Foreign Policy Positions of the 2024 Candidates
This guide compares the foreign policy stances of former President Donald Trump and Vice President Kamala Harris, focusing on ten critical international issues.
2024年候选人的外交政策立场
本指南对比了前总统唐纳德·特朗普与副总统卡玛拉·哈里斯在九个关键国际议题上的政策主张。
Kamala Harris: Who is She?
Kamala Harris is the current Vice President of the United States and a prominent member of the Democratic Party. Before becoming Vice President, she served as a U.S. Senator from California and was the state’s Attorney General. Harris is known for advocating progressive policies such as protecting abortion rights, immigration reform, and environmental sustainability. As the first woman and first person of South Asian and African descent to hold the vice presidency, she represents a significant shift in U.S. politics.
卡玛拉·哈里斯是谁？
卡玛拉·哈里斯是美国现任副总统，同时是民主党的重要人物。在担任副总统之前，她曾任职加利福尼亚州的联邦参议员以及该州的司法部长。哈里斯以推动进步政策而闻名，比如保障堕胎权、移民改革以及环境保护。作为首位女性、也是首位具有南亚和非洲血统的副总统，她的当选在美国政坛具有重大意义。
Donald Trump: Who is He?
Donald Trump, a businessman-turned-politician, served as the 45th President of the United States from 2017 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, Trump is known for his “America First” policies, focusing on immigration control, economic nationalism, and deregulation. His presidency was marked by a controversial style of governance and frequent conflicts with the media. After leaving office, Trump remains highly influential within the Republican Party and is running for president again in 2024.
唐纳德·特朗普是谁？
唐纳德·特朗普是从商界转型为政治家的美国前总统，曾于2017至2021年担任第45任总统。他属于共和党，以“美国优先”政策著称，主要关注移民管控、经济民族主义以及减少政府监管。他的执政风格备受争议，与媒体频繁发生冲突。尽管已经卸任，他在共和党内的影响力依旧强大，并且计划在2024年再次竞选总统。
The Democratic Party: Who Are They?
The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States, advocating for progressive policies that emphasize social equality, government intervention in the economy, and environmental protection. Democrats generally support expanding social programs such as healthcare and education, protecting minority rights, and addressing climate change through stricter regulations. The party has a diverse base, including young voters, urban populations, and minorities, and is often associated with liberal ideologies.
民主党：他们是谁？
民主党是美国的两大政党之一，主张推动社会平等、政府干预经济和加强环境保护的进步政策。民主党通常支持扩大社会福利项目，如医疗保健和教育，注重保障少数群体的权利，并通过更严格的法规应对气候变化。该党有着多元化的支持群体，包括年轻选民、城市居民和少数族裔，并且常与自由主义理念相联系。
The Republican Party: Who Are They?
The Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is the other major political party in the U.S. It emphasizes conservative values, advocating for limited government intervention, lower taxes, and a strong national defense. Republicans are known for supporting free-market policies and traditional social values, often opposing extensive government regulations. The party’s base primarily includes older voters, rural communities, and business owners, with a focus on preserving individual freedoms and national security.
共和党：他们是谁？
共和党（也称为“大老党”）是美国的另一大主要政党，主张保守价值观，提倡减少政府干预、降低税收和加强国家防务。共和党支持自由市场政策和传统社会价值观，通常反对广泛的政府监管。该党的支持者主要包括年长选民、农村社区和企业主，其政策核心在于维护个人自由和国家安全。
The Presidency of the United States: Role, Structure, and Election Process
美国总统地位：职责、机构设置与选举机制
The President of the United States serves as both the head of state and the head of government, holding the highest executive authority in the country. The U.S. president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and is responsible for implementing federal laws, managing foreign policy, and directing the executive branch. The president's office is part of the Executive Branch, which works alongside the Legislative (Congress) and Judicial (Supreme Court) branches to govern the country.
美国总统既是国家元首，也是政府首脑，拥有国家最高的行政权力。总统还担任武装部队的总司令，负责执行联邦法律、管理外交事务，并领导行政部门。总统办公室属于行政分支，与立法分支（国会）和司法分支（最高法院）共同治理国家。
The Main Institutions of the Executive Branch
行政部门的主要机构
The White House Staff: Close advisors to the president, responsible for policy planning and day-to-day operations.
白宫幕僚团队：为总统提供政策建议，负责日常运营。
The Cabinet: Composed of the heads of executive departments (e.g., Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense) who advise the president.
内阁：由各行政部门的部长组成（如国务卿、国防部长），为总统提供决策支持。
Executive Agencies: Independent agencies such as the CIA, EPA, and NASA, which operate under the president’s oversight.
行政机构：如中央情报局（CIA）、环境保护署（EPA）和美国国家航空航天局（NASA）等独立机构，在总统领导下运作。
The U.S. Presidential Election Process 🗳️美国总统选举机制 🗳️
The U.S. presidential election occurs every four years. Candidates from major parties (Democratic and Republican) are nominated through primary elections and party conventions. The general election takes place in November, but the winner is determined by the Electoral College system rather than the popular vote.
美国的总统选举每四年举行一次。各大党（如民主党和共和党）的候选人通过初选和党代会提名产生。总统大选在11月举行，但选举人团制度而非普选票数决定最终胜者。
Electoral College: Each state has a certain number of electors based on its population. A candidate needs 270 electoral votes to win the presidency.
选举人团制度：各州的选举人票数基于该州人口数量。候选人需获得270张选举人票才能赢得选举。
Inauguration Day: The new president is sworn into office on January 20 following the election.
就职典礼：新当选的总统将在次年1月20日正式宣誓就职。
The U.S. president is not elected directly by popular vote but through the Electoral College. Each state’s number of electoral votes is based on its two Senate seats plus the number of seats it holds in the House of Representatives (which varies with population). There are 50 states plus Washington, D.C., giving a total of 538 electoral votes. To win, a candidate must receive at least 270 electoral votes—not popular votes—representing an absolute majority.
美国总统并非通过全国普选票直接当选，而是通过选举人团。每个州的选举人票数量等于该州在国会的参议员席位（2席）加上其在众议院的席位（按人口分配）。全国共有50个州和哥伦比亚特区，总计538张选举人票。候选人必须赢得至少270张选举人票——而非普选票——才能获得绝对多数，当选总统。
Electoral and Popular Votes: “Winner Takes All” 📊
选举人票与普选票：“赢者通吃” 📊
Imagine a sports match where winning a single point gives you all the points for that round—this is the "winner-takes-all" system. In almost every state, the candidate with the most votes wins all the state’s electoral votes. However, Maine and Nebraska are exceptions, distributing their votes proportionally by district results.
想象一场比赛，赢得一分就能拿下本轮的所有积分——这就是赢者通吃规则。在几乎所有州中，普选票最多的候选人赢得该州的全部选举人票。但缅因州和内布拉斯加州按选区结果按比例分配选举人票（例如，假设一个州有 4 个选区和 4 张选举人票。候选人甲在 3 个选区获胜，候选人乙在 1 个选区获胜。那么，候选人甲将获得 3 张选举人票，候选人乙将获得 1 张选举人票）。
Why Swing States Matter: A Key Example from 2016 🗺️
为什么摇摆州很重要：2016年的关键案例 🗺️
Think of swing states like a tiebreaker in a game. Even if a candidate wins a lot of easy states, they still need to win a few critical ones to claim victory. In 2016, Hillary Clinton won more votes nationwide, but Donald Trump won key battleground states, earning 304 electoral votes and the presidency.
把摇摆州比作一场比赛中的决胜局。即使候选人赢了很多简单州，他们仍需要赢下一些关键州才能获胜。在2016年，希拉里·克林顿虽然在全国普选票中领先，但特朗普赢得了关键战场州，拿下304张选举人票，成功当选总统。
Differences in the Campaign Policies of Kamala Harris and Donald Trump.
卡玛拉·哈里斯和唐纳德·特朗普竞选政策的差异。
外交政策与全球参与🌐
Foreign Policy and Global Engagement🌐
Harris: Advocates for multilateralism, continuing the Biden administration's stance on climate action and global diplomacy. She emphasizes the importance of U.S. alliances, like NATO, and promotes human rights and democracy.
哈里斯：倡导多边主义，延续拜登政府的气候行动和全球外交政策。她重视美国与北约等盟友的关系，并推动人权与民主。
Trump: Focuses on an "America First" strategy, reducing the U.S.'s global commitments and reasserting national sovereignty. He has criticized NATO and international institutions and promotes closer relations with authoritarian leaders when beneficial to U.S. interests.
特朗普：采取“美国优先”战略，减少美国的全球承诺，重申国家主权。他批评北约和国际机构，并在有利于美国利益时，与一些威权国家保持密切关系。
气候变化与能源政策 ☀️
Climate Change and Energy Policy ☀️
Harris: Pushes for green energy investment, promoting renewable energy and electric vehicles. She supports the Inflation Reduction Act's climate provisions and rejoining the Paris Agreement.
哈里斯：推动绿色能源投资，推广可再生能源和电动车发展，支持《通胀削减法案》的气候条款，并重返《巴黎协定》。
Trump: Opposes heavy environmental regulations and promotes fossil fuel production. He has pledged to withdraw from international climate agreements and supports the expansion of oil drilling and coal mining.
特朗普：反对严格的环保法规，主张化石燃料生产。他承诺退出国际气候协议，并支持扩大石油和煤炭开采。
移民政策 🛂
Immigration Policy 🛂
Harris: Supports pathways to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, asylum reform, and increased personnel for immigration courts.
哈里斯：支持为无证移民提供合法身份路径，推动庇护改革，并增加移民法庭的人力。
Trump: Focuses on border security, reviving the "Remain in Mexico" policy and conducting mass deportations. He also aims to end birthright citizenship.
特朗普：专注于边境安全，重启“留在墨西哥”政策，并实施大规模遣返，同时计划取消出生公民权。
经济政策 💰
Economic Policy 💰
Harris: Emphasizes investments in infrastructure and green technology, along with progressive tax reforms targeting wealthy individuals and corporations.
哈里斯：重视基础设施和绿色科技投资，并推动针对富人和企业的税制改革。
Trump: advocates for tax cuts and deregulation to stimulate the economy, adopting a “small government, big market” philosophy. He promotes economic nationalism through tariffs, particularly targeting imports from China, to protect U.S. industries.
特朗普：提倡减税和放松监管以刺激经济，推行“小政府、大市场”的理念。他通过关税实施经济民族主义，尤其针对中国进口产品，以保护美国国内产业。
医疗政策🏥
Healthcare Policy 🏥
Harris: Supports expanding healthcare coverage through the Affordable Care Act, lowering prescription drug prices, and providing universal access to reproductive healthcare. She advocates for incremental steps toward broader healthcare reform.
哈里斯：支持通过《平价医疗法案》扩大医保覆盖范围，降低处方药价格，并提供普遍的生殖健康服务。她主张逐步推进更广泛的医保改革。
Trump: Focuses on repealing the Affordable Care Act and reducing healthcare regulation. He promotes private sector competition and aims to lower healthcare costs through market-based solutions.
特朗普：致力于废除《平价医疗法案》，减少医疗监管，推动私营竞争，以市场为基础降低医疗成本。
社会问题与公民权利 ⚖️
Social Issues and Civil Rights ⚖️
Harris: Focuses on defending abortion rights, LGBTQ+ protections, and racial justice. She supports police reform, emphasizing accountability while maintaining public safety funding.
哈里斯：专注于捍卫堕胎权、LGBTQ+权利和种族正义，并推动警察改革，强调问责和公共安全投入的平衡。
Trump: Opposes expanding abortion rights and limits LGBTQ+ protections, advocating traditional values. He promotes law and order, opposing significant police reforms while supporting increased law enforcement funding.
特朗普：反对扩大堕胎权和LGBTQ+保护，倡导传统价值观，支持“法律与秩序”，反对重大警察改革，并增加执法资金。
国防与国家安全 🛡️
Defense and National Security 🛡️
Harris: Stresses the importance of alliances like NATO and supports modernizing U.S. defense capabilities with a focus on cybersecurity.
哈里斯：强调北约等盟友的重要性，支持现代化国防建设，并重点发展网络安全能力。
Trump: Emphasizes military independence and reduced international entanglements, advocating for increased defense spending to maintain U.S. global military superiority.
特朗普：主张军事独立，减少国际纠缠，通过增加国防预算保持美国的全球军事优势。
贸易与关税政策 📦
Trade and Tariffs Policy 📦
Harris: Advocates for cooperative trade agreements with allies and emphasizes sustainable trade practices. While she maintains some of Trump’s tariffs on China, she focuses on targeted actions, such as limiting exports of advanced technologies to competitors.
哈里斯：主张与盟友达成合作性贸易协议，并注重可持续的贸易实践。她保留了部分对中国的关税，但将重点放在限制关键技术出口。
Trump: Promotes an aggressive protectionist strategy, imposing high tariffs on imports, especially Chinese goods, to protect U.S. industries. He aims to phase out Chinese influence over essential sectors and impose additional trade restrictions.
特朗普：推行激进的保护主义战略，对进口商品（特别是中国商品）征收高额关税，以保护美国工业，并减少中国在关键领域的影响。
科技与创新 💻
Technology and Innovation 💻
Harris: Supports investment in research and development, including clean energy technologies and artificial intelligence. She emphasizes regulatory frameworks to ensure technology development aligns with U.S. values.
哈里斯：支持科研与技术开发，特别是在清洁能源和人工智能领域的投资，并推动符合美国价值观的科技监管框架。
Trump: Focuses on deregulation to encourage innovation, particularly in energy and defense industries. He opposes strict regulations on tech companies and advocates for U.S. independence from foreign tech influence.
特朗普：注重放松监管，鼓励能源和国防行业的创新。他反对对科技公司实施严格监管，并倡导美国科技的自主独立。
