钻采工艺 | 李根生等：冲击破岩钻井提速技术研究现状与发展建议

文摘 2024-07-30 06:30 湖北

摘要：

提高钻井速度不仅是提高我国油气效益开发及深地勘探等方面的重要技术手段，同时对保障国家能源安全意义重大。冲击破岩钻井技术在国内外油田现场应用并获得了良好的提速效果，持续开展此类技术攻关有望攻克当下我国深地高温高压硬岩地层进尺低、提速难的技术痛点。介绍和分析了轴向冲击、扭力冲击和轴-扭耦合冲击辅助钻头破岩钻进技术方面的实践及发展动态。结合冲击破岩钻井技术现状，阐明了冲击辅助钻头破岩力学原理是冲击破岩钻井提速技术的关键问题，综述了国内外研究学者在冲击辅助钻头破岩物理实验、理论模型和数值模拟等研究方法上取得的科学进展。针对冲击破岩钻井提速技术的发展提出了相关建议，即加强在材料结构优化设计、智能化控制、多元技术融合和井场应用优化等方面的研究力度，为我国能源高效开发做出贡献。

作者|李根生穆总结田守嶒黄中伟孙照伟

原题|冲击破岩钻井提速技术研究现状与发展建议

来源|新疆石油天然气

小编|小油

→这是"油气研究前瞻"的第228篇文章

全文导读

中国石油和化学工业联合会公布的数据显示，截至2021年，我国以石油、天然气为代表的化石能源对外依存度仍维持在73%和45%的红线居高不下。在全球能源供需版图深刻变革的大环境下，我国“十四五”规划纲要明确提出加快“两深一非”油气资源利用，推动油气增储上产能源体系的战略目标。因此，加快国内油气资源勘探开发步伐，不仅关系到国计民生，更关系到国家能源战略安全。

钻井提速是保障油气资源高效快速开发的重要技术手段。近年来，我国油气资源勘探开发逐渐向深层、低渗、非常规等复杂地层发展。高效开发深层、低渗透油气藏，向“磨刀石”里要油气，被国际石油界公认为是21世纪的重要发展方向和世界性难题，其技术水平是衡量一个国家油气开采水平的重要标志。上述油气藏普遍存在储层致密、岩石强度高，导致机械钻速低、钻头进尺少等技术难题，迫切需要安全高效快速的钻井提速新方法、新技术。同时，近年来国际油价起伏不定，提高钻井速度已成为各油田降本增效的重要技术手段。持续开展钻井提速技术研究工作，不仅对提高我国油气田效益开发以及加强深地勘探等方面具有重大意义，同时也对保障国家能源安全意义重大。

高温高压、研磨性强、储层致密等地质赋存条件使安全高效钻井技术更具挑战性。在井下PDC钻头钻进过程中，动力钻具由于重力影响贴靠井壁，造成钻柱与井壁间摩阻增大，使机械钻速降低，导致钻柱在井下发生正弦或螺旋屈曲，诱发井下事故；另一方面，伴随着钻遇地层埋深增加，岩石非均质性增强，抗压抗剪强度增大，可钻性变差。当PDC钻头吃入地层后不能瞬间将岩石剪切破碎，导致地面转盘提供的扭矩能量不断积聚在钻头刀翼和钻柱上，直至克服岩石抗剪强度瞬时破碎地层岩石，致使钻柱与PDC钻头扭矩的瞬间积聚和释放产生，从而产生粘滑振动，进而导致PDC钻头切屑齿发生崩齿现象，缩短钻头使用寿命，降低破岩效率；同时，持续的粘滑振动还会使钻柱产生疲劳破坏，带来井下复杂事故。因此，在提高钻进作业效率和控制钻井成本的需求下，探索新型钻井提速机理的研究势在必行。

钻井提速的关键在于井底钻头的高效破岩效果。近年来，各种新型的接触式破岩与非接触式破岩方法在世界范围内得到发展，包括超声波冲击破岩、等离子体穿透破岩、激光辐射破岩和热力射流破岩等方法。虽然这些方法在实验室中已经充分验证了其用于破岩的优越性，但它们从研究成果转化到市场化应用，以及在井场能源开采中的大规模实施，仍存在一定距离。现场钻井实践表明，冲击钻井仍然是适用于硬质地层最有效的钻井提速方法。冲击破岩钻井提速技术是在传统旋转钻井技术基础上发展起来的钻井工艺，在提高机械钻速、节约钻井成本和缩短建井时间方面具有显著的技术优势。其技术原理建立在流体动力学理论发展的基础上，通过安装在钻头上部的振动冲击器将钻井液流压能转换为振动冲击能，使得钻头在随钻具旋转钻进的同时受到交变振动冲击载荷的作用，辅助钻头对井底岩石产生“旋转+冲击”作用，实现立体破碎效果，进而大幅提高破岩效率。通过大力开展攻关研究和推广这一技术有望攻克我国深地高温高压硬岩地层进尺低、提速难的技术痛点。本文综述了国内外冲击破岩钻井提速技术的发展动态及破岩原理发展现状，并提出了下一步的攻关方向。

相较于新型非接触式破岩方法，接触式的振动冲击辅助钻头破岩方法仍然是目前适用于油田现场最有效的钻井提速手段。轴-扭耦合冲击钻井技术可同时发挥轴向冲击和扭力冲击的破岩优势，弥补相互的技术局限。冲击破岩钻井提速技术的关键是厘清冲击辅助钻头破岩的力学原理。随着新材料、人工智能（AI）算法和智慧油田技术的不断发展，应加强振动冲击钻井技术在材料结构优化设计、智能化控制、多元技术融合和井场应用优化等方面的研究力度。

HIGHLIGHT图片

图1 轴向冲击钻井提速技术原理图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the axial percussive drilling technology

图2 Fluid Hammer提速钻具的凸轮运动示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the cam motion of the Fluid Hammer

图3 Torkbuster核心冲击系统工作原理示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the Torkbuster torsional impact system

图4 轴-扭耦合冲击辅助钻头钻进技术示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the axial-torsional coupled percussive drilling technology

图5 多维冲击器工具结构

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the multi-dimensional impactor

图6 冲击载荷下岩石动态破碎演化过程

Fig.6 Rock breaking process under percussion loads

图7 不同冲击破岩方法下的破岩进尺和钻速对比

Fig.7 Comparison curves of penetration depths and drilling rates of different percussion rock-breaking methods

图8 扭转振动动力学理论模型

Fig.8 Theoretical model of torsional vibration dynamics

图9“轴+扭”循环冲击加载次数下的岩石破坏形貌

Fig.9 Rock failure patterns with axial+torsional cyclic loading

免责声明：本文仅用于学术交流和传播，不构成投资建议

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