IntroductionOther Section

Ethnic differences in a number of radiological features related to spine degeneration have been studied between Caucasians and East Asians. In a study comparing radiographic vertebral fragility fracture (FF) rates in age-matched Hong Kong (HK) Chinese women and Italian Caucasian women (mean: 74.1 years), endplate and/or vertebral cortex fracture prevalence was 26% for Chinese and 47% for Italian. Vertebral FF in Italian subjects were more likely to be multiple and generally more severe (1). The prevalence of clinical vertebral FF is also much higher among Caucasian men and women than among East Asian men and women (2-4). Yoshimura et al. (5) examined the radiographs of residents in the UK and residents in Japan (aged 60–79 years). British subjects were noted to be much more likely to have lumbar spine radiographs osteoarthritic changes graded as Kellgren-Lawrence 4 severity. In a paired analysis of spine radiographs of age-matched older HK Chinese women and older Italian Caucasian women (mean age: 73.6 years), Italian subjects were noted more likely to have thoracic spine hyper-kyphosis (53.4% vs. 25.6%), OA wedging (OAw, 6.4% vs. 0.67%), Schmorl node (19.5% vs. 4.4%) (6). Italian Caucasian women were also noted to have higher scores for lumbar disc height loss (Italian, 3.6±2.8 vs. HK 2.5±2.1); lumbar antero/retrolisthesis (Italian 0.3±0.7 vs. HK 0.2±0.4); and end plate sclerosis (Italian 1.0±1.2 vs. HK 0.6±1.0) (7). Lumbar spondylolisthesis has also been noted to be relatively low among Japanese and Thais than among Caucasians (3). However, it was demonstrated that lumbar marrow fat content, which has been suggested to be associated with fragility, is not higher among older Italian women than among older Chinese women (8).

Compared with Caucasians, Chinese/Asians are known to have a lower incidence rate of back pain (9-12). From U.S. national surveys 2002, Deyo et al. (9) estimated back pain prevalence and clinics visit rates and showed that, among racial groups, Asian Americans had the lowest prevalence. Waterman et al. (10) queried National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (USA) for all cases of low back pain presenting to emergency departments between 2004 and 2008. They found that the per 1,000 person-years low back pain incident rates were 1.23 among whites, while only 0.20 among Asians. Mailis-Gagnon et al. (11) collected data on new patients over a three-year period at the Comprehensive Pain Program in downtown Toronto. They noted the East Asian group (primarily Chinese) was the most underrepresented (1.6% of the Comprehensive Pain Program population), despite that this group accounted for 9% of the population in Toronto and 6.01% of the Greater Toronto Area population. This lower back pain prevalence among Chinese/Asians is likely associated with the lower spine fracture prevalence and fewer and less severe spin degeneration changes.

There have been more studies conducted on East Asian populations, but few studies conducted on Southeast East populations. The primary aim of this study is to understand, whether the spine degeneration profile of Southeast East population is similar to Chinese population, and thus with a lower prevalence than that of Caucasian populations.

MethodsOther Section

This is part of the Asian Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (AVOS), with the study protocol approved by the local institutional ethics committees. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The recruitment plans were designed so that the participants would represent the general elderly population in age and gender proportion of their respective communities. Data collection was conducted from Aug 15, 2001, to Dec 11, 2005. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.

According to the initial plan, both Thailand and Indonesia were required to recruit 400 ambulatory community-dwelling subjects (200 males and 200 females), half of whom would be aged 65–74 years and the other half would be aged ≥75 years. Participants were all ethnic Thai (for Thailand) or Indonesians (for Indonesia). Subjects were recruited in urban and rural area community centres (13). For the study participants, radiographic films of the lateral thoracic and lumbar spine were taken with a tube-to-film distance of 100 cm, with thoracic films centred at T8 and lumbar films centred at L3. Chinese data were from the Osteoporosis Fracture in Women (MsOS) and Osteoporosis Fracture in Men (MrOS) HK Study baseline data (14). Aged-matched Chinese spine radiographs were randomly selected from the data pool of 2,000 female and 2,000 male participants. After excluding spine radiographs with insufficient image quality, included in the final analysis were 195 Thai women (mean: 73.6±5.3 years), 202 Thai men (mean: 73.7±6.0 years), 227 Indonesian women (mean: 70.5±5.9 years), and 174 Indonesian men (mean: 70.2±4.9 years). Questionnaires of physical and mental 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) as well as Physical Activity Screening for Elderly score (PASE) were administered to all study participants. In addition, the information of ‘past longest occupation being a farmer’ was also collected (13).

Spine radiographs from the three geographic regions were mixed, and images were jointly read by a radiology trainee (S.N.T.) and a specialist radiologist (Y.X.J.W.), with consensus all achieved. This study evaluated six radiographic features of spine degeneration, including kyphosis, OAw, acquired short vertebrae (SVa), general osteophyte formation, lumbar disc space narrowing, and lumbar spondylolisthesis (Figure 1). Subjectively evaluated hyper-kyphosis included both thoracic spine hyper-kyphosis kyphosis and thoracolumbar junction hyper-kyphosis. OAw was diagnosed according to Abdel-Hamid Osman et al. (15), typically appearing as anterior wedging and with osteophyte and intervertebral disc space narrowing involving at least two adjacent vertebrae. SVa were vertebral deformity with middle vertebra height and anterior vertebra height reduced to a similar extent, and these vertebrae commonly had an anteroposteriorly elongated shape (16,17). SVa is assumed to be mostly associated with degenerative endplatitis (17). Generalized osteophyte formation had at least three adjacent inter-vertebral spaces, i.e., four vertebrae, involved while excluding ankylosing spondylitis. Lumbar disc space narrowing was evaluated from L1/L2 to L4/L5 disc space and was subdivided into three categories: grade 1 (<30% reduction in disc height), grade 2 (30–60% reduction in disc height), grade 3 (>60% reduction in disc height) (18). Lumbar spondylolisthesis was evaluated from L1/L2 to L5/S1 disc space, and the direction of spondylolisthesis (antero/retrolisthesis) was also recorded. The grading of spondylolisthesis was estimated using the Meyerding classification: grade 0, no slip; grade I, ≥5% and <25%; grade II, 26–50%; grade III, 51–75%; grade IV, 76–100%; and grade V, complete slippage.

Figure 1 Examples of spine radiographic degenerative features. (A) A spine of normal morphology and physiological curve; (B) thoracolumbar junction hyper-kyphosis (arrow); (C) mid-thoracic spine osteoarthritic wedging (arrows) and hyper-kyphosis; (D) lower thoracic spine osteoarthritic wedging (arrows) and hyper-kyphosis; (E) a case with acquired short vertebrae and general osteophyte formation; (F) lumbar spondylolisthesis (grade 1 anterolisthesis, arrow); (G) lumber disc space narrowing (grade 1, arrow). (H) Lumber disc space narrowing (grade 2, arrows); (I) lumber disc space narrowing (grade 3, arrow).

Data analysis was processed using GraphPad Software (GraphPad Software Inc. San Diego, USA). Thais and Indonesians were both classified as Southeast Asians. Categorical variables were analysed by the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Paired-samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used for the comparison of spine degeneration scores between age-matched populations. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant, >0.1 as not significant, and between 0.05 and 0.1 as with a trend of significance.

ResultsOther Section

The general physical and mental health survey results and the former occupation history are shown in Table 1. There was no apparent difference in SF-12 physical and mental scores among Chinese, Thai, and Indonesians, both for women and for men. PASE score was higher among Chinese women, but there was no apparent difference among men. Both Thai women and men had a higher proportion with the past longest occupation being a farmer.

Table 1

SF-12 physical and mental, PASE, and longest occupation characteristics of study participants

Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation or positive cases (percentage). Longest occupation: past longest occupation being a farmer. PASE: physical activity screening for elderly. SF-12, 12-Item Short Form Survey; PASE, Physical Activity Screening for Elderly score; HK, Hong Kong; Thai, Thailand; Indo, Indonesians; N/A, not applicable.

With HK data used as the reference, radiographic spine degeneration comparisons between three regions are summarized in Figure 2, Table 2. Pooling together the female data and male data, HK Chinese had a higher prevalence of hyper-kyphosis (Chinese: 24.9% vs. Southeast Asians 16.4%, P<0.001), a higher prevalence of OAw (2.4% vs. 0.9%, P=0.018), a higher prevalence of general osteophyte formation (15.3%, vs. 10.5%, P=0.005), a higher prevalence of lumber disc space narrowing (27.6% vs. 20.3%, P=0.001), a higher prevalence of lumbar spondylolisthesis (20.7% vs. 15.3%, P= 0.005). The trends were the same for the sub-group data analyses. However, there was no statistically significant difference in SVa prevalence among HK Chinese and Southeast Asians.

Figure 2 One-to-one matched subgroup comparison of six spine degenerative features. Except acquired short vertebrae (short vertebrae), HK Chinese show an overall higher prevalence of spine degenerative changes than Thais or Indo, both for F and M. HK, Hong Kong; F, women; Thai, Thailand; Indo, Indonesians; M, men; OA wedging, osteoarthritic wedging.

Table 2

Comparison of prevalence of thoracolumbar spine degenerative features between female and male age-matched cases from Hong Kong and Southeast Asian countries

Data are represented as positive cases (percentage). Thai, Thailand; Indo, Indonesians; yrs, years; OAw, osteoarthritic wedging; SVa, acquired short vertebrae.

A further comparison was conducted between Thais and Indonesians, where Thai participants and Indonesian participants were age-matched with allowing + one year or -one year difference, and the results are shown in Figure 3 and Table 3. For general osteophyte formation, lumbar disc space narrowing, and lumbar spondylolisthesis, an even lower prevalence was noted among Indonesians than among Thais.

Figure 3 One-to-one matched comparison of general osteophyte formation (A), lumber disc space narrowing (B), and lumbar spondylolisthesis (C) between Thais and Indo. Indonesians show a lower prevalence of these degenerative changes both for F and M. Thai, Thailand; F, women; Indo, Indonesians; M, men.

Table 3

Comparison of spine degenerative features between Thailand and Indonesia based on age-matched cases (±1 years).

Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation or positive cases (percentage). P values are calculated by comparing Thais and Indo. Thai, Thailand; Indo, Indonesians.

Lumbar disc space narrowing had the highest prevalence at the L4/L5 level (L1/S1 not evacuated), this was the same for Chinese and for Southeast Asians (Figure 4). The prevalence of lumber disc space narrowing was higher among Chinese than among Indonesians at each vertebral level (Figure 4, Table 4). Lumbar spondylolisthesis had the highest prevalence at the L4/L5 level, this was the same for Chinese and for Southeast Asians (Figure 5). Anterolisthesis was the dominant lumber vertebral spondylolisthesis among both Chinese and Southeast Asians, and the majority were grade I spondylolisthesis for all subgroups (Table 5). The prevalence of lumbar spondylolisthesis was higher among Chinese than among Indonesians.

Figure 4 Lumber disc space narrowing (all grades) at four-disc levels. The highest prevalence is noted at L4/L5 level. A higher prevalence of lumber disc space narrowing is noted for HK Chinese than for Indo at the levels. However, the difference between HK Chinese and Thais is less notable. HK, Hong Kong; F, women; Thai, Thailand; Indo, Indonesians; M, men.

Table 4

Comparison of severity of lumbar disc space narrowing among Hong Kong Chinese, Thais, and Indonesians.

Data are represented as positive cases (percentage). G, grade of lumbar disc space narrowing. HK, Hong Kong; Thai, Thailand; Indo, Indonesians.

Figure 5 Lumbar spondylolisthesis (both antero- and retro-listhesis) at five-disc levels. The highest prevalence is at L4/L5 level. A higher prevalence of lumber spondylolisthesis narrowing is noted for HK Chinese than for Indo, both for F and M. However, the difference between HK Chinese and Thais is minimal. HK, Hong Kong; F, women; Thai, Thailand; Indo, Indonesians; M, men.

Table 5

Comparison of severity of lumbar spondylolisthesis between Hong Kong Chinese, Thais, and Indonesians.

Data are represented as positive cases (percentage). HK, Hong Kong; Thai, Thailand; Indo, Indonesians.

DiscussionOther Section

Using HK Chinese as the reference and using Thais and Indonesians as examples for Southeast Asians, this study demonstrated that older Southeast Asians suffer fewer spine degenerations than Chinese. More interestingly, Indonesians who inhabit an even warmer climate than Thais, demonstrated even fewer spine degenerations than Thais in terms of general osteophyte formation, lumbar space narrowing, and lumbar spondylolisthesis. That consistent patterns were observed both for men and for women and there was a decreasing gradient from Chinese to Thais to Indonesians mitigate the possibility of sampling bias. It has been well acknowledged that populations originating from sub-Saharan African regions have stronger spine/bones (19-23). In Europe, it has been well noted that Mediterranean Europeans have better overall bone health than northern Europeans. The hip fracture incidence rates are the highest in the Scandinavian countries particularly those of Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland, while lower among Southern Europeans (24,25). Lucas et al. (25) predicted that, the maximum hip fracture incidence rate (per 100,000 subjects) is 1389.8 for Swedish women and 1,089.7 for Danish women (742.4 for Swedish men, 551.1 for Danish men), 376.0 for Portuguese women and 420.0 for Spanish women (156.9 for Portuguese men, and 195.0 for Spanish men). With the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (EVOS) data, O'Neill et al. (26) described that radiographic vertebral deformity prevalence was highest in the Scandinavian populations. In the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS), Felsenberg et al. (27) described that age-standardized incidence of morphometric vertebral fracture was 17.7 and 7.3 per 1,000 person-years for older Scandinavia women and men, and 10.2 and 3.6 per 1,000 person-years for older Southern Europeans. Taking the results from Europe and the results in this study together, we postulate that populations from a warmer climate have better spine health. Moreover, ‘spine health’ may not be a standalone phenomenon, instead, spine health is related to the overall general bone health of the population (28). For example, the ratio of spine FF risk to hip FF is consistent among East Asian populations and among Caucasian populations (29). Nevitt et al. (30) reported Chinese have a lower age-standardized prevalence of radiographic hip osteoarthritis, compared with Caucasians in the US. Zhang et al. (31) also reported a lower prevalence of hand osteoarthritis among Chinese, compared with Caucasians in the US.

The difference gradients are likely sharper for the Caucasians-Chinese comparison than for the Chinese-Southeast Asians comparison. Older Italian women and HK Chinese women had spine hyper-kyphosis prevalence of 53.4% and 25.6% respectively (6); while in this study HK Chinese women and Indonesian women had spine hyper-kyphosis prevalence of 23.8% and 17.6% respectively. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) for American women (mean age: 71.5 years) reported a spondylolisthesis prevalence of 43.1% while MsOS HK study for Chinese women reported spondylolisthesis prevalence of 25.0% (mean age: 72.6 years) (32,33). MrOS USA for American men (mean age: 74.0 years) reported a spondylolisthesis prevalence of 31% while MrOS HK for Chinese men reported spondylolisthesis prevalence of 19.1% (mean age: 72.4 years) (32-34). In this study, the spondylolisthesis prevalences among Thai women and men were similar to the HK Chinese. That Thai women have similar spondylolisthesis prevalence as those of Chinese women and Japanese women has been reported earlier (35,36).

Both Lumber disc space narrowing and lumber spondylolisthesis had the highest prevalence at the L4/L5 level for both Chinese and Southeast Asians. These are consistent with many earlier reports with various ethnic groups. Consistent with earlier reports (17), a trend was noted that SVa prevalence was higher among men than among women, this was the same for Chinese, Thais, and Indonesians. It was earlier noted that there was no difference in SVa prevalence between older Italian women and older HK Chinese women (6).

Spinal degeneration prevalence and severity differences observed between HK Chinese and Southeast Asians may be a result of racial or genetic factors related to ethnicity, as well as other physical, social, cultural, and economic differences related to their place of residence. We further postulate that biological contributors (genetic factors) dominantly cause these differences between Chinese and Southeast Asians. Previous studies have demonstrated heritable genetic contributions to spine degeneration (37-39). In comparison with Caucasian women, Walker et al. (40) noted that postmenopausal Chinese women have a higher trabecular plate-to-rod ratio and greater whole bone stiffness, translating into a greater trabecular mechanical competence. Within the United States, a much lower hip fracture rate among older Asians than among older Caucasians has been consistently observed, while these comparisons were less affected by lifestyle differences. HK Chinese and Chinese in the United States both have a hip fracture prevalence of no more than half of that of Caucasians (22,41). Ross et al. (42) described that, although the lifestyle of the Hawaii Japanese is more westernized than Okinawa Japanese, the hip fracture rates of Hawaii Japanese and Okinawa Japanese are almost the same. Among Scandinavian countries, Lucas et al. (25) predicted that, the maximum hip fracture incidence rate (per 100,000 subjects) was 649.5 for Finn women (Finn men: 429.8), which is much lower than the rate of 1,389.8 for Swedish women (Swedish men: 742.4) and the rate of 1,089.7 for Danish women (Danish men: 551.1). It is assumed that Finish people (Finns) originated between the Volga, Oka, and Kama rivers in what is now Russia. They moved towards the Baltic Sea area in 1,250–1,000 BC. It has been well documented that Thais had an influx of population from southern China. Thais also on average tend to have fairer skin than Indonesians. ‘That populations from a warmer climate have better spine health’ may be more of a result of evolutional adaptation, rather than the direct result of a warmer environment and more sunshine.

There are a number of limitations to this study. The main limitation is the sample sizes are relatively small, with approximately 200 cases per ethnic and gender group. These sample sizes cannot detect small or subtle differences reliably, and this is further complicated by the subjectivities associated with radiographic sign assessment. Thus, while the trends were consistent for the majority of comparisons, in a few comparisons the trends were not consistent. Moreover, to achieve statistical significance in some aspects, we attempted to combine the male and female data together and also combine the Thai data and Indonesian data together. This study was conducted by subjectively determining the existence or absence of spine degenerative features. It is possible the subjectivity associated with our results may not allow inter-study comparisons; however, we trust the results of intra-study comparisons remain valid. As noted above, that consistent patterns were observed both for men and for women and there was a decreasing gradient from Chinese to Thais to Indonesians mitigate the possibility of sampling bias. Though we used population-based and age-match pairs, not all factors were well-matched for all the study participants. PASE score was higher among Chinese women. Both Thai women and men had a higher proportion with the past longest occupation being a farmer. Few HK Chinese in this study had an occupation being a farmer. These factors might not have majorly affected the results of the current study. Actually, earlier studies suggest that manual labour activities increase the prevalence of spine degeneration (43,44). Another limitation is that, for Southeast Asia countries, we only studied Thais and Indonesians.

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that older Southeast Asians have a lower prevalence of spine degenerations than Chinese. Indonesians demonstrate an even lower prevalence of spine degenerations than Thais in general osteophyte formation, lumbar space narrowing, and lumbar spondylolisthesis. Our results suggest populations from a warmer climate have better spine health. The observed differences may reflect a foundational background influence of genetic predisposition that represents an important line of research for the future.

AcknowledgmentsOther Section

We thank the current and past staff at JC Centre for Osteoporosis Care and Control of the Chinese University of Hong Kong for their supports and thank Dr. Edith M. C. Lau for the pioneering work in osteoporosis research in Hong Kong.

Funding: None.

FootnoteOther Section

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-24-1533/coif). Y.X.J.W. serves as the Editor-in-Chief of Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. This is part of the Asian Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (AVOS), with the study protocol approved by the local institutional ethics committees. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Cite this article as: Tang SN, Li CY, Leung JCS, Kwok AWL, Kwok TCY, Wáng YXJ. Fewer spine degenerations among Southeast Asians than among Southern Chinese suggests populations from a warmer climate have inherently better spine health. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2024;14(9):6922-6933. doi: 10.21037/qims-24-1533

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