阅读理解是英语很重要的一部分,可阅读理解所选短文中往往会出现较多的长难句,不仅增加了阅读量,还增大了理解难度,很多考生难以理清头绪,为此深感痛苦。其实,长难句是可以通过一些方法化为短易句的。
长难句类型
一、复合从句。
这类句子一般较长,往往由几个从句构成,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使人很难弄清楚整个句子结构。
其实,不管句子有多长有多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和枝叶。主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构,而枝叶是指在句中起修饰或补充主干作用的成分,可以是单词或短语。长难句中更常见的是定语从句和状语从句。
这时,考生只要仔细分析,找出句子的主干,画出句子成分,这样整个句子的结构就清晰了。
二、分隔结构。
为避免主语、宾语等主要句子成分过长,英语中往往将主语、宾语等与其修饰语分隔开来,即英语中的分隔现象。
分隔现象产生的主要原因有:一是为了强调或者平衡句子;二是为了使行文精炼,句子结构紧凑,表达言简意赅。
分隔成分可以是单词、短语或是句子,用来补充含义或做出一些解释。分隔结构主要有主谓分隔、动宾分隔、系表分隔、定语和修饰语分隔、定语和先行词分隔等情况。
三、成分省略。
在英语中,省略是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复,突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接或者只是单纯的语法需要。省略主要可以分为词法上的省略、句法上的省略和替代省略。
四、改变语序。
改变语序主要指倒装句式。在英语中,有时为达到语法或某种修辞目的,如强调、承上启下、平衡等,要把谓语动词放在主语前面,这种语序称作倒装语序。倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装。
突破策略
(1)结构分析法。
通过语法分析,迅速弄清句子的结构,把握住句子的基本框架。
基本步骤是:首先,判断该句是简单句还是复合句;然后,找出句子的核心成分,再分清句子的附属成分。
方法一:较复杂单句的处理方法——找句子的主干成分
较复杂的单句在高考试卷中经常出现,所以应引起同学们的足够重视。
①Today all three generations regard the moveas a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.(2016全国卷Ⅰ B篇)
此句的主语为all three generations,谓语为regard, 宾语为the move, as a success为宾语补足语。Today为时间状语,giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities为现在分词短语在句中作结果状语,且该分词短语中含有一个由than引导的比较状语从句。
句意:今天所有的三代人都认为这次搬迁非常成功,让他们拥有了比在不同的城市居住更加密切的关系。
②In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hoursat most. (2016全国卷ⅠC篇)
此句的主语为we,谓语为have got,宾语为72 hours。句中的In all和at most均为状语,from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor to the time they can be implanted in the patient为时间状语。
句意:从干细胞从捐赠人那里采集出来到移植到病人体内,我们总共至多有72个小时的时间。
方法二:并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词
①Her popular 1962 book Silent Springraised awareness of the dangers of pollution andthe harmful effects of chemicals on humans andon the world‘s lakes and oceans. (2016全国卷Ⅰ A篇)
此句中的第一个and连接并列的名词短语the dangers of pollution和the harmful effects of chemicals,都作awareness后介词of的宾语,第二个and前后的humans和the world's lakes and oceans都是介词on的宾语。
句意:她1962年的受欢迎的书籍《寂静的春天》提高了人们对于污染的危险的意识以及化学物质对人类和世界上的湖泊和海洋的有害影响的意识。
②She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me,re-routed(改道) me through Newark andgot me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.(2016全国卷Ⅰ C篇)
此句中的and连接3个并列谓语arranged for, re-routed through和got back to。
句意:她为我安排了一次乘坐小型飞机改道经纽瓦克市的航程,使我回到英国的时间甚至比原定的时间还要早。
方法三:主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词
①Therefore, whena person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, whatmay be implied(暗示) is thatthe person wants the listener to consider whathas been said before continuing.(2016全国卷Ⅰ D篇)
此句中when引导了一个时间状语从句,而what may be implied is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing为主句,其中what may be implied为主句主语,that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing为表语从句,表语从句中又含有一个由what引导的宾语从句,即what has been said before continuing
句意:因此,当一个来自这些文化中的人在讲话时突然停下来,这可能暗示着他想让听众思考他之前所讲的话。
②We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially whenyou're raising children.(2016全国卷Ⅰ B篇)
此句中when引导时间状语从句,而We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them为主句,主句中含有两个宾语从句,即how important family is和 how important it is to be near them。
句意:我们现在意识到了家庭是多么重要以及居住的地方离他们近是多么重要,尤其是当我们在抚养孩子的时候。
(2)意群阅读法
意群阅读法,即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度,而且有利于对句子的整体理解。
例如:①The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, ②[so (③when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida),(④my bags were packed before you could say "sunshine")].(2015全国卷Ⅰ B篇)
分析:
①是主句,②是so引导的原因状语从句,该原因状语从句中又含有由when引导的时间状语从句③和时间状语从句的主句④。这样,把整个句子划为4个意群,可以迅速提高阅读速度。
句意:寒冷的东北部不是度过这个冬季的非常有趣的地方,所以,当有机会去佛罗里达州的萨拉索塔市度过周末时,我的包在你还没来得及说是晴天的时候就已经打包好了。
总之,在阅读过程中遇到长难句,按照上面所讲述的方法进行分析,你会发现这些句子不再难。
长难句霹雳分析
1.2016·全国卷III·A篇
CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.
【分析】本句为一个含有较长介词短语的简单句,including至句末为介词短语,performances后的"by..."是介词短语作后置定语,presenting Baroque through modern music为现在分词短语作名词的后置定语。
【句意】CCM组织了多样的活动,包括知名的LaSalle四重奏乐团和CCM爱乐管弦乐团的演出,还有各种代表巴罗克风格到现代音乐的音乐家团体所进行的演出。
2. 2016·全国卷III·B篇
Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).
【分析】本句为复合句,逗号前为现在分词短语作时间状语,定语从句"that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚)"在句中修饰先行词the turn of events.
【句意】在返回市区宾馆的途中,韦尔蒂的大都市的朋友们惊讶于他们活动的转变,他们的聚会早已由纽约式的宴会变成了密西西比人的地方性团聚。
3. 2016·全国卷III·B篇
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.
【分析】句中的"Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats"与"Welty’s people"构成同位关系,三个from介词短语与come连用,表明小说中人物角色来源的多面性。
【句意】Welty小说中的角色——美容师、酒吧招待、钢琴演奏者及那些戴着紫色帽子的人——源自于她与老朋友共度的下午,源自于她在土生土长的密西西比州杰克逊城的大街小巷散步的过程中,还源自于她在公交车上无意间听到的闲谈。
4. 2016·全国卷III·C篇
To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.
【分析】本句主干为it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence,句中不定式短语作真正的主语,it为形式主语;该句前面为介词短语To people,而people后又接了一个定语从句,该句后面为such as短语,用于举例。
【句意】对于那些已习惯了选择超市里有限的苹果种类如Golden Delicious和Royal Gala的人来说,目睹Decio这种过去由罗马人种植的传统苹果品种如今依然存在可能会令他们大开眼界。
5. 2016·全国卷III·D篇
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.
【分析】本句为连词but连接的两个并列分句,第一个分句为含有一个宾语从句的复合句,主句的主语是Researchers,其后的现在分词短语analyzing word-of-mouth communication作定语,谓语是found,后面是that引导的宾语从句;第二个分句也是一个含有宾语从句的复合句。
【句意】分析口述交际如电子邮件、网帖、评论和面谈的研究者发现,它倾向于更积极而不是消极(的内容),但这并不一定意味着人们更偏爱积极的消息。