报告发布
循环建造——瑞士经验
Circular construction – Swiss Experiences
1
01
背景
Background
循环建造是一种旨在减少浪费、重用材料并降低隐含碳排放的可持续发展策略。通过可拆卸和可再利用的设计,循环建造延长了材料的生命周期,减少了对新资源的需求,并降低了与材料生产、运输及处置相关的温室气体排放。作为隐含碳的主要来源,循环建造在实现零碳建筑目标中至关重要。中国作为全球最大的建筑市场之一,其建筑业的碳排放量较高,尤其是在材料生产和建筑过程中产生的隐含碳。因此,推广循环建造对降低该行业的碳足迹具有重要意义。
基于此,在中瑞零碳建筑项目框架下,瑞士实施团队intep-Skat与苏黎世应用科技大学(ZHAW)建筑构造设计研究所及建造技术与施工流程研究所携手合作,共同开展了此项研究。该研究旨在系统总结并分享瑞士在循环建造领域的政策导向、实践经验与创新理念,为中国建筑行业的专业人士提供参考。此外,联合团队还为上海和陕西的示范工程团队提供了精准的技术支持,推动了瑞士理念在这些试点项目中的实际应用。
Circular construction is a sustainable approach that focuses on minimizing waste, reusing materials, and reducing the embodied carbon emissions in the building sector. By designing structures that can be disassembled and repurposed, circular construction extends the lifecycle of materials, decreasing the need for new resources and lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production, transportation, and disposal of building materials. This practice plays a crucial role in achieving zero-carbon buildings by addressing embodied carbon—often responsible for a substantial portion of a building's total emissions. As one of the largest construction markets in the world, China’s building industry contributes substantially to carbon emissions, especially in embodied carbon from material production and construction processes. Promoting circular construction can significantly lower the sector’s carbon footprint in China.
Therefore, under the framework of the Sino-Swiss ZEB Project, the Swiss implementation team, in collaboration with ZHAW IKE and the IBP team, conducted this research to systematically summarize and share Swiss policies, practices, and innovative concepts in the field of circular construction with professionals in the Chinese building industry. Additionally, the joint team provided targeted technical support to demonstration project teams in Shanghai and Shaanxi, promoting the application of Swiss concepts in these pilot projects.
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02
循环建造和再利用
Circular Construction and Reuse
图 2: 生命周期模型图 ©ZHAW
定义:循环建造强调建筑构件的重用与减少废物。在本研究中,循环建造将重点关注“保护”、“再利用”与“回收”这三个环节:
保护:将建筑物或其部分结构保留在原地,以延长其使用寿命。
再利用:无论质量标准是否发生变化,建筑构件的二次使用(包括可拆卸回收的材料或剩余材料),无论是否经过加工,均可按照其原始功能或新用途进行重用)。
回收:通过分解和转化建筑材料,生产新材料或新产品。
Definition: Circular construction focuses on reusing building components and reducing waste. In our research, we use the umbrella terms ‘preservation’, ‘reuse’, and ‘recycling’ for those three cycles:
Preservation: the in situ retention of the fabric of buildings or parts of buildings in order to extend their usage.
Reuse: the reutilization of building components irrespective of any divergence in quality standards between their original and new usage contexts (these may be dismantled and reclaimed or surplus items, processed or unprocessed, and either repurposed or used as per their original function).
Recycling: the conversion of building material into new materials or products via processes in which their original form is broken down.
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图 3: 强调建筑构件和建筑材料重复使用的建筑全生命周期模型图 ©ZHAW
图 4:从左至右:建筑外景;二层的半室外檐廊空间;首层和二层平面图 ©RASMUS NORLANDER
实现循环建造的五种方法:
循环建造的概念与线性建造形成鲜明对比,后者通常会导致所有使用的材料最终被废弃。如果不考虑运营阶段的能源消耗,真正的循环建造的终极目标是实现零废弃,从而避免隐含碳的浪费,并保留能源的价值。为实现经济竞争力,循环建造需遵循以下原则:
最小化浪费;
采用少量但可持续的材料;
使用工地当地生产和加工的组件;
确保建筑物各层可分离(例如结构层、保温层、饰面层、防水层,设备层的分离以及少用不可分离处理的复合型材料和复合式构造);
设计易于拆卸。
Five Approaches to Circularity:
For now, circular construction is an idea that exists only as the inverse of linear construction, a process in which everything used in construction subsequently goes to waste. If we exclude operational energy use, then the ultimate goal of genuinely circular architecture would be a process in which no waste is ever generated and therefore all embodied energy is conserved.
For it to be economically competitive enough to take hold, circular construction needs to embrace the following principles:
minimization of waste;
use of fewer but more sustainable materials;
use of components produced and processed in the building site’s local area;
separability of the various layers of a building;
design amenable to disassembly.
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03
瑞士最佳案例
Best Case Study in Switzerland
图 5: 轴测图展示出整个项目如何完全采用回收再利用的建筑构件(绿色)建造而成,甚至屋顶上的太阳能发电板也是回收再利用的。©ZHAW
K.118试点项目
K.118 Pilot Project
图 6: 建筑构件来源地图;©ZHAW
这座位于瑞士温特图尔的建筑完全采用回收材料建造,成功实现了温室气体排放减少60%。
Located in Winterthur, Switzerland, this building is constructed entirely from reclaimed materials, resulting in a 60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
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图 7: 设计与施工;建造流程©ZHAW
该建筑采用可重复利用的结构元素、立面及固定装置,设计理念为“形式服务于功能”,并根据可用材料进行调整。从K.118案例研究中,我们识别出以下十个具体的再利用(如拆卸和清理)和再分配(如运输和仓储)流程和任务:
搜索
评估
记录
采购
拆卸
运输(两次:从原址至存储点,再从存储点至新工地)
储存
准备
重装
维护
Features reused structural elements, facades, and fixtures, adhering to “form follows availability,” where design adapts to available materials.
Ten specific services showed in table below can be derived from the K.118 case study that only become necessary as a consequence of reuse (e.g. dismantling and preparation) or need to be reallocated (e.g. transport and storage) on the basis of it, they are:
Search
Assessment
Documentation
Acquisition
Dismantling
Transport (happening two times, from dismantling site to storage space andfrom storage space to the new construction site)
Storage
Preparation
Reinstallation
Maintenance
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图 8: 10 种二手建筑构件和新建筑构件的造价比较,©ZHAW
此案例展示了循环建造实践的可行性,尽管与传统建筑相比,其初期成本可能较高。
K.118案例研究的综合评估显示,重复使用所带来的潜在节约显著。与采用全新组件构建的假设建筑相比,该项目实现了494吨二氧化碳当量的减排,大约占总体碳排放的 59%。
Demonstrates the feasibility of circular building practices without higher costs compared to traditional construction.
The overall balance of the K.118 case study does indicate the possible potential savings from reuse. Compared with a hypothetical building constructed from the same but new components, a total of 494t CO2 eq are saved — i.e. about 59 percent.
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图 9: 温室气体排放量总体概览 ©ZHAW
04
可拆卸设计
Design for Disassembly (DfD)
图 10: 从左到右:为 2016 年伦敦设计节设计的建筑装置;循环建造的钢结构;循环建造的室内空间;循环建造主体结构和建筑构件的爆炸轴测图。©ARUP
可拆卸设计(DfD)是一种注重解构过程与程序的实践,旨在通过在规划与设计阶段的深思熟虑来促进和重视解构。DfD使建筑物能够被拆卸,并随后重新使用或回收其组件,是实现节能、资源高效利用及减少废物的重要措施。其主要原则包括:
利用材料记录和明确的解构方法;
设计应采用易于接近且简单的连接与接头方式,例如使用螺栓、螺钉和钉子等可拆卸连接,避免焊接和化学连接,同时结合预制或模块化组件;
分离不可回收、不可重用及不可处置的物品,例如机械、电气和管道(MEP)系统;
实施简约建筑设计,采用标准化的元素与尺寸;
在设计中,应将劳动实践、生产力和安全性纳入考虑。
Design for disassembly (DfD) is a practice aimed to facilitate and value the deconstruction processes and procedures. This will be achieved by meticulous consideration from planning and design stage. DfD enables the disassembly of the buildings and subsequently reusing/recycling the building's components. DfD is one of the fundamental measures in achieving the goal of energy, resource and waste production reduction.
Some of the main principles of DfD can be summarized as follows:
through documentation of materials and deconstruction methods;
accessible and simple design of connections and joints design. This comprises of use of detachable connections such as bolts, screws, and nail connections instead of welded and chemical connections and incorporating prefabricated and/or modular components
separation of non-recyclable, non-reusable and non-disposal items, such as mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) systems;
implementing simple building design that enable the standardization of elements and dimensions and
reflection of labor practices, productivity and safety in the design.
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图 11:瑞士之家施工现场、剖面图和平面图 ©SPILLMANN ECHSLE ARCHITEKTEN
在结构设计中融入了可拆卸接头和模块化理念,正如瑞士K.118项目和苏黎世应用科技大学教学计划所展示的那样。
Structures use detachable joints and modular designs, as seen in Swiss examples like the K.118 project and ZHAW teaching initiatives.
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05
中瑞零碳建筑示范工程
Demonstration Project
在中瑞零碳建筑项目框架下,瑞士实施团队intep-Skat与苏黎世应用科技大学建筑构造设计研究所及建造技术与施工流程研究所紧密合作,为上海和无锡的示范工程在循环建造主题上提供了深入的技术支持。
经过对规划与设计文件的分析,以及与设计团队的多次讨论,瑞士团队针对各示范工程提出了潜在的改进和优化建议。
Under the framework of the Sino-Swiss ZEB Project, intep-Skat, in collaboration with ZHAW IKE and the IBP team, provided detailed technical support for the Shanghai and Wuxi demonstration projects on the topic of circular construction. After analysing the planning and design documents of the two demonstration projects and holding several workshops with the design teams, the Swiss team provided recommendations for potential improvements and optimisations for each of the demonstration projects.
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上海零碳建筑示范工程
市集馆及展览馆
DP Shanghai
图 12:上海示范项目现场 ©中瑞零碳建筑合作示范工程
市集馆的主体结构为钢结构,外饰采用防火木板,屋顶结构同样为钢结构,但次级结构则采用了木结构屋架。地下部分(地下一层)为钢筋混凝土结构;展览馆整体为现浇钢筋混凝土结构,其西立面设计为垂直绿化立面,类似“地毯”的绿毯几乎覆盖了整个外立面。经分析,瑞士团队建议:
结构性竹筋代替钢筋;
钢构件再利用(与木结构的隐含碳排放比较);
展厅内部隔墙的再利用。
On-site exchange between the Swiss team and the design team of the demonstration project in Shanghai on the topic of ircular construction.
The market has a steel structure covered with fireproof wood paneling. The primary roof structure is also steel with only the secondary structure made of wood. The underground floor is with reinforced concrete. The Exhibition Hall, on the other hand, has a completely reinforced concrete structure poured on site. After careful analysis and evaluation, the Swiss team gave the following recommendations.
Structural bamboo elements instead of steel rods
Reuse of Steel elements (comparison with grey energy emissions with wood structure)
Re-Use of interiors partitions for the Exhibition space
图 13:瑞士 Alpnach HOUSE K 地下室墙体施工过程。©RASMUS NORLANDER
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陕西留坝县中华蜜蜂博物馆
示范工程
DP Shaanxi
在陕西留坝示范工程中,团队高度重视建筑设计的可重复性,构建了模块化结构,并采用了辅助天花板系统,以便于维护、维修及设施的更改,这与循环经济的系统分离原则相契合。工程的开放式平面图增强了建筑的灵活性与适应性。对此,瑞士团队提出:
使用木结构是因为它相比钢材和混凝土具有更低的二氧化碳排放量;
采用实木天花板;
混凝土与钢的连接应采用可拆卸的抗剪力连接件,以符合设计可拆卸(DfD)原则。
DP Shaanxi has a strong emphasis on having repetition in the building's design, leading to the creation of modular structures. Incorporating an auxiliary ceiling system for the placement of pipelines is a strategic choice enabling easy access for maintenance, repair, and eventual changes to the building's utilities. This aligns perfectly with the system separation principle of the circular economy. The open and free floor plan of the project, enhances the building's flexibility and adaptability. After careful analysis and evaluation, the Swiss team gave the following recommendations.
Wooden Structure: Wood is renowned for its significantly lower CO2 emissions in comparison to steel and concrete.
Solid Wood Ceiling
Concrete-Steel Connection Method: In order to make sure we’re in line with the principle of DfD the connections of concrete and steel will be required to be through demountable shear connectors.
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图 14:可拆卸剪力连接. ©KOZMA
此外,基于客户的当前需求,为了简化混凝土楼板、钢梁与木质外墙的连接,建议采用一种创新方法,综合上述多种理念的优点,确保该系统兼具可拆卸设计、循环建造及更高的可持续性。
In addition, based on the current desire of the client, in order to facilitate the system of concrete slab, steel beams and wooden façade, the suggestion is to follow a novel approach, benefitting from different ideas mentioned above, that allow for having such system considering design for disassembly, circular construction and more sustainable a method.
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图 15: 建议采用可拆卸的「混凝土楼板-钢梁」连接构件施工做法轴测图。@ZHAW
图 16: 建议采用的「混凝土楼板-木制外墙-钢梁」的连接处的细部详图。@ZHAW
06
结论
Conclusion
经济考量
Economic Consideration
重复使用建筑组件虽然能够降低成本,但在初期需要承担较高的拆卸、运输和规划费用,这使得客户在施工初期面临较大的经济压力。尽管可重用材料的总体成本较低,但缺乏成熟的采购和存储体系使得实施难度增加。
Reusing building components can reduce costs compared to new materials but requires higher upfront investment for dismantling, transport, and planning. Clients often face significantly higher costs before construction starts.
While reused materials can be cheaper overall, the lack of established infrastructure for sourcing and storage adds challenges.
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环境影响
Environmental Impact
重用材料能够显著减少温室气体排放,与新材料相比,排放量可减少高达60%。K.118等项目实例充分展示了显著的碳减排成效,突显了材料再利用的巨大潜力。通过加强城市采矿和开发材料交换的数字平台,可以进一步放大这些环保效益。
Reusing materials significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions, cutting up to 60% compared to new materials.
Projects like K.118 demonstrated substantial carbon savings, showing the potential of reuse.
Expanding urban mining and developing digital platforms for material exchanges could further amplify these benefits.
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探索更多
Explore More
结合瑞士的专业知识与中国城市发展的需求,中瑞零碳建筑项目不仅助力于碳减排,还为建筑行业的持久变革铺平道路。通过教育、研讨会和知识交流,该项目广泛传播其原则,培养新一代精通可持续建筑的专业人才。
欲深入了解中瑞零碳建筑项目的方法、试点及未来目标,请扫描下方二维码下载完整报告,探索该项目如何为建筑业实现气候中和的未来奠定基础。
By combining Swiss expertise and academic support with China’s rapid urban development needs, the ZEB Project not only advances carbon-reduction goals but also paves the way for lasting changes in the construction sector. Key educational initiatives, workshops, and knowledge exchanges ensure that the project’s principles are widely adopted, fostering a new generation of architects and builders skilled in sustainable practices.
To gain a deeper understanding of the methods, pilot projects, and future goals of the China Switzerland Zero Carbon Building Project, please scan the QR code to download the complete report and explore how the project lays the foundation for achieving a climate neutral future in the construction industry.
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中瑞零碳建筑项目
Sino-Swiss
Zero Emission Building Project
为了共同应对全球气候变化,加强中瑞两国在建筑行业减排领域的合作,2020年11月24日,中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部与瑞士联邦外交事务部与签署了在建筑节能领域发展合作的谅解备忘录。在此备忘录框架下,瑞士发展合作署(SDC)发起并资助了中瑞零碳建筑项目,旨在通过引入瑞士的经验和技术,支持中国制定零碳建筑技术标准和建筑行业中长期碳减排路线图,并在不同气候区建设零碳建筑示范工程,同时开展多种形式的能力建设活动,最终推动中国建筑行业的碳中和发展。
In order to jointly respond to global climate change and strengthen the cooperation between China and Switzerland in the field of emission reduction in the building sector, on 24 November 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China and the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the development of cooperation in the field of building energy efficiency. Under the framework of this memorandum, the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC) initiated and funded the Sino-Swiss Zero Carbon Building Project, which aims to support China in developing technical standards for zero-carbon buildings and a medium- and long-term carbon emission reduction roadmap for the construction sector by introducing Swiss experience and technology, and constructing demonstration projects for zero-carbon buildings in different climatic zones, as well as carrying out a variety of capacity-building activities, which will ultimately promote the development of a carbon-neutral construction sector in China. The programme will also carry out various forms of capacity building activities, ultimately promoting the carbon neutral development of China's construction industry.
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联系人:朱继龙 / Mr. Jilong Zhu
Email: zhu@intep.com
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