这两天数学VIP学员和备考群的同学同时问到了数学应用题中of的含义,答疑之后想到这其实是一个极其高频,但容易被人忽略的隐形考点:of在数学题中到底对应哪些数学表达?
数学基础好+阅读能力强的考生可能对这个问题没什么感觉,因为读题过程很顺畅,看到文字信息能直接列式解决。但实际上这是困扰很多基础相对薄弱考生的噩梦,我们看几个例子:
E.g.1
Are at least 10 percent of the people in Country X who are 65 years old or older employed?
(1) In Country X, 11.3 percent of the population is 65 years old or older.
(2) In Country X, of the population 65 years old or older, 20 percent of the men and 10 percent of the women are employed.
of-结构1:11.3 percent of the population
中文翻译:人口的11.3%
数学表达:设人口=p,则人口的11.3%=11.3%*p
小结:这种结构中的of相当于乘法,of后面的核心名词是基数,和of前面的量词(百分数、分数、倍数)相乘。
of-结构2:of the population 65 years old or older,20 percent of the men and 10 percent of the women
中文翻译:在65岁及以上的人口中,20%的男性和10%的女性
数学表达:设65岁以上的男性人口=m,65岁以上的女性人口=w,则65岁及以上的总人口=m+w,其中20%的男性=20%*m,其中10%的女性=10%*w,这些人口占65岁及以上总人口的比例=(20%*m+10%*w)/(m+w)
小结:of sth这种结构中的sth是总数,也是整体比例(求sth中一部分占sth的比例)的分母,在本题中是比例(20%*m+10%*w)/(m+w)中的分母(m+w)。
E.g.2
Before being simplified, the instructions for computing income tax in Contry R were to add 2 percent of one's annual income to the average (arithmetic mean) of 100 unit of Contry R's currency and 1 percent of one's annual income.
of-结构3:the average(arithmetic mean) of 100 unit of Country R's currency and 1 percent of one's annual
中文翻译:R国100单位货币和某人1%的年收入的算术平均数
数学表达:设某人年收入=a单位,R国100单位货币=100单位,所以算术平均数=(1%*a+100)/2;
小结:the average of A and B=(A+B)/2
注:黄色高亮整体很难,是因为这句话里除了the average of A and B的固定结构,还有一个add C to D的结构,add C to D=C+D,其中的D=the average of A and B。
E.g.3
Store N gives a 50 percent discount on the list price of all its items and Store W gives a 60 percent discount on the list price of all its items. lf the list price of the same item is 20 percent higher in Store W, what percent (more or less)of the selling price in Store N is the selling price of the item in Store W?
of-结构4:what percent(more or less)of the selling price in Store N is the seling price of the item in Store W?
简化结构:
Step1:what percent(more or less)of A is B,A=the selling price in Store N,B=the seling price of the item in Store W;
Step2:B is what percent(more or less)of A?
中文翻译:B比A增加或减少了(A的)百分之多少?
数学表达:|B-A|/A*100%;
注:之所以是|B-A|,而不是B-A,或者A-B,是因为问题的what percent more or less,所以求出的百分数变化,不需要带正负号,统一为正,由more和less代表了增加(+)和减少(-)。
小结:本题是典型的百分数的百分比变化问题,注意含有嵌套,第一层就是百分数(A=N吊牌价*50%,B=W吊牌价*40%)自己,第二层是百分数的百分比变化。
x percent more of A is B=B is x percent more of A,即(B-A)/A=x%
x percent less of A is B=B is x percent less of A,即(A-B)/A=x%
E.g.4
On a certain sight-seeing tour, the ratio of the number of women to the number of children was 5 to 2. What was the number of men on the sight-seeing tour?
of-结构5:the ratio of the number of women to the number of children
中文翻译:女性数量和儿童数量的比例
数学表达:设女性数量=w,儿童数量=c,则女性和儿童的比例=w/c;
小结:the ratio of A to B=A/B,这里的A在of后面,但是这里的A是分子;而一般来说B of A=B/A,A是分母,注意区分。
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