频率指标，并为用户和配电系统运营商提供利益。在本研究中，多目标函数如基于IBDR结构和能源市场需求的优化运行、风险评估以及L2G服务方法被配置在中央和本地控制器的框架内。优化运行和风险评估通过基于多目标函数的多任务学习算法进行分析，L2G服务策略则基于多智能体深度强化学习进行评估。控制策略由通信系统发送至影响最优电力分配以及电压和频率控制的组件。L2G服务在不同情景下进行了评估，如即插即用操作条件、负载波动和孤岛模式运行。基于L2G服务的优化运行结果显示，实施IBDR程序使总运营成本降低了21%。此外，所提出框架的总运营成本比强化学习（RL）方法低13.97%，比人工神经网络（ANN）方法低27.8%。
26
Maximizing the net economic benefits of regulating indoor air quality in China
最大化中国室内空气质量调控的净经济利益
【摘要】
The WHO guideline levels for indoor air pollutants (IAPs) are based solely on health considerations. Attaining these levels may cost a disproportionate fraction of available public health funds. To maximize the net economic benefit (NEB, = benefits - costs) of controlling IAPs, we develop a method based upon a new concept, optimal control concentration (OCC). For China, the estimated OCCs for indoor PM2.5 and formaldehyde in residences are 15 μg/m3 and 25 μg/m3, respectively. The estimated NEB achieved by controlling IAPs to their OCCs is almost 500 billion CNY a year, much greater than that of meeting the WHO guidelines (a negative NEB) and two Chinese standards (a negative NEB and about 200 billion CNY). Our method can be used by other countries to cost-effectively control IAPs.
【摘要翻译】
世界卫生组织（WHO）对室内空气污染物（IAPs）的指导标准仅基于健康考虑。实现这些标准可能会耗费可用公共卫生资金的不成比例部分。为了最大化控制IAPs的净经济利益（NEB，即收益减去成本），我们开发了一种基于新概念——最佳控制浓度（OCC）的方法。对于中国，住宅内PM2.5和甲醛的估计OCC分别为15 μg/m³和25 μg/m³。通过将IAPs控制到其OCC，估计实现的净经济利益每年接近5000亿元人民币，远高于达到WHO指南（净经济利益为负）和两个中国标准（净经济利益为负及约2000亿元人民币）。我们的方法可供其他国家在成本效益方面控制IAPs时参考使用。
27
Modeling urban expansion and its impacts on carbon storage through integrative scenario analysis for sustainable development in the Changchun-Jilin-Tumen region
长春-吉林-图们地区可持续发展中城市扩张及其对碳储量影响的建模与综合情景分析
【摘要】
The Changchun-Jilin-Tumen (CJT) region in Northeast China is a key economic hub and a strategic gateway for China's integration into Northeast Asia, playing a crucial role in the Belt and Road Initiative. However, rapid urbanization in this region has precipitated substantial environmental challenges, particularly the degradation of carbon storage services (CSS) due to the expansion of impervious surface areas (ISA). This study employs multi-source remote sensing data, advanced geospatial analysis, and scenario-based decision-making technologies to evaluate the impacts of ISA expansion on CSS from 2000 to 2035 using the PLUS and InVEST models. The results reveal significant losses in CSS, with a net decrease of 8.10 × 10⁶ tons of carbon projected by 2022. Under the Natural Development scenario, these losses could escalate to 15.32 × 10⁶ tons by 2035. Conversely, the Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development scenarios suggest that strategic interventions could mitigate these losses, potentially leading to CSS gains of up to 3.42 × 10⁶ tons in the Ecological Protection scenario. This study highlights the pressing need to integrate ecological considerations into urban planning to balance development with environmental sustainability. The findings provide essential guidance for policymakers aiming to align urban growth with carbon neutrality targets, particularly in the context of global climate commitments and the increasing imperative for sustainable urban development.
【摘要翻译】
中国东北的长春-吉林-图们（CJT）地区是一个重要的经济枢纽和中国融入东北亚的战略门户，在“一带一路”倡议中发挥着关键作用。然而，该地区的快速城市化导致了重大的环境挑战，特别是由于不透水面（ISA）扩展而导致碳储存服务（CSS）退化。本研究利用多源遥感数据、先进的地理空间分析和基于情景的决策技术，通过PLUS和InVEST模型评估了2000年至2035年ISA扩展对CSS的影响。结果显示，CSS显著减少，预计到2022年净减少8.10 × 10⁶吨碳。在自然发展情景下，到2035年这些损失可能增加到15.32 × 10⁶吨。相反，生态保护和高质量发展情景表明，战略干预可以减缓这些损失，生态保护情景下CSS可能增加高达3.42 × 10⁶吨。本研究强调在城市规划中整合生态考虑以平衡发展与环境可持续性的紧迫需求。研究结果为政策制定者在全球气候承诺和可持续城市发展的日益迫切需求背景下，将城市增长与碳中和目标对齐提供了重要指导。
28
Understanding how digital infrastructure construction could promote sustainable development
理解数字基础设施建设如何促进可持续发展
【摘要】
Progress made in environmental protection may negatively affect regional socioeconomic development, reducing or impairing the ability of local economic systems to defend against external shocks, culminating in weakened economic resilience. Implementing carbon abatement programs without risking economic resilience is therefore an urgent problem for the international community, especially for its emerging national economies. Digital infrastructure construction (DIC), as a driving force of technological progress and structural transformation, may offer a viable solution to that problem. Here, we used county-level data for China, the biggest emerging economy in the world, to investigate whether and how Smart City Pilot policy (SCP, a policy close to DIC) has lowered regional carbon emissions and influenced economic resilience. We find that the SCP could significantly promote carbon abatement goals, and this result is robust under several tests. Further, chain-based mediating effect analysis revealed that the SCP's beneficial impact could have arisen by first promoting innovation and then productivity, and public concern acting as a stressor that pressures officials to engage in environmental governance. Furthermore, our results show the SCP is capable of bolstering regional economic resilience, and could even offset or negate the adverse effects of strict environmental regulation on that resilience. However, the positive effects of the SCP on carbon abatement in China's developed counties, or ones located in a resources-based city, were not significant. Altogether, our empirical results highlight how DIC can serve as a way to help achieve sustainable development, but more studies on its contributing role are clearly needed.
【摘要翻译】
环境保护取得的进展可能对区域社会经济发展产生负面影响，削弱或损害地方经济体系应对外部冲击的能力，最终导致经济韧性减弱。因此，如何在不危及经济韧性的情况下实施碳减排计划，成为国际社会，尤其是新兴国家经济体面临的紧迫问题。作为技术进步和结构转型的驱动力，数字基础设施建设（DIC）可能为这一问题提供可行的解决方案。在本研究中，我们使用中国县级数据——世界上最大的一个新兴经济体，来调查智能城市试点政策（SCP，一种与DIC密切相关的政策）是否以及如何降低区域碳排放并影响经济韧性。研究发现，SCP能够显著促进碳减排目标，这一结果在多项测试中具有稳健性。此外，基于链式中介效应的分析揭示，SCP的有益影响可能首先通过促进创新，然后提升生产力，以及公众关注作为一种压力因素，促使官员参与环境治理。此外，我们的结果显示，SCP能够增强区域经济韧性，甚至可以抵消或减弱严格环境法规对经济韧性的负面影响。然而，SCP对中国发达县域或资源型城市的碳减排效果并不显著。总的来说，我们的实证结果强调了DIC在实现可持续发展方面的作用，但显然需要更多研究来深入探讨其贡献角色。
29
A novel construction and evaluation framework for driving cycle of electric vehicles based on energy consumption and emission analysis
基于能耗与排放分析的电动汽车行驶循环新构建与评估框架
【摘要】
The driving cycle (DC) is essential for establishing vehicle emission standards, transportation policies, and urban planning. However, existing driving cycles demonstrate poor representativeness and excessive randomness due to the insufficient capture of driving characteristics. Therefore, a novel framework for constructing and evaluating driving cycles of electric vehicles (EVs) based on energy consumption and emissions analysis is proposed to enhance the representativeness of the constructed driving cycles. First, based on road information, an improved dual-chain Markov chain method combined with the self-organizing mapping (SOM) neural network is introduced for clustering and constructing driving cycles. Subsequently, a double-layer evaluation model oriented towards energy consumption and emissions is established through a combination of model-driven and data-driven approaches to select a representative driving cycle (RDC). Finally, comparative experiments are conducted to evaluate the feasibility and scientific validity of the proposed method in multiple dimensions. The results indicate that the driving cycle constructed in this study demonstrates excellent representativeness, with an emission error of 2.04% and a comprehensive characterization parameter (CCP) value of 0.097. This study emphasizes the necessity of incorporating reasonable constraints in the driving cycle construction. This improved representativeness provides a reliable foundation for electric vehicle design and transportation policy development.
【摘要翻译】
行驶循环（DC）在制定车辆排放标准、交通政策和城市规划中至关重要。然而，现有的行驶循环由于未能充分捕捉驾驶特性，往往表现出较差的代表性和过度的随机性。因此，本文提出了一种基于能耗和排放分析的电动汽车（EV）行驶循环构建与评估新框架，旨在提高构建的行驶循环的代表性。首先，基于道路信息，引入了改进的双链马尔可夫链方法，并结合自组织映射（SOM）神经网络进行聚类与行驶循环构建。随后，通过结合模型驱动与数据驱动的方法，建立了一个面向能耗与排放的双层评估模型，以选择代表性行驶循环（RDC）。最后，进行了比较实验，从多个维度评估了所提方法的可行性和科学有效性。结果表明，本文构建的行驶循环具有优异的代表性，排放误差为2.04%，综合表征参数（CCP）值为0.097。研究强调了在行驶循环构建中引入合理约束的必要性。该改进的代表性为电动汽车设计和交通政策制定提供了可靠的基础。
30
Urban form and seasonal PM2.5 dynamics: Enhancing air quality prediction using interpretable machine learning and IoT sensor data
城市形态与季节性PM₂.₅动态：使用可解释的机器学习和物联网传感器数据增强空气质量预测
【摘要】
This study investigates the critical issue of how urban form characteristics influence PM2.5 concentrations, a key concern for public health in densely populated cities. Traditional monitoring methods have faced data gaps and methodological limitations. To address this, we employed interpretable machine learning (ML) models with data from 1,069 Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors across Seoul, South Korea (September 2020–August 2023). Over 80 urban form variables—including density, transportation, road design, building morphology, and land use—were analyzed using Recursive Feature Elimination to identify key factors affecting PM2.5 concentrations within three buffer zones (300-m, 500-m, 1-km). The random forest model demonstrated the highest accuracy, with an R² of 95 % for autumn and 96 % for spring. Our findings show higher PM2.5 levels in colder months, driven by road width and building density in autumn and traffic and industrial activity in winter. In summer, green spaces and meteorological conditions were primary factors, while spring air quality was notably impacted by localized traffic emissions around highways and bus stops. This study offers robust predictions and actionable insights for urban planning and air quality management. Future research could integrate additional environmental variables and expand sensor coverage to further refine predictive models.
【摘要翻译】
本研究探讨了城市形态特征如何影响PM₂.₅浓度，这一问题对于人口密集城市的公共健康至关重要。传统监测方法存在数据缺口和方法上的局限性。为了解决这一问题，我们采用了可解释的机器学习（ML）模型，利用韩国首尔市（2020年9月至2023年8月）1069个物联网（IoT）传感器的数据。通过递归特征消除法分析了包括密度、交通、道路设计、建筑形态和土地利用在内的80多个城市形态变量，以识别影响三个缓冲区（300米、500米、1公里）内PM₂.₅浓度的关键因素。随机森林模型表现出最高的准确性，秋季的R²为95%，春季为96%。研究结果显示，较冷月份的PM₂.₅水平较高，秋季主要由道路宽度和建筑密度驱动，冬季则由交通和工业活动驱动。夏季，绿地和气象条件是主要因素，而春季空气质量则显著受到高速公路和公交站周边局部交通排放的影响。本研究为城市规划和空气质量管理提供了稳健的预测和可行的见解。未来的研究可以整合更多环境变量并扩大传感器覆盖范围，以进一步优化预测模型。
31
Effects of vertical greening on the thermal environment and energy consumption in different street canyons
不同街道峡谷中垂直绿化对热环境和能耗的影响
【摘要】
Vertical greening is vital for energy conservation and urban sustainability. However, previous studies have seldom considered the energy-saving effects of vertical greening within street canyons—an important representative urban model. This study employs ENVI-met and EnergyPlus to evaluate the energy savings of vertical greening in twelve typical street canyon scenarios with varying aspect ratios (H/W = 1, 2, 4) and orientations (North–South, East–West, Northeast–Southwest, Northwest–Southeast). We quantified the relative contributions of building surface temperature reduction (Δ Tse) and air temperature reduction (ΔTa) to overall energy efficiency. Remarkably, our findings reveal that Δ Tse accounts for over 97 % of the total energy-saving contribution—a novel insight contrasting with previous studies that emphasized combined impacts. Additionally, the results indicate that stronger solar radiation in street canyons leads to greater reductions in building surface temperatures. To achieve maximum daily energy savings, the optimal combinations of street orientation and aspect ratio are: North–South orientation when H/W = 1, Southwest–Northeast when H/W = 2, and Northwest–Southeast when H/W = 4. This study is among the first to quantify the combined effects of different street canyon configurations and vertical greening on urban energy savings, providing effective methodologies and new insights for implementing sustainable urban vertical greening.
【摘要翻译】
垂直绿化对于节能和城市可持续发展至关重要。然而，之前的研究很少考虑街道峡谷内垂直绿化的节能效果——这是一个重要的代表性城市模型。本研究采用ENVI-met和EnergyPlus评估了在十二种典型街道峡谷情景下，垂直绿化的节能效果，这些情景具有不同的纵横比（H/W = 1, 2, 4）和朝向（南北、东西、东北-西南、西北-东南）。我们量化了建筑表面温度降低（ΔTse）和空气温度降低（ΔTa）对整体能效的相对贡献。值得注意的是，研究发现ΔTse占总节能贡献的97%以上——这一新颖见解与以往强调综合影响的研究形成对比。此外，结果表明，街道峡谷中更强的太阳辐射会导致建筑表面温度更大的降低。为了实现每日最大的节能效果，街道朝向和纵横比的最佳组合为：H/W = 1时选择南北朝向，H/W = 2时选择西南-东北朝向，H/W = 4时选择西北-东南朝向。本研究是首批量化不同街道峡谷配置和垂直绿化对城市节能综合影响的研究之一，为实施可持续城市垂直绿化提供了有效的方法论和新的见解。
32
Multi-scale effects of LCZ and urban green infrastructure on diurnal land surface temperature dynamics
多尺度的LCZ（城市气候区）和城市绿色基础设施对昼夜地表温度动态的影响
【摘要】
The impact of urban green infrastructure (UGI) on land surface temperature (LST) has been widely discussed as a strategy to improve urban thermal environments. However, most studies have focused primarily on daytime conditions. Due to the limitations of polar-orbiting satellites like the Landsat series, the influence of UGI on LST over a 24-hour cycle remains unclear. To assess the relative influence and interdependence of UGI characteristics on LST across four different grid scales over the diurnal cycle, this study, conducted within Beijing's Fifth Ring Road during the summer, utilized a random forest (RF) regression model. The results indicate that: (1) UGI's impact on LST follows two distinct patterns: daytime (morning and afternoon) and non-daytime (night and dawn), which indicates the intensity of sunlight as a key driving factor; (2) tree landscape pattern indices are the most significant factors affecting LST; (3) during non-daytime periods (night and dawn), cropland's cooling effect is equally important as that of trees. These findings are valuable for prioritizing and strategically placing different types of UGI in urban planning. However, as this study focuses on a specific area, future research should include comparative studies in cities with different climatic conditions.
【摘要翻译】
城市绿色基础设施（UGI）对地表温度（LST）的影响已被广泛讨论，作为改善城市热环境的策略。然而，大多数研究主要集中在白天的条件下。由于像Landsat系列这样的极轨卫星的限制，UGI在24小时循环中对LST的影响仍不清楚。为了评估UGI特征在昼夜循环中对LST的相对影响及其相互依赖性，本研究在北京五环路内的夏季期间，采用随机森林（RF）回归模型。结果表明：(1) UGI对LST的影响遵循两种不同的模式：白天（上午和下午）和非白天（夜间和黎明），这表明阳光强度是一个关键的驱动因素；(2) 树木景观模式指数是影响LST的最重要因素；(3) 在非白天期间（夜间和黎明），农田的降温效果与树木同样重要。这些发现对于在城市规划中优先考虑和战略性布局不同类型的UGI具有重要价值。然而，由于本研究集中在特定区域，未来的研究应包括在不同气候条件下城市的比较研究。
33
Does every public open space (POS) contribute to sustainable city development? An assessment of inefficient POS in Beijing
每个公共开放空间（POS）是否都有助于可持续城市发展？北京低效POS的评估
【摘要】
Public open space (POS) plays a crucial role in influencing the urban environment, ecology, public health, and economic vitality. However, not every POS is being efficiently utilized, while the inefficient POSs occupy large areas and can negatively affect socio-economic development, thus posing a threat to sustainable city development. Existing studies evaluate POSs solely based on benefit outcomes, but ignore POS functional types and contextual environments. To address this issue, a categorized, integrated, and relative evaluation method, i.e., utilization efficiency (UE), is proposed to identify inefficient POSs, where essentially measures the ratio from benefit outcome to resource occupation of each POS. We firstly classify POSs into five types by considering their core functions, then measure their UEs to extract efficient and inefficient POS, and finally visualize key causes of different types of POS. Our results reveal 3,138 inefficient out of 10,943 POSs in Beijing, and show the inefficient POSs that are concentrated in the southern Beijing and northern regions between the 5th and 6th ring roads, mainly affected by local population density and environmental resource. Drawing on the features of inefficient POSs, it is suggested to increase small green spaces and sky gardens in the downtown areas, improve service facilities and basic tourism infrastructure in the suburbs. Accordingly, this study firstly incorporates POS functional types and resource occupation into the utilization efficiency evaluation, providing spatial optimization recommendations of POSs to facilitate sustainable city development.
【摘要翻译】
公共开放空间（POS）在影响城市环境、生态、公共健康和经济活力方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，并非所有的POS都得到了高效利用，而低效的POS占据了大片区域，可能对社会经济发展产生负面影响，从而威胁到可持续城市的发展。现有研究仅基于收益结果来评估POS，而忽略了POS的功能类型和背景环境。为了解决这一问题，本文提出了一种分类、综合和相对的评估方法，即利用效率（UE），用于识别低效的POS，实质上衡量每个POS的收益结果与资源占用的比率。我们首先根据POS的核心功能将其分类为五种类型，然后测量其UE以提取高效和低效的POS，最后可视化不同类型POS的主要原因。结果显示，北京市10,943个POS中有3,138个低效POS，这些低效POS主要集中在北京南部和第五、第六环路之间的北部地区，主要受当地人口密度和环境资源的影响。根据低效POS的特征，建议在市中心增加小型绿地和空中花园，改善郊区的服务设施和基本旅游基础设施。因此，本研究首次将POS功能类型和资源占用纳入利用效率评估，为促进可持续城市发展提供了POS空间优化的建议。
34
The impact of agglomeration on CO2 emissions in China's transport sector: A spatial econometric analysis
集聚对中国交通运输部门二氧化碳排放的影响：空间计量经济学分析
【摘要】
The long-term processes of urbanization and industrialization have led to the agglomeration of population and industry, fostering economic development while introducing opportunities and challenges for carbon reduction in transport. This paper integrates the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology Model with the Spatial Durbin Model to assess the effects of population agglomeration and industrial agglomeration on transport carbon dioxide emissions. The empirical results show that a 1% increase in population agglomeration decreases local transport carbon dioxide emissions by 1.7065% and generates a spillover effect of 1.0542% in surrounding areas. In contrast, industrial agglomeration increases regional transport carbon dioxide emissions by an average of 0.3308% without significant spillover effects. Furthermore, economic agglomeration exhibits an N-shaped relationship with transport carbon dioxide emissions, reflecting the dual influences of the "economic effect" and the "congestion effect". Mechanism analysis reveals that both types of agglomeration can modulate the impact of infrastructure development on transport carbon dioxide emissions, suggesting that effective infrastructure planning can help alleviate the negative environmental impacts. This study provides a spatial mode for understanding the synergistic effects of population planning, industrial development, and environmental improvement, offering significant reference value for policymakers in the decision-making related to low-carbon transport development.
【摘要翻译】
长期的城市化和工业化过程导致了人口和产业的集聚，促进了经济发展，同时也为交通部门的碳减排带来了机遇和挑战。本文将基于人口、富裕度和技术回归的随机影响模型（Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology Model）与空间杜宾模型（Spatial Durbin Model）相结合，以评估人口集聚和产业集聚对交通二氧化碳排放的影响。实证结果显示，人口集聚增加1%会使本地交通二氧化碳排放减少1.7065%，并在周边地区产生1.0542%的溢出效应。相比之下，产业集聚平均增加0.3308%的区域交通二氧化碳排放，且没有显著的溢出效应。此外，经济集聚与交通二氧化碳排放呈N型关系，反映了“经济效应”和“拥堵效应”的双重影响。机制分析表明，这两种集聚类型都能调节基础设施发展对交通二氧化碳排放的影响，提示有效的基础设施规划有助于缓解负面的环境影响。本研究提供了一种空间模型，以理解人口规划、产业发展和环境改善的协同效应，为政策制定者在低碳交通发展相关决策中提供了重要的参考价值。
35
Decarbonisation of the Basque Country residential stock by a holistic enviro-economic assessment of renovation strategies under the life cycle thinking for climate risk mitigation
通过生命周期思维下全面的环境经济评估翻新策略实现巴斯克地区住宅存量的脱碳化以缓解气候风险
【摘要】
The present study introduces a novel methodological decarbonisation evaluation for the Basque Country (northern Spain) residential building stock with a bottom-up approach. The investigation relies on the need to develop detailed roadmaps towards decarbonising the residential stock, as demanded by the European Union (EU). Besides, the residential stock decarbonisation evaluation presents several challenges, such as the effective integration of the life cycle thinking (LCT), the diversity of building typologies, the performance gap caused by occupant behaviour and economic uncertainty. The research is based on evaluating renovation strategies in multiple residential scenarios by a complete level buildings performance simulation (BPS) and the enviro-economic evaluation with LCT. For that, we employ the tool PARARENOVATE-LCT. As a result, the bottom-up approach identifies optimal renovation scenarios for each building typology. Secondly, we set different decarbonisation scenarios, where most archetypes require active renovation strategies to reach a deep decarbonisation degree. Thirdly, we develop phased decarbonisation plans by prioritizing archetypes with the highest decarbonisation potential. This way, the plans allow a linear reduction of global warming potential (GWP) with a limited renovation rate and investment in the first stages with an increasing trend, enabling the adaptation of industry and administration.
【摘要翻译】
本研究采用自下而上的方法，对巴斯克地区（西班牙北部）的住宅建筑存量进行了一种新颖的方法论性脱碳化评估。研究基于欧洲联盟（EU）对住宅存量脱碳化提出的制定详细路线图的需求。此外，住宅存量脱碳化评估面临诸多挑战，例如生命周期思维（LCT）的有效整合、建筑类型的多样性、由居民行为和经济不确定性导致的性能差距。研究通过在多个住宅情景下评估翻新策略，结合完整层级的建筑性能模拟（BPS）和基于生命周期思维的环境经济评估。为此，我们采用了PARARENOVATE-LCT工具。结果表明，自下而上的方法为每种建筑类型确定了最优的翻新情景。其次，我们设定了不同的脱碳化情景，其中大多数原型需要积极的翻新策略以实现深度脱碳化。第三，我们通过优先考虑具有最高脱碳潜力的原型，制定了分阶段的脱碳化计划。这样，这些计划在初期阶段以有限的翻新速度和投资，实现全球变暖潜能（GWP）的线性减少，并呈现出逐步增加的趋势，从而促进了行业和管理部门的适应。
36
Expediting decarbonization in energy, waste, and water sector through digitalization in sustainable smart cities (SSC): Case-studies in Malaysia and China based on Industry 5.0 paradigm
通过可持续智能城市（SSC）中的数字化加速能源、废物和水务部门的脱碳化：基于工业5.0范式的马来西亚和中国案例研究
【摘要】
This work explores the application of Industry 5.0 principles in smart cities development in Malaysia and China, focusing on digital transformation for sustainable urban development. The study presents case-studies from both the countries, highlighting the implementation strategies, challenges, and outcomes associated with integrating advanced technologies to enhance efficiency, climate resilience, and sustainability. This study aims to develop a data-driven methodology to address the absence of region-specific frameworks for sustainable smart cities (SSCs) and to evaluate their impacts. In Malaysia, the implementation of smart energy management systems that utilize IoT and AI has shown promise in reducing carbon footprints and maximizing resource efficiency. China's focus on smart water management using sensor networks and real-time data analytics provides insights into effective water conservation. Smart waste management systems have increased recycling rates by 20–30 %. Progress is crucial for the region's pursuit of SSCs to reach a global investment of USD 2.5 trillion by 2025. This work concludes by discussing the implications of this work in both countries to achieve sustainable urbanization through Industry 5.0 technologies. This work offers recommendations for policymakers, urban planners, and technologists to navigate the complexities of smart city development, while providing a roadmap to leverage digital transformation to achieve decarbonization goals in energy, waste and water sector by 2060.
【摘要翻译】
本研究探讨了工业5.0原则在马来西亚和中国智能城市发展中的应用，重点关注数字化转型以实现可持续的城市发展。研究展示了来自两国的案例研究，突出了整合先进技术以提升效率、气候韧性和可持续性的实施策略、挑战和成果。本研究旨在开发一种数据驱动的方法，以弥补可持续智能城市（SSC）区域特定框架的缺失，并评估其影响。在马来西亚，利用物联网（IoT）和人工智能（AI）的智能能源管理系统的实施在减少碳足迹和最大化资源效率方面显示出良好前景。中国专注于使用传感器网络和实时数据分析的智能水管理为有效的水资源保护提供了见解。智能废物管理系统使回收率提高了20–30%。这些进展对于该地区追求SSC以在2025年实现全球2.5万亿美元投资目标至关重要。本文最后讨论了该研究在两国通过工业5.0技术实现可持续城市化的意义。该研究为政策制定者、城市规划者和技术专家提供了建议，以应对智能城市发展中的复杂性，同时提供了一条利用数字化转型在能源、废物和水务部门实现脱碳目标（到2060年）的路线图。
37
The mitigating effect of green Space's spatial and temporal patterns on the urban heat island in the context of urban densification: A case study of Xi'an
绿地空间的时空模式在城市密集化背景下对城市热岛效应的缓解作用：以西安为例
【摘要】
Growing evidence highlights a strong link between urban densification and urban heat island (UHI) effects. However, there is a lack of research on time-based analyses of urban green space spatial patterns using urban densification indices to mitigate UHI effects. Addressing this gap, this study focuses on the central district of Xi'an, utilizing urban density data, MODIS LST products, and Landsat series imagery. The Coordination Coupling Degree Model (CCDM) is applied to longitudinally assess the mitigating effects of urban green space spatial patterns on UHI under different scales of spatial densification. The CCDM results show a significant overall improvement in the coordination coupling degree between green space spatial indices and LST in Xi'an's central district from 2013 to 2023. However, variations across administrative districts suggest that regional planning policies have differentially influenced green space patterns and UHI effects over time. Furthermore, a global negative correlation between the urban densification index and changes in the coordination coupling degree indicates that continued urbanization in Xi'an's central district could exacerbate the urban thermal environment. This study provides valuable insights into green space planning and UHI mitigation strategies in the context of urban densification.
【摘要翻译】
越来越多的证据表明，城市密集化与城市热岛（UHI）效应之间存在紧密联系。然而，利用城市密集化指数对城市绿地空间模式进行时间性分析以缓解UHI效应的研究仍然不足。为填补这一空白，本研究以西安市中心区为研究对象，利用城市密度数据、MODIS地表温度（LST）产品和Landsat系列影像。应用协调耦合度模型（CCDM）纵向评估在不同空间密集化规模下，城市绿地空间模式对UHI的缓解效果。CCDM结果显示，2013年至2023年期间，西安市中心区绿地空间指标与LST之间的协调耦合度总体上显著提升。然而，不同行政区之间的差异表明，区域规划政策随着时间的推移对绿地模式和UHI效应产生了不同程度的影响。此外，城市密集化指数与协调耦合度变化之间存在整体负相关关系，表明西安市中心区的持续城市化可能加剧城市热环境。本研究为城市密集化背景下的绿地规划和UHI缓解策略提供了有价值的见解。
38
Improving thermal comfort using personalized local conditioning: A large-scale retrospective questionnaire survey conducted during a heatwave in China
通过个性化局部调节改善热舒适度：中国热浪期间进行的大规模回顾性问卷调查
【摘要】
The increasingly frequent heatwaves caused by global warming indicate that more energy consumption is required to maintain individuals' thermal comfort and health. Understanding how to utilize local conditioning for optimizing conditioning devices and creating a comfortable environment is crucial. Due to variations in individuals' adaptability to their surroundings, people from different climatic zones exhibit different needs for environmental conditioning. Current research findings in built environments have not adequately explained how individuals in various climatic zones use local conditioning to meet these diverse thermal needs. Therefore, it is highly important to conduct quantitative research on individuals' willingness to use local conditioning and their preferences across different climatic zones. To address this issue, a retrospective survey of 2,247 participants across five climate zones in China was conducted over a two-month period. The results revealed that many participants chose to use local conditioning to further improve thermal comfort, even if they initially felt comfortable. Participants from the severe cold and cold zones preferred water-cooled fans and floor fans, whereas floor fans were the preferred choice in other zones. Price and convenience were the main factors considered when selecting local conditioning devices (average composite score > 7). Differences in the methods, duration, parameter settings, placement of local conditioning, and regulated body parts varied among participants from the five climate zones. These results aid in improving our understanding of thermal comfort and health in high-temperature environments during summer.
【摘要翻译】
全球变暖导致的热浪日益频繁，表明需要更多的能源消耗来维持个体的热舒适度和健康。了解如何利用局部调节来优化调节设备并创造舒适环境至关重要。由于个体对周围环境的适应能力存在差异，不同气候区的人们对环境调节的需求也各不相同。目前，建筑环境中的研究成果尚未充分解释不同气候区的个体如何使用局部调节来满足这些多样化的热需求。因此，开展关于个体在不同气候区使用局部调节的意愿及其偏好的定量研究显得尤为重要。为解决这一问题，本研究在中国五个气候区对2,247名参与者进行了为期两个月的回顾性调查。结果显示，许多参与者选择使用局部调节设备以进一步提升热舒适度，即使他们最初已经感到舒适。来自严寒和寒冷区的参与者更倾向于使用水冷风扇和落地扇，而其他气候区的参与者则偏好使用落地扇。价格和便利性是选择局部调节设备时考虑的主要因素（平均综合得分 > 7）。来自五个气候区的参与者在使用方法、持续时间、参数设置、局部调节设备的放置位置以及调节的身体部位等方面存在差异。这些结果有助于加深我们对夏季高温环境下热舒适度和健康状况的理解。
39
Can transportation networks contribute to the sustainable development of urban agglomeration spatial structures?
交通网络能否促进城市群空间结构的可持续发展？
【摘要】
The advancements in global urbanisation have significantly elevated the configuration of transportation networks for the sustainable development of urban agglomeration spatial structures (UASS). Using a comprehensive panel dataset covering 140 counties and districts in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle from 2014 to 2023, this study empirically examines the impact of transportation networks on the sustainability of UASS. It elucidates the underlying mechanisms using spatial Durbin, spatial spillover and multiple mediation effect models. The findings reveal that transportation networks considerably enhance the sustainability of UASS and generate substantial positive spatial spillover effects. The decay boundary of the spatial spillover effects exhibits a transition from positive to negative, eventually approaching ineffectiveness. The heterogeneity analysis indicates significant variations in terms of transportation network expansion and regional functional division on the sustainability of UASS across regions with various levels of economic development. This outcome suggests that regional development policies should carefully consider regional economic development disparities. The mechanism analysis further reveals that transportation networks enable the sustainability of UASS by accelerating regional hierarchical systems and regional connectivity.
【摘要翻译】
全球城市化进程的推进显著提升了交通网络的配置，以实现城市群空间结构（UASS）的可持续发展。基于涵盖成都-重庆经济圈140个县区的2014年至2023年综合面板数据，本研究实证检验了交通网络对UASS可持续性的影响。研究采用空间杜宾模型、空间溢出效应模型和多重中介效应模型阐明了其潜在机制。研究结果表明，交通网络显著提升了UASS的可持续性，并产生了大量的正向空间溢出效应。空间溢出效应的衰减边界表现出从正向到负向的转变，最终趋于无效。异质性分析显示，交通网络扩展和区域功能划分对不同经济发展水平区域的UASS可持续性存在显著差异。这一结果表明，区域发展政策应谨慎考虑区域经济发展的不平衡性。机制分析进一步揭示，交通网络通过加速区域层级系统和区域连通性，促进了UASS的可持续性。
40
Modeling the evolution of community structure by the dynamic network analysis: Sustainability transition in Kyoto Eco-School Districts, Japan
通过动态网络分析对社区结构演变的建模：日本京都生态学校区的可持续转型
【摘要】
Sustainability transition increasingly relies on local institutional settings and community-based efforts where local agencies play pivotal roles. A significant gap lies in understanding the dynamic interplay among community-based organizations over time that shape evolving strategic collaborations in different stages to drive local institutional change. This study adopts a dynamic network approach to map the evolving community structure, identify key organizations, and detect collaboration patterns among local actors by the case study of Kyoto, Japan. Furthermore, it explores the influence of significant events and policies on the network evolution. The study uncovers three main findings. Firstly, a three-stage evolution of the local network is concluded that presents incremental change towards an expanding, decentralized community structure, forming collaborative governance. Secondly, five collaboration patterns and their dynamics are revealed, reflecting evolving strategic alliances that play different roles in leveraging resources throughout the process. Thirdly, the effects of policies and events on the network are well reflected and explained through matching the time series data. The Kyoto case uncovers hidden community dynamics that illuminate local pathways to sustainable practices, offering guidance for policymaking and practices that resonate more broadly with globally relevant contexts.
【摘要翻译】
可持续转型日益依赖于地方制度环境和社区基础的努力，其中地方机构扮演着关键角色。目前存在的一个重大缺口在于缺乏对社区基础组织之间随时间动态相互作用的理解，这些相互作用塑造了不同阶段中不断演变的战略合作，以推动地方制度变革。本研究采用动态网络方法，通过以日本京都为案例，绘制不断发展的社区结构，识别关键组织，并检测地方行为者之间的合作模式。此外，研究还探讨了重大事件和政策对网络演变的影响。研究发现了三个主要结果。首先，得出地方网络的三阶段演变，表现出向扩展的、去中心化的社区结构逐步变化，形成协作治理。其次，揭示了五种合作模式及其动态，反映出不断演变的战略联盟在整个过程中发挥不同的资源杠杆作用。第三，通过匹配时间序列数据，政策和事件对网络的影响得到了充分反映和解释。京都案例揭示了隐藏的社区动态，阐明了通往可持续实践的地方路径，为政策制定和实践提供了指导，这些指导在全球相关背景下具有更广泛的共鸣。
41
A two-stage coordinated restoration scheme of hybrid AC/DC distribution grid considering cold load pickup and resilience enhancement
考虑冷负荷回弹和弹性增强的混合交流/直流配电网的两阶段协调恢复方案
【摘要】
The ever-increasingly severe weather events have elevated the quest for resilience in distribution grids. Cold load pickup (CLPU), a common occurrence in buildings with thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), generates a significant peak power demand when loads restart. With widespread TCLs distribution, the restoration speed and power level could be impacted by the conventional grid restoration scheme due to limited distribution generator (DG) capability and power supply paths. In this context, this paper proposes a two-stage coordinated restoration scheme based on the novel hybrid AC/DC distribution grid, encompassing the grid configuration level, information interaction level, and designed restoration flow. The typical delayed exponential model is used to characterize CLPU properties during extended outages. In the 1st stage, the contained coordinated restoration strategy decides the optimal load restoration sequence with CLPU concerned. Then, the grid loss optimization is carried out in stage 2 to generate the proper power reference for DGs and voltage source converters (VSCs) of hybrid grids. In case studies, four types of heterogeneous buildings with varied CLPU characteristics are deployed in the analyzed grid. It is verified that the proposed scheme could make effective aggregation and dispatching for multiple DGs, achieving an additional 11.3 h of total load support, a 16.5 % increase of DG utilization and an 11.7 % enhancement of the resilience index compared to the conventional restoration scheme. Furthermore, this scheme demonstrates adaptability for resilience improvement under varied temperatures and fault locations.
【摘要翻译】
日益严重的天气事件提升了配电网对韧性的需求。冷负荷恢复（CLPU）是具有恒温控制负荷（TCLs）的建筑中常见的现象，当负荷重新启动时会产生显著的峰值电力需求。由于配电生成器（DG）的能力和电源路径有限，传统的电网恢复方案可能会影响恢复速度和功率水平，尤其是在TCLs广泛分布的情况下。在此背景下，本文提出了一种基于新型混合交流/直流（AC/DC）配电网的两阶段协调恢复方案，包括电网配置层、信息交互层和设计的恢复流程。典型的延迟指数模型被用于描述长时间停电期间CLPU的特性。在第一阶段，包含的协调恢复策略决定了考虑CLPU的最佳负荷恢复顺序。然后，在第二阶段进行电网损耗优化，以为混合电网的DG和电压源转换器（VSCs）生成适当的电力参考。在案例研究中，分析的电网中部署了四种具有不同CLPU特性的异构建筑。结果验证了所提方案能够对多个DG进行有效的聚合和调度，与传统恢复方案相比，总负荷支持时间增加了11.3小时，DG利用率提高了16.5%，韧性指数提升了11.7%。此外，该方案在不同温度和故障位置下表现出适应性，能够提升韧性。
42
Data augmented planning: A data-driven approach to measuring-understanding-optimizing green justice across 263 Chinese cities
数据增强规划：一种数据驱动的方法，用于测量、理解和优化中国263个城市的绿色正义
【摘要】
Urban Green Spaces (UGS) are pivotal in fostering sustainable urban environments, with disparities in access to UGS raising concerns about 'green justice'. Existing research often focuses on the socioeconomic influences on green justice, overlooking the role of urban green planning and design. To address this, we evaluated green justice levels across 263 Chinese cities using extensive geospatial data and explainable machine learning techniques. Our findings highlight a significant relationship between the planar configuration of UGS and green justice. Notably, these associations are non-linear, showing threshold effects where certain UGS characteristics beyond specific values can adversely affect green justice. The study also identifies interaction effects among these spatial characteristics. Our results offer practical guidelines for urban planning to enhance green justice, especially in China's large cities. Recommendations include optimizing green space morphology and proximity, and reconfiguring the layout of various green spaces. This research provides valuable insights and strategies for promoting green justice, particularly in densely populated cities in developing nations like China.
【摘要翻译】
城市绿地（UGS）在促进可持续城市环境方面具有关键作用，然而，绿地获取的差异引发了“绿色正义”方面的担忧。现有研究通常关注社会经济因素对绿色正义的影响，忽视了城市绿地规划和设计的作用。为了解决这一问题，我们利用广泛的地理空间数据和可解释的机器学习技术，评估了中国263个城市的绿色正义水平。研究结果突显了城市绿地平面配置与绿色正义之间的显著关系。值得注意的是，这些关联具有非线性特征，表现出阈值效应，即某些绿地特性超过特定值后会对绿色正义产生不利影响。研究还识别了这些空间特性之间的交互效应。我们的结果为城市规划提供了实用指南，以增强绿色正义，特别是在中国的大城市中。建议包括优化绿地形态和邻近性，以及重新配置各种绿地的布局。本研究为促进绿色正义，尤其是在像中国这样人口密集的发展中国家城市中，提供了宝贵的见解和策略。
43
Monitoring changes in walkability over time: An environmental exposure change detection framework with implications for equity and social justice
随时间监测可步行性变化：一种环境暴露变化检测框架及其对公平与社会正义的影响
【摘要】
Evidence suggests that walkability and greenspace impact travel related activity patterns and vehicle emissions which affect sustainability, public health, and equity. Resulting levels of physical activity, active, or sedentary travel time impact obesity, diabetes, and heart disease which impact COVID-19 mortality. It is now possible to track changes in locally controlled land use characteristics known to impact sustainability and health. This information can provide decisionmakers with feedback required to spatially prioritize and better link state and nationally funded transportation investments with locally sanctioned land use actions. Linking the achievement of established benchmarks of health equity-based indicators with funding establishes a more performance-based approach connecting land use with transportation investment. This study longitudinally tracks neighborhood-level walkability features at the census tract level for 2013 and 2020 for the entire USA. Longitudinal volatility-based change detection models are developed to examine how changes in walkability over time correlate with racialization and social justice. Walkability tends to increase over time with significant variations across metro regions and the urban-rural continuum. Largest and smallest increases in walkability were observed in Western Pacific and Northwest states, respectively. Increased racial and social justice disparities were observed in access to more walkable infrastructure by marginalized populations (such as less-educated, older, unemployed, and black individuals). Significant heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of walkability was observed, over the variation captured by observed sociodemographic, regional, and urban/rural factors. The findings highlight the potential for an “environmental surveillance” system to support a “performance-based” approach to transportation funding that prioritizes resource allocation consistent with Justice40 and United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.
【摘要翻译】
证据表明，步行友好性和绿地影响与出行相关的活动模式和车辆排放，这些因素进一步影响可持续性、公共健康和公平性。由此产生的身体活动水平、主动或久坐的出行时间影响肥胖、糖尿病和心脏病，这些健康问题又影响COVID-19的死亡率。现在，可以追踪已知影响可持续性和健康的本地控制土地使用特征的变化。这些信息可以为决策者提供所需的反馈，以在空间上优先考虑并更好地将州和国家资助的交通投资与本地批准的土地使用行动联系起来。将既定的基于健康公平指标的基准达成情况与资金相结合，建立了一种更基于绩效的方法，将土地使用与交通投资连接起来。本研究对2013年和2020年全美国普查区级别的邻里步行友好特征进行了纵向跟踪。开发了基于纵向波动性的变化检测模型，以检查步行友好性随时间变化如何与种族化和社会正义相关联。步行友好性随着时间的推移呈现上升趋势，并在大都市地区和城乡连续体上表现出显著差异。西太平洋和西北部州的步行友好性增加最大和最小，分别。在边缘化群体（如教育程度较低、年长、失业和黑人个体）中，获得更步行友好基础设施的种族和社会正义差距有所增加。步行友好性的空间分布显示出显著的异质性，超过了观察到的社会人口、区域和城乡因素的变化。研究结果突显了“环境监测”系统支持“基于绩效”的交通资金方法的潜力，该方法优先分配资源，与Justice40和联合国可持续发展目标一致。
44
Can smart cities improve energy resilience? Evidence from 229 cities in China
智慧城市能提高能源弹性吗？来自中国229个城市的证据
【摘要】
Energy security is a crucial component of national economic stability and growth. Given current technological limitations, improving management strategies is essential for safeguarding energy resources. Digital technologies play a pivotal role in enhancing management efficiency, thus contributing to energy security. As a key element of modernization, smart cities leverage digital solutions to drive urban development and have the potential to catalyze an energy revolution. Nevertheless, the relationship between energy security and smart cities remains underexplored, creating gaps in policy-making and implementation. This study, leveraging the smart city pilot policies enacted in 2012, 2013, and 2015, utilizes a sample of 229 prefecture-level cities covering the period from 2010 to 2020. Employing the Propensity Score Matched Difference-in-Differences (PSM-DID) model, the research assesses smart city policies’ impact on energy resilience. The results show that smart city policies significantly enhance energy resilience through three separate pathways: optimizing resource allocation, upgrading industrial structure, and promoting technological progress. Notably, smart city polices have more beneficial effects on the city characterized by low fiscal expenditure, being populous, resource-based, having high human capital, and being located in eastern region. This study aids in the improvement and promotion of smart city policies, thereby enhancing energy resilience and achieving sustainable urban development.
【摘要翻译】
能源安全是国家经济稳定与增长的关键组成部分。鉴于当前的技术限制，改善管理策略对于保障能源资源至关重要。数字技术在提高管理效率方面发挥着关键作用，从而有助于能源安全。作为现代化的一个重要元素，智慧城市利用数字解决方案推动城市发展，并有潜力催生能源革命。然而，能源安全与智慧城市之间的关系仍未得到充分探讨，导致政策制定和实施中存在空白。本研究利用2012年、2013年和2015年实施的智慧城市试点政策，选取了涵盖2010年至2020年期间的229个地级市作为样本。通过采用倾向得分匹配差分中的差分（PSM-DID）模型，评估智慧城市政策对能源韧性的影响。研究结果显示，智慧城市政策通过三条独立路径显著增强了能源韧性：优化资源配置、升级产业结构和促进技术进步。值得注意的是，智慧城市政策对财政支出低、人口众多、资源型、高人力资本以及位于东部地区的城市具有更显著的积极影响。本研究有助于改进和推广智慧城市政策，从而增强能源韧性，实现可持续的城市发展。
45
Assessing urban morphology's impact on solar potential of high-rise facades in Hong Kong using machine learning: An application for FIPV optimization
利用机器学习评估城市形态对香港高层建筑立面太阳能潜力的影响：用于FIPV优化的应用
【摘要】
The relationship between solar potential on building façade and urban morphology at urban scale remains unclear, and the design of façade integrated photovoltaic (FIPV) lacks evidence. This study investigates high-rise, high-density commercial districts in Hong Kong (HK), using Random Forest algorithm combined with the SHapley Additive exPlanations method to assess the importance of urban morphology on solar irradiance on building facades. The results indicate that plot ratio, building floor, building density, and perimeter shape factor are the four key parameters influencing solar irradiance, with the importance rate and contribution value of the four parameters reach 43.9 % and 48.7 %, respectively. Based on these parameters and actual urban blocks in HK, typical urban typologies were constructed. Four scenarios were generated with plot ratio as the control parameter. The positions, amounts, and transparency of PV glass on the south and east facades were optimized to minimize the payback period and maximize power generation, using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II algorithm. The south façade of Scenario 1 (when the heights of surrounding buildings are lower than that of the targeted building) obtained the optimal payback period (8.44 years) and power generation (55961 kWh), with 77 opaque PV panels and 49 semi-transparent ones.
【摘要翻译】
建筑立面上的太阳能潜力与城市尺度上的城市形态之间的关系尚不清楚，且立面集成光伏（FIPV）的设计缺乏实证依据。本研究采用随机森林算法结合Shapley加法解释方法，评估城市形态对香港（HK）高层高密度商业区建筑立面太阳辐射的重要性。结果表明，容积率、建筑层数、建筑密度和周长形状因子是影响太阳辐射的四个关键参数，这四个参数的重要性率和贡献值分别达到43.9%和48.7%。基于这些参数和香港的实际城市街区，构建了典型的城市类型。以容积率为控制参数生成了四种情景。使用非支配排序遗传算法 II 对南立面和东立面上的光伏玻璃的位置、数量和透明度进行了优化，以最小化回收期并最大化发电量。情景1（当周围建筑物的高度低于目标建筑物时）的南立面获得了最佳回收期（8.44年）和发电量（55961千瓦时），配置了77块不透明光伏板和49块半透明光伏板。
46
Drone Photogrammetry-based Wind Field Simulation for Climate Adaptation in Urban Environments
基于无人机摄影测量的城市环境气候适应风场模拟
【摘要】
Addressing climate change issues is one of the most important tasks within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Accurate and efficient simulation of wind fields within cities is essential for climate adaptation. Traditional simplified geometric model-based wind flow simulation can lead to significant errors, affecting the ability to develop effective urban climate strategies. This study addresses this limitation by introducing a novel workflow that leverages drone photogrammetry, deep learning, and geometric complexity quantification to create highly detailed 3D models of in-use building clusters within cities. These models are subsequently used for computational fluid dynamics simulations to accurately predict urban wind fields. The proposed method was validated on three real-world building clusters. Compared to traditional footprint extrusion models, the proposed method demonstrates an average error reduction of 29.2% in large eddy simulation cases and 17.6% in steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations cases. Meanwhile, the proposed model improved computational efficiency by an average of 33.7% in large eddy simulations compared to the flashy oblique photography model. The proposed method provides a balanced model of accuracy and efficiency for urban flow simulations. It has the potential to be incorporated into computational fluid dynamics best practice guidelines, thereby promoting the development of climate-resilient cities.
【摘要翻译】
应对气候变化问题是联合国可持续发展目标中最重要的任务之一。城市内风场的准确高效模拟对于气候适应至关重要。传统的基于简化几何模型的风流模拟可能导致显著误差，影响制定有效的城市气候策略的能力。本研究通过引入一种新颖的工作流程，结合无人机摄影测量、深度学习和几何复杂度量化，解决了这一局限性，以创建城市中正在使用的建筑群的高详细度三维模型。这些模型随后用于计算流体动力学模拟，以准确预测城市风场。所提出的方法在三个实际建筑群上进行了验证。与传统的足迹挤压模型相比，所提出的方法在大涡模拟案例中平均误差降低了29.2%，在稳态雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯方程案例中降低了17.6%。与此同时，与炫目的斜摄影模型相比，所提出的模型在大涡模拟中的计算效率平均提高了33.7%。该方法为城市流动模拟提供了准确性与效率的平衡模型，具有纳入计算流体动力学最佳实践指南的潜力，从而促进气候韧性城市的发展。
47
Spatiotemporal Estimation of Black Carbon Concentration in Tehran Using Aerosol Optical Depth Remote Sensing Data and Meteorological Parameters: Health Risk Assessment and Relationship with Green Spaces
使用气溶胶光学厚度遥感数据和气象参数对德黑兰黑碳浓度的时空估计：健康风险评估与绿地关系
【摘要】
Black Carbon (BC) is an atmospheric pollutant with considerable adverse effects on human health, increasing the chance of cardiovascular disorders, respiratory issues, and cancers in exposed individuals. Accordingly, studying BC in urban areas is essential for understanding its associated health risks. In this study, the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), along with in situ observations of BC concentration and meteorological parameters were utilized to estimate BC concentration in Tehran. In this regard, an ensemble machine learning algorithm, Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), was employed to estimate BC concentration from 2010 to 2021, enabling a spatiotemporal analysis of BC levels in Tehran. Subsequently, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of BC on children and adults were examined, as well as its relationship to urban green spaces. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Adjusted R-squared (R2adj), values for BC estimation ranged from 0.80 to 1.59 μg/m3, 0.59 to 1.10 μg/m3, and 0.70 to 0.94, respectively, indicating the promising performance of the GBM algorithm. The estimated annual average BC concentration over 11 years was 6.18± 2.46 μg/m3. Spatial variations in BC concentration and hotspot analysis at 99% and 95% confidence levels, showed that hotspots were primarily concentrated in the central and southern parts of Tehran. In contrast, cold spots were more scattered across the western and northeastern parts of the city. The cancer risk (CR) from BC exposure exceeded the recommended risk levels (1 × 10⁻⁶ to 1 × 10⁻⁴) established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), demonstrating severe health risks for people in Tehran exposed to the current levels of BC concentrations. The average Hazard Quotient (HQ) value across all areas of Tehran was below the threshold value of 1, indicating that the non-carcinogenic health risk remains within acceptable limits. Results regarding green spaces indicated that greenery significantly influences BC concentration, revealing a negative correlation between green space coverage and BC concentration.
【摘要翻译】
黑炭（BC）是一种大气污染物，对人类健康有显著的不利影响，增加了暴露个体发生心血管疾病、呼吸问题和癌症的风险。因此，研究城市地区的BC对于理解其相关健康风险至关重要。本研究利用多角度大气校正实施（MAIAC）从中等分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）获取的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）遥感数据，以及现场观测的BC浓度和气象参数，估算了德黑兰的BC浓度。在此过程中，采用了集成机器学习算法——梯度提升机（GBM），对2010年至2021年的BC浓度进行了估算，实现了德黑兰BC水平的时空分析。随后，研究了BC对儿童和成人的致癌和非致癌影响，以及其与城市绿地的关系。BC估算的均方根误差（RMSE）、平均绝对误差（MAE）和调整后的R平方（R²_adj）值分别在0.80至1.59 μg/m³、0.59至1.10 μg/m³和0.70至0.94之间，表明GBM算法表现出良好的性能。11年期间估算的年平均BC浓度为6.18±2.46 μg/m³。BC浓度的空间变化和在99%及95%置信水平下的热点分析显示，热点主要集中在德黑兰的中部和南部地区。相反，冷点则更分散地分布在城市的西部和东北部。BC暴露导致的癌症风险（CR）超过了美国环保局（US EPA）设定的推荐风险水平（1 × 10⁻⁶至1 × 10⁻⁴），表明德黑兰居民在当前BC浓度水平下面临严重的健康风险。德黑兰所有区域的平均危害商数（HQ）值低于阈值1，表明非致癌健康风险仍在可接受范围内。关于绿地的结果表明，绿化显著影响BC浓度，揭示了绿地覆盖率与BC浓度之间的负相关关系。
48
Block-level spatial integration of population density, social vulnerability, and heavy precipitation reveals intensified urban flooding risk
街区级人口密度、社会脆弱性与强降水的空间整合揭示了城市洪水风险的加剧
【摘要】
Under the context of global warming and rapid urbanization, cities worldwide confront the pressing problem of urban waterlogging, hindering progress towards Sustainable Development Goals. Effective planning and mitigation of urban flooding require a comprehensive understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall and risk heterogeneity. However, evaluating urban water-logging risk is challenged by the need for city-scale hydrological simulation and generally lacks comprehensive metrics integrating fine-scale datasets. To address these gaps, we developed a simulation method for urban flood hazards by integrating hydrological models and Random Forest algorithms. We then took Shenzhen, a megacity in China, as a case study, and investigated the spatial patterns of urban flooding risk and its determinants at the block level based on the risk assessment framework represented by Hazards-Exposure-Vulnerability (H-E-V) dimensions. We found that socio-economic indicators exhibited spatial clustering, while hazard-related indicators displayed more dispersed patterns. High-risk areas exhibited a highly heterogeneous spatial pattern, predominantly influenced by vulnerability and exposure factors, as well as the spatial mismatch among the three dimensions. Our results emphasize the importance of integrating spatial heterogeneity of exposure and vulnerability into climate adaptation resource allocation, addressing both current and future demands for effective climate mitigation.
【摘要翻译】
在全球变暖和快速城市化的背景下，全球各地的城市面临着城市内涝的紧迫问题，这阻碍了实现可持续发展目标的进展。有效的城市洪水规划和缓解需要对降雨的时空模式及风险异质性有全面的理解。然而，评估城市内涝风险面临城市尺度水文模拟的需求，并且通常缺乏整合细尺度数据集的综合指标。为了解决这些问题，我们开发了一种通过整合水文模型和随机森林算法的城市洪水灾害模拟方法。随后，我们以中国的特大城市深圳为案例，基于以灾害-暴露-脆弱性（H-E-V）维度表示的风险评估框架，研究了街区层面的城市洪水风险空间模式及其决定因素。研究发现，社会经济指标表现出空间聚集性，而与灾害相关的指标则显示出更为分散的模式。高风险区域表现出高度异质的空间模式，主要受到脆弱性和暴露因素的影响，以及三个维度之间的空间不匹配。我们的结果强调了将暴露和脆弱性的空间异质性纳入气候适应资源分配的重要性，以应对当前和未来对有效气候缓解的需求。
49
Exploring the equitable spatial planning on the accessibility of institutional elderly care in megacity: A study based on Chengdu, China
探讨大都市中机构养老护理可及性的公平空间规划：以中国成都为例
【摘要】
Mega-cities, while leveraging large populations for development, need to rationally plan spatial resources, especially for optimizing elderly care services. This study uses Chengdu, Sichuan Province, introducing factors such as accessibility of elderly-friendly medical institutions, weighted built environment factors, and selection influence factors considering service capacity levels and residents' maximum travel time into an improved potential model to explore the accessibility of elderly care services. The study found that the outskirts of Chengdu have a higher aging population, while the central city and its surrounding areas have a larger older population but lower aging rates. Elderly care facilities are mainly small and medium-sized, exhibiting a radial layout centered around the main urban area. The overall level of spatial accessibility to elderly care service resources is relatively low. The central city and its surrounding areas form high-accessibility zones, while the remote suburbs have large areas of low accessibility and scattered high-accessibility points. Based on the findings, four areas for future urban planning and resource allocation were identified: development retention areas, urgent optimization areas, configuration compensation areas, and remote special areas. This study provides new insights into the classification of elderly care resource accessibility and fairness evaluation, offering a reference for planning studies in other mega-cities.
【摘要翻译】
特大城市在利用庞大人口促进发展的同时，需要合理规划空间资源，尤其是在优化养老服务方面。本研究以四川省成都为例，引入养老友好型医疗机构的可及性、加权建成环境因素以及考虑服务能力水平和居民最大出行时间的选择影响因素，构建了一个改进的潜力模型，以探索养老服务的可及性。研究发现，成都的郊区老龄人口较多，而中心城区及其周边地区老年人口规模较大但老龄化率较低。养老设施主要为中小型，呈现以主城区为中心的径向布局。养老服务资源的空间可及性整体水平较低。中心城区及其周边地区形成了高可及性区域，而偏远郊区则存在大面积的低可及性区域和分散的高可及性点。基于研究结果，确定了未来城市规划和资源分配的四个重点区域：发展保留区、紧急优化区、配置补偿区和偏远特定区。本研究为养老资源可及性的分类和公平性评估提供了新的见解，并为其他特大城市的规划研究提供了参考。
50
Generation of heat and electricity load profiles with high temporal resolution for Urban Energy Units using open geodata
使用开放地理数据为城市能源单元生成高时间分辨率的热电负荷曲线
【摘要】
Urban areas account for up to 87% of global energy consumption, with around a third of CO2 emissions from the building sector. Germany recently enacted a law targeting carbon neutrality in heating by 2045, requiring all municipalities to submit transformation plans for their heating infrastructure. Many are in early stages and need innovative methods to achieve these goals. This study proposes an automated GIS based approach to generate heat and electricity load profiles for geographically referenced residential buildings and districts in Germany, using only open data. The methodology offers hourly temporal resolution and spatial detail from individual buildings to Urban Energy Units (UEUs), a concept introduced in prior studies. Nine distinct heating load profiles and nine electricity load profiles were identified. These profiles can adapt to different weather datasets and to three building refurbishment scenarios. The methodology and energy analysis were applied to a district in Oldenburg, Germany, demonstrating the model’s flexibility under varying boundary conditions. For this district, the analysis revealed a total heat demand of 9.9 ± 7 GWh/a and an electricity demand of 2.3 ± 0.126 GWh/a, with respective errors of 45% and 39% when compared to other local data, this demand is presented in both yearly and hourly resolutions. This methodology intends to support German municipalities by accelerating the initial phases of the municipal heating plans and deliver high-quality data on building heat and electricity demand.
【摘要翻译】
城市地区的能源消耗占全球能源消耗的高达87%，其中约三分之一的二氧化碳排放来自建筑部门。德国最近颁布了一项法律，目标是在2045年前实现供暖碳中和，要求所有市政当局提交其供暖基础设施的转型计划。许多市政当局尚处于初期阶段，需要创新的方法来实现这些目标。本研究提出了一种基于地理信息系统（GIS）的自动化方法，利用开放数据生成德国地理参考的住宅建筑和区域的供热和电力负荷曲线。该方法提供了从单个建筑到城市能源单元（UEUs）的小时级时间分辨率和空间细节，这是先前研究中引入的概念。研究识别了九种不同的供热负荷曲线和九种电力负荷曲线。这些曲线可以适应不同的天气数据集和三种建筑翻新情景。该方法论和能源分析应用于德国奥尔登堡的一个区域，展示了模型在不同边界条件下的灵活性。对于该区域，分析显示总热需求为9.9 ± 7 GWh/a，电力需求为2.3 ± 0.126 GWh/a，与其他本地数据相比，分别存在45%和39%的误差，这些需求以年度和小时级别呈现。该方法旨在通过加速市政供暖计划的初始阶段，为德国市政当局提供支持，并提供有关建筑供热和电力需求的高质量数据。
51
A new integrated system for carbon capture and clean hydrogen production for sustainable societal utilization
一种用于可持续社会利用的碳捕集与清洁氢气生产的新型集成系统
【摘要】
Both hydrogen production and carbon dioxide removal are considered in this study as two of the critical pieces to achieve the ultimate sustainability target. This study proposes and investigates a new variation of potassium hydroxide thermochemical cycle in order to combine hydrogen production and carbon dioxide removal synergistically. An alkali metal redox thermochemical cycle is developed to utilize the potassium hydroxide uniquely through a nonequilibrium reaction. Also, the multigeneration options are explored by employing two-stage steam Rankine cycle, multi-effect distillation desalination, and Li-Br absorption chiller, which is integrated with potassium hydroxide thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production, carbon capture, power generation, water desalination, and cooling purposes. A comparative assessment under different scenarios is carried out. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the hydrogen production thermochemical cycle are found to be 44.2 % and 67.66 % when the hydrogen generation reaction is carried out at 180 °C and the separation reactor temperature is set at 400 °C. Among the multigeneration scenarios considered, a trigeneration option for producing hydrogen, power and freshwater provides the highest energy efficiency as 66.02 %.
【摘要翻译】
本研究将氢气生产和二氧化碳去除视为实现最终可持续性目标的两个关键组成部分。研究提出并探讨了一种新的氢氧化钾热化学循环变体，旨在通过协同作用将氢气生产和二氧化碳去除结合起来。开发了一种碱金属氧还原热化学循环，通过非平衡反应独特地利用氢氧化钾。此外，研究还通过采用两级蒸汽兰金循环、多效蒸馏海水淡化技术和锂溴吸收式制冷机，探索了多重能源利用方案，这些方案与氢氧化钾热化学循环相结合，实现氢气生产、二氧化碳捕获、发电、海水淡化和制冷目的。研究在不同情景下进行了比较评估。结果表明，当氢气生成反应在180°C进行且分离反应器温度设定为400°C时，氢气生产热化学循环的能效和外能效分别为44.2%和67.66%。在考虑的多重能源利用方案中，生产氢气、电力和淡水的三重能源利用方案提供了最高的能效，为66.02%。
52
China's newest design of apartment buildings with modernized façade: A comparative evaluation of its energy performance in five major climate zones
中国最新设计的现代化立面公寓建筑：在五大气候区能源性能的比较评估
【摘要】
Many studies have indicated that the energy efficiency of residential buildings can greatly mitigate energy shortages and environmental problems. High window-to-wall ratio, flat geometric shape, and open space layout are the key characteristics of apartment buildings with modernized façade (ABMF), and the major design trend dominating China's housing market. This study aims to understand the isolated effects of these three design factors on the energy performance of ABMF in five major climate zones using a parametric performance design method. Three important findings were concluded: 1) the energy use intensity (EUI) of ABMF showed a positive relationship to the window-to-wall ratio in five climate zones. Qingdao in Cold Region (2.12 kWh/m2) and Kunming in Temperate Region (1.04 kWh/m2) exhibited lowest average increase in EUI; 2) the reduction of EUI was twice as much in Kunming than in the other four cities, when the aspect ratio of ABMF changed from 1.75 to 0.95; 3) the ‘exterior-side hall’ was the most energy-efficient layout in the five cities. This study is the first to investigate the energy performance of the newest apartment design and hopefully can attract more studies to explore the suitability of ABMF for the sustainable development of China's housing market.
【摘要翻译】
许多研究表明，住宅建筑的能源效率可以大大缓解能源短缺和环境问题。高窗墙比、平坦的几何形状和开放的空间布局是现代化立面公寓建筑（ABMF）的关键特征，也是主导中国住房市场的主要设计趋势。本研究旨在通过参数化性能设计方法，了解这三个设计因素在五个主要气候区对ABMF能源性能的独立影响。研究得出三个重要结论：（1）
在五个气候区内，ABMF的能源使用强度（EUI）与窗墙比呈正相关关系。冷区的青岛（2.12 kWh/m²）和温带区的昆明（1.04 kWh/m²）表现出EUI平均增长最低；（2）当ABMF的长宽比从1.75变为0.95时，昆明的EUI降低幅度是其他四个城市的两倍；（3）在五个城市中，“外侧大厅”是最节能的布局。
本研究是首个探讨最新公寓设计能源性能的研究，希望能够吸引更多研究，探索ABMF在中国住房市场可持续发展中的适用性。
53
Combining geographic information and climate data to develop urban building energy prediction models in Taichung, Taiwan
结合地理信息与气候数据在台湾台中市开发城市建筑能源预测模型
【摘要】
Climate change in Taiwan has extended and intensified the summer season, leading to a notable surge in energy demand for cooling systems, especially in densely populated regions. Building energy usage is directly correlated with cooling degree hours (CDHs), representing the hourly temperature differential between indoors and outdoors. This study employed high-resolution Taiwan ReAnalysis Downscaling (TReAD) data to develop an urban energy prediction model focusing on localized cooling demand in central Taiwan's urban areas. Validated against actual electricity consumption data, the model achieved an R2 value of 0.76. The study reveals that urban areas exhibit a high cooling demand during the hot season, exceeding 25,000 °C-h and with an annual energy consumption of 44–64 kWh/m2. Conversely, rural areas have a lower cooling demand – that is, below 8,000 °C-h, with an annual energy consumption of <10 kWh/m2.
Considering the IPCC's RCP8.5 warming scenario, October shows a 20–40 % increase in cooling demand compared to July and May. This underscores the need to address rising energy consumption especially during the early and late stages of the hot season in response to climate change.
【摘要翻译】
台湾的气候变化延长并加剧了夏季，使得对冷却系统的能源需求显著增加，尤其是在密集人口区域。建筑能源使用与冷却度小时（CDHs）直接相关，CDHs代表室内外温度差的每小时积累值。本研究利用高分辨率的台湾再分析下尺度（TReAD）数据，开发了一个城市能源预测模型，重点关注台湾中部城市区域的局部冷却需求。该模型经过实际电力消耗数据的验证，R²值达到0.76。研究显示，城市地区在炎热季节表现出高冷却需求，超过25,000°C-h，年能源消耗为44–64 kWh/m²。相反，农村地区的冷却需求较低，即低于8,000°C-h，年能源消耗小于10 kWh/m²。
考虑到IPCC的RCP8.5变暖情景，十月份的冷却需求比七月和五月增加了20–40%。这强调了在应对气候变化时，特别是在炎热季节的早期和晚期阶段，需要解决不断上升的能源消耗问题。
54
Embodied carbon benchmarks of single-family residential buildings in the United States
美国单户住宅建筑的内嵌碳基准
【摘要】
The objective of this work was to define and implement a methodology for establishing theoretical, science-based embodied carbon benchmarks for single-family, detached residential buildings based on the United States Department of Energy prototype single-family residential building energy models. The expected differences in materiality across 16 climate zones and 4 foundation types resulted in 64 archetypical single-family residential building models. Probabilistic life cycle assessment was applied to a material quantity takeoff of each building model to approximate each building model's material use intensity (MUI, kg/m2) and embodied carbon intensity (ECI, kgCO2e/m2). The results indicate that average MUIs range from 185 to 346 kg/m2 and average ECIs ranged from 39 to 121 kgCO2e/m2. The choice of life cycle assessment (LCA) data had a significant impact on the ECI results. More specifically, ECIs calculated using One Click LCA were approximately 7 % and 44 % higher than those from Tally and Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings (Athena), respectively. When accounting for theoretical maximum biogenic CO2 storage (not including end-of-life treatment), all net CO2 emissions intensities computed using Athena were negative, indicating that the buildings were net-CO2 storing. When using One Click or Tally, 28 % and 50 % of the building models were net-CO2 storing, respectively. The results presented herein can be used to establish theoretical, science-based embodied carbon benchmarks for single-family residential buildings in the United States. In addition, the methodology could be adopted by entities seeking to establish building-related embodied carbon emissions reduction targets.
【摘要翻译】
本研究的目标是基于美国能源部的原型独立式单户住宅建筑能耗模型，定义并实施一种方法，以建立单户独立住宅的理论性、科学性内蕴碳基准。由于16个气候区和4种基础类型在材料使用上的预期差异，最终形成了64个典型单户住宅建筑模型。对每个建筑模型的材料数量进行概率性生命周期评估，以估算每个建筑模型的材料使用强度（MUI，kg/m²）和内蕴碳强度（ECI，kgCO₂e/m²）。结果表明，平均MUI范围为185至346 kg/m²，平均ECI范围为39至121 kgCO₂e/m²。生命周期评估（LCA）数据的选择对ECI结果产生了显著影响。具体而言，使用One Click LCA计算的ECI比使用Tally和Athena建筑影响评估器（Athena）计算的结果分别高约7%和44%。在考虑理论最大生物碳储存（不包括生命周期终结处理）的情况下，使用Athena计算的所有净CO₂排放强度均为负值，表明这些建筑实现了净碳储存。而使用One Click或Tally时，分别有28%和50%的建筑模型实现了净碳储存。本文所呈现的结果可用于在美国建立单户住宅建筑的理论性、科学性内蕴碳基准。此外，该方法论还可被希望设定建筑相关内蕴碳排放减少目标的实体所采用。
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