压裂工艺 | 郭建春等：中国致密油藏压裂驱油技术进展及发展方向

文摘 2024-08-06 07:30 湖北

作者|郭建春马莅卢聪

原题|中国致密油藏压裂驱油技术进展及发展方向

来源|石油学报

小编|小油

→这是"油气研究前瞻"的第248篇文章

全文导读

随着全球能源需求的增长，传统油气资源的开发逐渐触及瓶颈。面对这一挑战，中国的油气勘探和开发领域迎来了创新技术的春风。近期，中国石油天然气集团有限公司和中国石油化工集团有限公司在油田端和水井端开展的压裂驱油技术攻关及现场实践取得了重要进展，为低渗致密、难动用的非常规储层的高效开采提供了新的解决方案。

传统的油气开采方法在非常规储层面前显得力不从心。这类储层通常埋藏更深、温度和压力更高、物性更差，给常规的水力压裂、水驱和化学驱带来了诸多技术和经济难题。例如，常规压裂工序复杂且成本高昂，而常规水驱则面临水动力联系差、水窜水淹严重等问题，化学驱则因药剂分子在地层岩石孔隙中的滞留导致效率降低。这些限制使得储层增油效果有限，难以实现经济高效的开发。

在此背景下，“压—注—采”一体化压裂驱油技术，或称为“压驱”，应运而生。该技术将单井压裂工艺、常规水驱开发以及化学剂驱油三者有机结合，形成了一整套连续的油藏开发流程。根据作业方式与作用机理的不同，压驱工艺分为正向压驱和反向压驱两种方式。

正向压驱主要应用于低渗储层，通过在水井端以储层微破裂压力注入大量清水与驱油剂，使裂缝延伸的同时，将驱油剂沿裂缝有效驱替到地层孔隙中。此过程中不加砂让裂缝闭合，然后通过焖井渗吸，实现油水置换。胜利油田采用脉冲注入的方式运用了这项技术，显著提高了储层的采收率，经济效益明显。

反向压驱则针对更为致密的储层，如页岩油。该技术从油井端入手，使用低黏度渗吸液代替压裂液压开地层，快速注入渗吸剂后焖井，使压裂液与驱油剂在裂缝—基质中扩散，实现原油的有效渗吸置换。长庆油田在致密油、页岩油开采中成功应用了生产井反向压驱技术，初期产量提高显著，实现了页岩油储层的有效动用和经济开发。

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组作为超低渗致密储层的重要代表，其开发历程同样印证了压裂驱油技术的重要性。该地区通过细分切割体积压裂提高缝控程度，近破裂压力注水形成大量微裂缝，前置大液量注入补充地层能量等措施，极大改善了储层改造效果和油田产能。

尽管压裂驱油技术已在多个油田取得成功，但仍面临地质认识不清、储层改造不足等挑战。未来的发展需加强地质—工程一体化研究，深化水平井立体改造技术，开展压驱技术作用机理研究，并完善低成本高效率压驱配套技术，以助推低渗致密储层开发的降本增效。

综上所述，压裂驱油技术的创新和应用，为中国乃至全球的非常规油气资源开发提供了新的思路和方法。随着技术的不断成熟和优化，期待该技术在未来能够解锁更多难以动用的油气资源，为全球能源供应安全做出更大贡献。

HIGHLIGHT图片

图1 压驱技术示意

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of fracturing-flooding technology

图2 长庆油田国家级百万吨页岩油示范区概况

Fig.2 National million-ton shale oil demonstration area of Changqing oilfield

图3 复合暂堵示意

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of compound temporary plugging

图4 温度效应诱发微裂缝

Fig.4 Micro-fractures induced by temperature effect

图5 不同注水方式下波及面积

Fig.5 Swept area under different water injection methods

免责声明：本文仅用于学术交流和传播，不构成投资建议

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