JAMA子刊 | 标准化医学监测有利于改善癌症易患综合征的预后及治疗

学术   2024-09-02 08:04   上海  
撰文 | 肖肖    责编 | 周叶斌
大规模测序研究显示,5%至15%的癌症儿童患有潜在的癌症易患综合征(CPS)。这是一类使儿童患癌风险增加的遗传性疾病,常见的有李法美尼(Li Fraumeni)症候群、家族性腺瘤性息肉病、神经纤维瘤病1型等。患有这些综合征的儿童通常面临着更高的患癌风险,可能在不同年龄、不同部位一次或多次发生肿瘤。(详情见:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/om58-X3BNfkTOgsEJegAhQ )
一般来说,标准化医学监测能够在癌症发展的最早期,即其尚处于可治愈阶段时,识别出无症状肿瘤并进行干预,从而提高患者生存率。那么对CPS患儿进行全面的监测是否能尽早发现新肿瘤并干预,最终成功治愈呢?
近日,来自圣裘德儿童研究医院等机构的专家团队在 JAMA Oncology 发表题为 Performance of Tumor Surveillance for Children With Cancer Predisposition 的文章,他们对274名患有不同CPS的儿童和年轻人进行了研究,发现标准化的监测能够在早期发现新的无症状肿瘤,准确性高,假阳性和假阴性结果极少,多数肿瘤可通过手术完全切除并成功治疗。


专家团队选择了2009.1~2021.9期间在圣裘德儿童研究医院接受监测的274名CPS患者,其中144名女性(52.6%),130名男性(47.4%)。他们的年龄跨度从出生到23岁,平均年龄8岁。患者中位随访时间为3年(范围为1个月至12年)。

图1. 274名研究对象患有35种不同类型的CPS,包括Li Fraumeni综合征、家族性腺瘤性息肉病、神经纤维瘤病1型、DICER1综合征等。a.5名患者患有两种CPS,在研究期间这些患者均未出现肿瘤。b.其他类型的CPS患者数量均少于5名,在研究期间均未出现肿瘤:BAP1(4名患者)、幼年性息肉综合征(4名患者)、LZTR1(3名患者)、多发性内分泌腺瘤2型(3名患者)、神经纤维瘤病2型(3名患者)、AMER1(2名患者)、共济失调毛细血管扩张症(2名患者)、林奇综合征(MLH1,1名患者;PMS2,1名患者)、多发性内分泌腺瘤1型(2名患者)、AXIN2(1名患者)、BRCA2(1名患者)、CEBPA(1名患者)、FLCN(1名患者)、MITF(1名患者)、MUTYH(1名患者)、PALB2(1名患者)、RECQL4(复合杂合子,1名患者)、RUNX1(1名患者)、WT1(1名患者)、18三体综合征(1名患者)和着色性干皮病(1名患者)。
监测期间,患者接受了包括磁共振成像(MRI)、超声波扫描、计算机断层扫描(CT)、放射检查、超声心动图、食管胃十二指肠镜检查(EGD)和结肠镜检查等在内的多种检查(不同CPS患者接受的检查方式方法不一样)。274名受监测患者里,30名(占比10.9%)出现了1个或更多的新肿瘤,其中大多数(35种肿瘤,占比87.5%)是通过监测发现的。值得注意的是,10 个新肿瘤(28.6%)在首次监测成像时被检测到,23个(65.7%)在观察的前 2年内被发现,6个(17.1%)是在患者仍在接受先前癌症治疗期间被发现的。在接受手术治疗的 24个肿瘤中,17 个(70.8%)完全切除且切缘阴性,6 个(25.0%)有残留的微观病变,1个(4.2%)有远处转移性疾病。

图2.不同类型的癌症易患综合征患者接受的监测方法
从放射影像学成像和诊断监测程序的总体准确性看,敏感性(96.4%)、特异性(99.6%)、阳性预测值(94.3%)和阴性预测值(99.6%)都很高。对于单个方式采用基于报告的方法,脊柱 MRI、EGD 和结肠镜检查的各项指标都很完美,敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均为 100%。这说明,标准化的医学监测对于发现CPS患儿身体内新的无症状肿瘤,并尽早干预治疗有积极明显的效果。
受伦理道德及儿童CPS的罕见性等因素影响,该研究没有设置随机对照实验组,所以并不能说明未接受标准化监测的CPS患儿在发现新癌症后的治愈效果差。此外,本研究随访时间的中位数仅为3年,如果延长对患者的随访时间,可能会发现更多的病变。另外一点需要平衡的是,全面、持续的监测可能会给患儿及其家属带来额外的心理压力、情感羁绊以及经济负担,研究中并未考虑到这些因素对CPS患儿家庭总体效益的影响。
尽管如此,这项研究以真实诊疗数据证明了标准化的监测对尽早发现CPS患儿体内的新肿瘤及后续的治疗具有实用价值。基于这类研究,医生能够更好地识别需要进行癌症遗传学评估的患者,进一步了解儿童CPS的自然进展、基因型与肿瘤表型的关联,从而平衡监测与治疗的成本效益,找到适合个体家庭的最优解。


撰文

  


责编

  


制作

排版 | 车洁   校对 | uu



*本文由深圳市拾玉儿童公益基金会“儿童肿瘤前沿”团队编译或约稿,文中图表均源引自文献原文。本文著作权归文章作者所有,欢迎个人转发分享,未经允许禁止转载,作者拥有所有法定权利,违者必究。如需转载,请留言或联系shiyu@curekids.cn。本文旨在分享儿童肿瘤科研前沿成果,不是治疗方案推荐。如需获得疾病治疗方案指导,请前往正规医院就诊。


▼滑动查看更多▼

原文摘要(Abstract)

Importance  Pediatric oncology patients are increasingly recognized as having an underlying cancer predisposition syndrome (CPS). Surveillance is often recommended to detect new tumors at their earliest and most curable stages. Data on the effectiveness and outcomes of surveillance for children with CPS are limited.
Objective  To evaluate the performance of surveillance across a wide spectrum of CPSs.
Design, Setting, and Participants  This cohort study reviewed surveillance outcomes for children and young adults from birth to age 23 years with a clinical and/or molecular CPS diagnosis from January 1, 2009, through September 31, 2021. Patients were monitored using standard surveillance regimens for their corresponding CPS at a specialty pediatric oncology center. Patients with hereditary retinoblastoma and bone marrow failure syndromes were excluded. Data were analyzed between August 1, 2021, and December 6, 2023.
Exposure  Cancer predisposition syndrome.
Main Outcomes and Measures  Outcomes of surveillance were reviewed to evaluate the incidence, spectrum, and clinical course of newly detected tumors. Surveillance modalities were classified for accuracy and assessed for common strengths and weaknesses.
Results  A total of 274 children and young adults (mean age, 8 years [range, birth to 23 years]; 144 female [52.6%]) with 35 different CPSs were included, with a median follow-up of 3 years (range, 1 month to 12 years). During the study period, 35 asymptomatic tumors were detected in 27 patients through surveillance (9.9% of the cohort), while 5 symptomatic tumors were detected in 5 patients (1.8% of the cohort) outside of surveillance, 2 of whom also had tumors detected through surveillance. Ten of the 35 tumors (28.6%) were identified on first surveillance imaging. Malignant solid and brain tumors identified through surveillance were more often localized (20 of 24 [83.3%]) than similar tumors detected before CPS diagnosis (71 of 125 [56.8%]; P < .001). Of the 24 tumors identified through surveillance and surgically resected, 17 (70.8%) had completely negative margins. When analyzed across all imaging modalities, the sensitivity (96.4%), specificity (99.6%), positive predictive value (94.3%), and negative predictive value (99.6%) of surveillance were high, with few false-positive (6 [0.4%]) or false-negative (5 [0.3%]) findings.
Conclusions and Relevance  These findings suggest that standardized surveillance enables early detection of new tumors across a wide spectrum of CPSs, allowing for complete surgical resection and successful treatment in the majority of patients.



DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.1878

👇点击此处,直达原文

学术经纬
第一时间送上生命科学重磅学术新闻。
 最新文章