艾滋病到底是什么？它到底是通过什么途径来传播的呢？那我们到底该如何预防艾滋病呢？
What is AIDS? In what way did it spread? So what should we do to prevent AIDS?
大家好！今天科普文章的主题是“艾滋病”，相信大家都有听说过这个疾病，感兴趣的朋友请往下看，今天我将向各位介绍艾滋病以及带领着各位走出对艾滋病的误区
Hello everyone! The theme of today's popular science article is "AIDS". I believe everyone has heard of this disease, If you are interested, please look down. Today I will introduce AIDS to you and lead you out of the misunderstanding of AIDS.
什么是艾滋病呢？
What is AIDS？
概述 Overview
艾滋病是由于人的机体感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒而引发的全身性疾病，这种疾病是可以攻击人体的免疫细胞，使机体的免疫功能缺陷，容易受到外界病原体的侵袭，到了疾病的晚期，会并发严重的感染和恶性肿瘤，最终导致死亡。疾病具有传染性，一般是通过性传播、母婴传播和血液传播等方式，所以预防很重要！而对于已经患有艾滋病的患者也不要自暴自弃，要积极接受治疗，保持良好的心态，更不能故意传染他人，这是构成犯罪的！
AIDS is a systemic disease caused by the human body infected with human immunodeficiency virus. This disease can attack the immune cells of the human body, making the immune function of the body defective and vulnerable to the invasion of external pathogens. In the late stage of the disease, it will be accompanied by serious infection and malignant tumors, and eventually lead to death. Disease is infectious, usually through sexual transmission, mother to child transmission and blood transmission, so prevention is very important! And for the patients who have suffered from AIDS, they should not abandon themselves. They should actively receive treatment, maintain a good attitude, and not deliberately infect others, which constitutes a crime!
艾滋病的类型
Category of AIDS
1.肺型艾滋病：
肺型艾滋病是艾滋病里较为常见的类型，患者症状主要表现于呼吸困难和低氧血症（血液中动脉血氧分压（PaO*-2*）低于正常同龄人下限）胸部也常会疼痛。
Pulmonary AIDS: Pulmonary AIDS is a common type of AIDS. The symptoms of patients are mainly dyspnea and hypoxemia (PaO * - 2 * in blood is lower than the lower limit of normal peers). Chest pain is also common。
2.中枢神经系统型艾滋病：
主要包括了两种：（1）中枢神经系统感染（2）大脑淋巴瘤。
由于侵犯的部分不同，所以患者表现出来的症状也有所差异，分为慢性的和急性的，对身体的影响非常大。患者可能会出现头晕头疼的症状，容易出现偏头痛的问题。
Central nervous system type AIDS: mainly includes two types: (1) central nervous system infection; (2) Brain lymphoma.
Due to the different parts of the invasion, the symptoms of patients are also different, including chronic and acute, which have a great impact on the body. The patient may suffer from dizziness and headache, and migraine is easy to occur.
3.胃肠型艾滋病：
症状与以上两种有较大差异性，通常表现为长期腹泻和体重快速下降，严重者表现为吸收不好，体质越来越糟糕。肠道感染的一个常见因素是隐孢子虫（以腹泻为主要临床表现的人兽共患虫病，目前已明确的有20种隐孢子虫）通常表现为慢性持续腹泻，会出现大量水样的粪便，持续的时间可多达几个月，若没有及时就医长期下去可能会导致病人死亡。
Gastrointestinal AIDS: the symptoms are quite different from the above two, usually manifested as long-term diarrhea and rapid weight loss, and in severe cases, poor absorption and worsening physique. A common factor of intestinal infection is Cryptosporidium parvum (zoonosis with diarrhea as the main clinical manifestation, and there are 20 kinds of Cryptosporidium parvum that have been identified at present),which usually shows chronic and persistent diarrhea, with a large amount of watery stool, which can last for several months. If the patient is not treated in time, the patient may die for a long time.
流行病学
Epidemiology
传染源 Infectious source:
患者以及无症状HIV携带者；
其病毒主要存在于：血液、精子、子宫以及阴道分泌物中(唾液、眼泪、乳汁中也含有少量的病毒)
Patients and asymptomatic HIV carriers;
The virus mainly exists in blood, sperm, uterus and vaginal secretions (saliva, tears and milk also contain a small amount of virus)
2. 传播途径 Ways of Transmission:
（1）性接触传播：同性、双性（指同时具有男性特征和女性特征，医学上称之为双性畸形）、性乱（同配偶之外的发生不正当性关系）
Sexual contact transmission: same-sex, bisexual (referring to both male and female characteristics, which is called bisexual malformation in medicine), sexual disorder(improper sexual relations with other partners)
（2）输血注射传播：静脉吸毒
Transmission by blood transfusion and injection: intravenous drug abuse
（3）母婴传播
Mother-baby transmission
（4）其他传播途径：器官移植、人工授精等
Other transmission routes: organ transplantation, artificial insemination, etc
血液传播曾是我国部分地区艾滋病传播的主要途径，随着我国对采血行为和血液制品生产进行严格规范管理以及美沙酮（是一种阿片受体激动剂，与吗啡相似，可用于海洛因成瘾时脱毒，称为“美沙酮疗法”）维持治疗在吸毒人员中运用，血液传播病例已大幅度下降。
Blood transmission was once the main route of AIDS transmission in some regions of China. With the strict standardized management of blood collection behavior and blood product production in China, and the use of methadone (an opioid receptor agonist, similar to morphine, which can be used to detoxify heroin addiction, called "methadone therapy") maintenance treatment in drug addicts, blood transmission cases have declined significantly.
预防艾滋病
Prevention of AIDS
1. 普及、了解艾滋病的相关常识
Popularize and understand AIDS related knowledge
2. 安全的性行为，洁身自好，避免高危、婚外的性接触
Safe sexual behavior, keeping clean, avoiding high-risk, extramarital sexual contact
3. 确保安全的用血和血液供应，尤其是要避免共用注射器针头，静脉吸毒等危险行为
Ensure safe blood use and blood supply, especially avoid sharing syringe needles, intravenous drug use and other dangerous behaviors
4. 感染了HIV的女性，若是怀孕妊娠，一定要及早的进行母婴阻断干预，避免感染胎儿
If a woman infected with HIV is pregnant, she must intervene with her mother and baby as early as possible to avoid infecting the fetus
5. 注意医源性的感染，严格消毒
Pay attention to iatrogenic infection and strictly disinfect
艾滋病传染的误区
Misunderstandings of AIDS infection
1. 抗体检测为阴性就没有问题（从感染到能通过血液检测到HIV抗体大约需要2~12周）
If the antibody test is negative, there is no problem (it takes about 2 to 12 weeks from infection to HIV antibody can be detected through blood)
2. 各种接触都可能会传染艾滋病（拥抱、握手、蚊虫叮咬、呼吸的空气相同都属于一般接触，一般日常生活接触并不会传染艾滋病）
All kinds of contacts may infect AIDS (hugging, shaking hands, mosquito bites and breathing the same air belong to general contacts, and general daily contact will not infect AIDS)
3. 艾滋病患者不可以生育（在规范的抗病毒治疗前提下，艾滋病患者是可以受孕的并分娩健康的小宝宝）
AIDS patients cannot have children (AIDS patients can conceive and give birth to healthy babies under the premise of standard antiviral treatment)
