原始纯粹的“自然”——后印象派巨匠保罗高更

保罗·高更

Paul Gauguin

保罗·高更(Paul Gauguin，1848-1903)法国后印象派画家、雕塑家，代表作品有《我们从何处来?我们是谁?我们向何处去? 》《黄色基督》《游魂》《敬神节》等。

保罗·高更生于法国巴黎，年轻时做过海员，后成为一名股票经纪人。1873年，高更开始学画，并在1883年成了一名职业画家，他曾连续4次参加印象主义画派的展览。1886年，高更离开巴黎来到布列塔尼的蓬塔旺小镇作画。1889年，创作《黄色基督》。1890年之后，高更日益厌倦文明社会而一心遁迹蛮荒，太平洋上的塔希提岛成了他的归宿。1894年，创作《敬神节》。1897年，创作《我们从何处来?我们是谁?我们向何处去? 》。1901年，他离开塔希提岛前往马克萨斯群岛。1903年去世。

保罗·高更与文森特·梵高、塞尚并称为后印象派三大巨匠。

高更的画作在形式感上具有独特的装饰特色。画面呈现出单纯而朴实、区域色彩平面化的特征，画面中的形象高度概括、简洁而又形神兼备，画面具有强烈的装饰性和形式美感。高更使用特殊的构图和鲜艳的色彩，将不同的物体组织在一起，使画面各元素之间的形式构成存在联系，使画作富有形式感、秩序感、韵律感及节奏性。

高更在平面中寻找出表现三维空间的特殊手法。他通过画面的分割、色块对比、物体的遮挡等关系，营造出一种多层次的空间视觉效果，而空间感就由此产生了。

高更在画面形象上高更以大胆的单线平涂色，黑线勾边，用线条来分割色彩，也就是说他放弃了传统的光影与明暗，放弃了光源色对物体的影响，运用线条而不是运用体积感来处理画面中事物的边缘。在他的绘画作品中，看不到相近的调和色所塑造的事物，而是纯色的平涂、流畅的线条和朴实的颜色，使画面形象具有强烈的视觉冲击力和美妙的装饰效果。

(一)高更早期绘画色彩的特点

1.色彩三原色的运用

高更早期绘画是属于印象派画风的，印象派是以瞬间的印象做画。绘画只会着重考虑作品的总体效果，顾及不到枝节细部。以豪放的笔法做画，而作品就缺乏修饰效果，是一种对笔法较草率的画法。而高更早期绘画作品深受毕沙罗的影响，他也采用印象派传统的用色方法以红、黄、蓝三原色为主绘制了一批带有浓厚的印象派特色的作品。在1875年，他创作出《伊埃纳桥附近的塞纳河》，高更直接在画布上抛开黑棕土黄三色，回归三原色，以绿色来画天空和河流，用一片黄色来表达积雪覆盖的河滩。

2.绘画色彩与光影的结合

因高更内心对绘画艺术的探索，而使高更对印象派绘画产生了不满足感。1880 年代早期，高更将笔触放松、变宽 ，大胆地、自由地加重色泽的明亮感，开始注重刻画细节。在对待光影处理方面，还有着鲜明的印象画派的特点。在他创作出《裸体习作》这幅作品里，我们可以看出到画中颜色上使用了大部分黄紫对比色、裸体的是玫瑰红和绿色，有深蓝色的阴影，像是用微温的熨斗烫过似的肤色。他看重光影的变化，使用大面积色彩平涂的手法、颜色大胆强烈，注重物体的体积感、线条干净利落，构图简洁。

(二)高更绘画中期的色彩表现-"综合主义"绘画理论的应用

高更在巴黎认识了梵高，从梵高的身上认识到什么是"别具一格"。于是他开始尝试突破印象派的绘画手法。强调绘画应抒发自己的感受。

1888年，他再度来到布列塔尼，结交了许多画家，这些画家的"简化形体，用线条勾画形体边缘，色彩使用平涂的画法"的观念影响到高更的绘画观。之后，欧洲开始流行日本浮世绘，而高更也非常喜欢浮世绘，浮世绘版画中平面平涂的技巧，艳丽的单色，流畅的线条都吸引着他，高更便把这些绘画观念进行修正和润饰，形成高更的"综合主义"绘画的基础理论，此后与印象派决裂。

在高更的《布列塔尼的牧羊人》这幅画中，他从日本版画中学到用色彩来平铺画面，重色勾画物体边沿线。画面中，他用了不同的绿色，近景草地是深色的绿，屋子的前面是浅绿，远处的山是泛黄的绿，在不同的绿色之间夹带着红色的土地，使画面在对比中达到统一。从这幅作品里可以看到，高更提升了自身的色彩修养。

(三)高更绘画成熟期的色彩表现

1.利用条状色块来装饰画面

在高更的风格成熟时期，我们可以从他的画作中看到许多条状的色块，这些条状色块简洁明确，使画面的色彩对比更为和谐。1890年，高更的作品《蓝色屋顶》中，整幅画中多处用了条状色块，高更用绿色的条状色块来表达前景中的草地。围墙里头的房子和墙面也画成了色块，屋顶是橘黄色和褐色的，墙面是蓝紫灰的，他用不同颜色调和成的浅色来画院子里的地面，使人的视线就被蓝色屋顶的房子给吸引住。整个画面显得暖色调很多，但中间的屋顶是蓝色，这就压住了画面，在视觉上也会让人看起来很舒服。

2.色彩纯度在绘画作品中的运用

高更早期绘画中色彩纯度不是很高，且许多颜色是过渡调和的，也不知道如何在画作中运用色彩的纯度。而大溪地之行，他看到美丽的大溪地的景色，他便把色彩直接涂抹在油画布上，用色彩来表达自己对大溪地的喜爱之情。高更在作品《棕榈树下的大溪地女子》中，草地用的是纯度较高的黄绿，他不能与其他颜色一起调和，高更就是直接把颜色涂抹到画布上。这样显得画面的色彩纯度会很高。而高更运用色彩的纯度成为他作品中的一大特色。

The Forest Path

Portrait of Claude Antoine Charles Favre

Portrait of Ingeborg Thaulow

Apple-Trees in Blossom

Geese on the farm

Riverside (Breton landscape)

Snow at Vaugirard

The market gardens of Vaugirard

Vaugirard church

Winter Landscape

Clay jug and irin mug

Flowers and carpet (Pansies)

Houses at Vaugirard

Mandolin on a chair

Still life with fruit plate

Banks of the Oise

Corner of the garden rue Carsal

Flowers and carpet

Interior of the Painter’s House, rue Carcel

Party wall

Pissarro’s Garden, Pontoise

Pond with Ducks (Girl Amusing Herself)

River bank in winter

Still life with Oranges

Still life. Vase with flowers on the window

The Queen’s Mill

Young Girl Dreaming (Study of a Child Asleep)

At the Window

Aube the Sculptor and His Son

Blue Barge

Bouquet of flowers

Flowers and Japanese book

Gratte roosters path

Mountain landscape

Quarries at Pontoise

Aline Gauguin and one of her brothers

Double portrait of a young girl (Mademoiselle Lafuite)

Farm in Osny

Garden In Rue Carcel

Harbour Scene, Dieppe

Ingeborg Thaulow

Mandolina and Flowers

Osny, rue de Pontoise, Winter

Quarry hole in the cliff

Stream in Osny

Street in Osny

The farm in Grue

The garden in winter, rue Carcel

Tomatoes and a pewter tankard on a table

Village street, Osny

A Henhouse

Abandoned garden in Rouen

An Orchard under the Church of Bihorel

Basket of flowers

Blue roofs of Rouen

Bouquet

Bust of a Nude Girl

Clovis Gauguin asleep

Hillside

Landscape near Onsy

Mette Gauguin in an Evening Dress

Nasturtiums & dahlias in a basket

Near Rouen

Normandy Landscape-Cow in a Meadow

Notre Dame des Agnes

Orchard under the Church of Bihorel (Children in the Pasture)

Osny, the gate of Busagny farm

Portrait of a seated man

Portrait of Aline

Portrait of Isidore Gauguin

Returning from the harvest (Manuring)

Rouen at spring

Rouen suburb

Rue Jouvenet, Rouen

Skaters in Fredericksberg park

Street in Rouen

Sunken Lane

The artist’s children

The cliffs of Le-Bouille

The Port Of Rouen

The road up

The Square Pong

Two Cows in the Meadow

Vase of Peonies

Wooded Path

Young Woman Lying in a Grass

Bare Trees

Bathing, Dieppe

Boy by the Water

By the Stream, Autumn

Cattle Drinking

Cliff near Dieppe

Conversation

Dahlias in a copper vase

Donkey by Lane

Evening Primroses in the Vase

Flower and a Bird

Geese in the meadow

Haymaking near Dieppe

Horse and Cow in a Meadow

Landscape with cows in an Orchard

Lilac bouquet

Oestervold Park, Copenhagen

Pere Jean’s Path

Portrait of Achille Granchi Taylor

Portrait of Philibert Favre

Red roof by the water

Self Portrait

Stabble near Dieppe

Still Life of Onions and Pigeons and Room Interior in Copenhagen

Still Life with a Mandolin

Still life with carafe and ceramic figure

The Forest Edge

Two vases of flowers and a fan

Watering Place

White House

Willows

Winter’s End

Women bathing (Dieppe)

Bathing in Front of the Port of Pont-Aven

Bathing Place

Bordeaux Harbour

Breton Woman

Clovis

Coastal Landscape

Cows on the Seashore

Farm in Brittany

Fire by the Water

Four Breton Women

Fruit in a Bowl

Fruit

Landscape at Pont-Aven

Lollichon Field

Lollichon’s Field and the Church of Pont-Aven

Pont-Aven woman and child

Pots and Boquets

Red Hat

Rocks and Sea

Schooner and three masters

Stabble near Dieppe

Still Life with Cherries

Still life with horse’s head

Still Life with Profile of Laval

Still life with white bowl

Suburb under snow

La Belle Angele

The boss’s daughter

The vase of nasturtiums

Vase of Flowers

A Litter Washerman

A Seashore

Around the Huts

At the Pond

Coastal Landscape from Martinique

Huts under Trees

Madame Alexandre Kohler

Mango pickers (Martinique)

Martinique Landscape

Still life with mangoes and hibiscus

Tropical Conversation

Tropical Landscape, Martinique

Two Girls Bathing

Breton Woman and Goose by the Water

A little cat

Apples in bowl

Aven running through Pont-Aven

Blue Trees

Bouquet of Flowers with a Window Open to the Sea (Reverse of Hay-Making in Brittany)

Breton Boy by the Aven River

Breton Boys Wrestling

Breton Fisherman

Breton girls dancing

Breton Woman with a Pitcher

Breton Women at the Turn

Captain Jacob

Cottages on Mount Sainte Marguerite

Cove opposite Pont-Aven Harbor

Étude pour La Ronde des petites Bretonnes

Fisherman and bathers on the Aven

Fruits

Grape Harvest at Arles

Haymaking in Brittany

Head of a Breton (Marie Louarn)

In the Heat (The Pigs)

Kneeling cow

Landscape at Arles

Landscape near Arles

Landscape of Brittany

Landscape with geese

Lane at alchamps, Arles

Laveuses à Arles

Les Alyscamps

Little breton bather

Madame Roulin

Mas, near Arles

Meadow at the banks of Aven

Night Cafe, Arles

Self-Portrait with Portrait of Gauguin, Emile Bernard

Still-Life with Three Puppies

The Painter of Sunflowers (Portrait of Vincent van Gogh)

The Wave

the swineherd brittany

The Vision After The Sermon (Jacob Wrestling With The Angel)

Washerwomen At Roubine Du Roi

Self-portrait with Halo

At the Beach

At the Black Rocks

Beach at Le Pouldu

Bonjour Monsieur Gauguin

Breton Eve

Breton Women

Human Misery, from the Volpini Suite

In the waves (Odine)

Jeune Bretonne au bord de la mer

Pleasures of Brittany

Portrait of Meijer de Haan by Lamplight

The Yellow Christ

Seated Breton Girl

Self Portrait as “Christ on the Mount of Olives”

The Flageolet Player On The Cliff

The Green Christ or The Calvary

The Ham

The milkmaid

Madame la Mort

Meules de foin en Bretagne

Nirvana (also known as Portrait of Meyer de Hasn)

Portraits of Paul and Jean Schuffenecker

Landscape with Black Pigs and a Crouching Tahitian

atelier schuffenecker

Faaturuma (Mélancolie)

Orana Maria

portrait of suzanne bambridge

Road in Tahiti

Tahitian Women on the Beach

Te vahine fa'atūruma (La Boudeuse)

The Loss of Virginity (The Awakening of Spring)

The Man with an Axe

Tiare Farani (Flowers of France)

Vahine no te tiare (Woman with a Flower)

Young Man with a Flower Behind His Ear

The Sacred Mountain (Parahi Te Marae)

Are You Jealous？(Aha Oe Feii)

Joyeusete

la siesta

Landscape with Blue Trees

Landscape with Peacocks

Mata mua - In Olden Times

Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry？)

Parau na te Varua ino (Words of the Devil)

Tahitian women under the palms

Te aa no Areois (The seed of the Areoi)

The morning

Woman with a Mango

sprit of the dead

Women at the Riverside

Among The Lillies

Illustration in the Noa-Noa Album, Tahiti

MoMA

Noa Noa Suite-Delightful Land

Portrait of Louis Roy

Self Portrait with Palette

Self Portrait

Self-Portrait in a Hat

Tahitian mountains

Tahitian Pastorals

Te Atua (The Gods)

Tehamana Has Many Parents (The Ancestors Of Tehamana)

Breton Peasant Women (‘Paysannes bretonnes’)

Christmas Night (The Blessing of the Oxen)

Farm In Brittany

Flowers In A Fruit Bowl

Landscape in Brittany - The David Mill

Lying Girl Afraid of Spirits of the Dead

Mahana no Atua (Day of the Gods, Jour de Dieu)

Paris in the Snow

Sacred Spring

The Guitar Player

Upaupa Schneklud (The Player Schneklud)

The Child

Canoe and Tahitian Family

No te aha oe Riri

Portrait Of A Young Woman, Vaite (Jeanne) Goupil

Savage Poems

scene from tahitian life

Self Portrait (Place of the Skull)

self portrait

Still Life With Teapot And Fruits

Te tamari no atua (The birth of a Christ)

Trois Tahitiennes, Paul Gauguin

Vase Of Flowers

Nevermore (O Taiti)

Bathers at Tahiti

The White Horse

Two Tahitian Women

Three Tahitian Women Against a Yellow Background

three tahitians

woman_boy

Tahitian Woman with Evil Spirit

And the Gold of Their Bodies

Flight

Still Life With L'Esperance

Still life with sunflowers on armchair

tahitian idyll

Tahitian Woman And Two Children

Two Women aka Mother and Daughter

Crouching Tahitian Woman

Girl With A Fan

Nativité

Still life with Parrots

The Magician of Hivaoa

Two women(a.k.a Flowered hair)

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