木腐真菌存在于活树、枯树、去皮树干、落枝以及人造木制品中,这些真菌的细胞壁和活细胞内的成分分泌各种酶,有效地将纤维素、半纤维素和木质素降解为简单的无机物,是森林生态系统中重要的分解者 (Dai 2011; Yang et al. 2023; Luo et al.
2024; Deng et al. 2024)。西南林业大学林学院真菌分类与分子系统学研究团队于2024年11月在国际真菌学期刊Journal of Fungi (中科院二区,IF=4.2) 在线发表一篇题为 “The Diversity and
Taxonomy of Thelephoraceae (Basidiomycota) with Descriptions of Four Species
from Southwestern China” 的文章。在对云南木材真菌多样性的调查中,采集了Thelephoralese类群300余号标本,研究发现4个新分类Thelephora和Tomentella内新分类单元,揭示了Thelephoraceae类群重要clade系统发育关系和进化路径。为了明确物种的系统发育位置和进化关系,研究团队基于目前Thelephoraceae 基因组学数据,并联合宏观子实体、体视子实层体、微观微细结构的形态学深度分析,证实了Thelephoraceae 4个新的木腐真菌物种的存在,同时极大地刷新和扩展了目前国际对森林木腐真菌物种多样性和系统发育研究的认知。Figure 1.
Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Thelephoraand Tomentella and related genera in the family Thelephoraceae based on
ITS+nLSU+mtSSU sequences. Branches are labelled with maximum likelihood
bootstrap values ≥70%, parsimony bootstrap values ≥50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, respectively.系统发育学(Phylogenetics)又支序系统学(Cladistics)研究物种之间的进化关系,其基本思想是比较物种的特征,并认为特征相似的物种在遗传学上接近。Figure 2.Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the
phylogeny of the three new species and related species in Thelephora,
based on ITS sequences. Branches are labelled with maximum likelihood
bootstrap values ≥ 70%,
parsimony bootstrap values ≥ 50%
and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, respectively. The
new species are in bold.Figure 3. Maximum
parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of the one new
species and related species in Tomentella, based on ITS+nLSU sequences.
Branches are labelled with maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70%, parsimony bootstrap values ≥ 50% and Bayesian posterior
probabilities ≥ 0.95,
respectively. The new species is in bold.研究结果以系统发育树(Phylogenetic
tree)呈现和验证,旨在揭示物种之间的进化关系。系统发育信号(Phylogenetic
signal)常用来检测生物的特征与其进化历史之间的相关关系,确定其特征与系统发育是否存在一定的系统发育信号是进化生物学的一个重要目标,系统发育信号可以帮助解决有关特征进化的速度和方式等宏进化问题。亲缘关系密切的物种往往在一系列特征上表现出相似性,包括形态、行为、生活史和生态特征。本研究聚焦高原山地木腐菌类群,研究结果厘清了四个新物种的进化关系。Figure 4. Split
graphs showing the results of PHI test for the ITS data of Thelephora
resupinata and T. subtropica and closely related taxa using LogDet
transformation and splits decomposition. PHI test results Φw ≤ 0.05 indicate
that there is significant recombination within the dataset. New taxa are in
red.Figure 5. Split
graphs showing the results of PHI test for the ITS data of Thelephora
yunnanensis and closely related taxa using LogDet transformation and splits
decomposition. PHI test results Φw ≤ 0.05 indicate that there is significant
recombination within the dataset. New taxa are in red.Figure 6. Split
graphs showing the results of PHI test for the ITS data of Tomentella
tenuifarinacea and closely related taxa using LogDet transformation and
splits decomposition. PHI test results Φw ≤ 0.05 indicate that there is
significant recombination within the dataset. New taxa is in red.云南省位于中国西南部的横断山脉和云贵高原上,作为“西南生态安全屏障”和“生物多样性宝库”的战略地位,凸显了其在全国生态安全和生物多样性保护中的重要作用 (Yan et al. 2021)。木腐菌4新物种发现于云南省境内,其中Thelephora resupinata发现于云南省迪庆藏族自治州维西傈僳族自治县碧罗雪山自然保护区;Thelephora subtropica发现于云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州盈江县铜壁关省级自然保护区;Thelephorayunnanensis发现于云南省昭通市巧家县药山国家级自然保护区;Tomentella tenuifarinacea发现于云南省昭通市乌蒙山国家级自然保护区。上述地区木生真菌资源极为丰富,但木腐菌资源情况调查还不全面,缺乏系统研究。因此,本研究聚焦上述地区木腐菌物种资源、多样性与分子系统学研究,发现了木腐菌新物种,丰富了云南省真菌物种多样性,揭示了木腐菌类群物种系统发育关系,强调了上述保护区保护成效和真菌资源价值,建议云南省管理机构提升对保护区的指导、技术支持和资金支撑,进而提升保护区新物种的保护和惠益共享。Figure 7.
Basidiomata of Thelephora resupinata: CLZhao 34538 (holotype). Basidiomata on the substrate
(A), macroscopic characteristics of hymenophore (B). Bars: (A) = 1 cm; (B) = 1 mm.Figure 8.
Microscopic structures of Thelephora resupinata: CLZhao 34538
(holotype). (A) Basidiospores, (B) basidia and basidioles, and (C) a section of
hymenium. Bars: (A–C) = 10 µm.Figure 9.
Basidiomata of Thelephora subtropica: CLZhao 30590 (holotype). Basidiomata on the substrate
(A), macroscopic characteristics of hymenophore (B). Bars: (A) 1 cm; (B) 1 mm.Figure 10.
Microscopic structures of Thelephora subtropica: CLZhao 30590
(holotype). (A) Basidiospores, (B) basidia and basidioles, and (C) a section of
hymenium. Bars: (A–C) = 10 µm.在生态学和生物地理学中,木生真菌是担子菌门中一个被广泛研究的类群,是担子菌门中一个重要的类群,主要生长在硬木上,但也有少数种生长在针叶林上 (Wu et al. 2021; Yuan
et al. 2021, 2022, 2023; Wang et al. 2023; Zhao et al. 2023; Zhou et al.
2023),世界上的物种多样性仍然不为人所知。革菌科 (Thelephoraceae) 是Thelephorales 中被广泛研究的群体 (Zecchin 2008; Kuhar et al. 2016; Vizzini et al. 2016; Lu et al. 2022; Mikryukov et al. 2023; Song et al. 2023; Yuan et al.
2023; Kõljalg et al. 2024; Tian et al. 2024; Zhang et al. 2024; Zhu et al. 2024),但其在中国的多样性仍不为人所知,特别是在亚热带和热带地区。本研究在云南省发现了4个新物种,这将进一步丰富我们对中国南方腐木真菌多样性的认识。Figure 11. Basidiomata
of Thelephora yunnanensis: CLZhao 20929 (holotype). Basidiomata on the substrate
(A), macroscopic characteristics of hymenophore (B). Bars: (A) 1 cm; (B) 1 mm.Figure 12.
Microscopic structures of Thelephora yunnanensis: CLZhao 20929
(holotype). (A) Basidiospores, (B) basidia and basidioles, and (C) a section of
hymenium. Bars: (A–C) = 10 µm.Figure 13.
Basidiomata of Tomentella tenuifarinacea: CLZhao 31337 (holotype). Basidiomata on the substrate
(A), macroscopic characteristics of hymenophore (B). Bars: (A) 1 cm; (B) 1 mm.Figure 14. Microscopic structures of Tomentella
tenuifarinacea: CLZhao 31337 (holotype). (A) Basidiospores, (B) basidia and
basidioles, (C) and a section of hymenium. Bars: (A–C) = 10 µm.西南林业大学林学院森林保护专业赵长林教授为论文的通讯作者,西南林业大学森林保护学专业2023级研究生张小婕为论文的第一作者,林学专业本科生石富磊及森林保护专业本科生张思程参与了新物种形态学鉴定工作,Md. Iqbal Hosen博士参与了分子系统学研究工作。该研究获得国家自然科学基金面上项目 (Project No. 32170004),国家自然科学基金区域创新联合发展基金项目 (Project No. U2102220), 云南省高层次人才计划项目 (项目编号:YNQR-QNRC-2018-111), 云南省教育厅科技基金 (2024Y579) 西南林业大学林业创新项目 (Grant No: LXXK-2023Z07) 和云南省大学生创新创业训练项目 (Project no. S202410677025) 资助。第一作者 张小婕同学
原文链接:
https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/11/775
课题组网站:
http://www.fungitaxonomy.com/charlie/imgart.asp?classid=2.html
文字:张小婕
图片:张小婕
校对:杨新
初审:顾子蕊 杨新
终审:赵长林