在农业生产中，作物轮作是一种行之有效的种植策略，不仅能够优化土壤微生物群落，还能促进有益微生物的繁衍，并抑制有害微生物的滋生。作物根际微生物群落的稳定性对于维持土壤生态系统活力和作物健康至关重要。然而，对于长期蒜-玉轮作如何影响大蒜根际土壤的理化特性及微生物群落稳定性，目前的研究较为有限。
近日，山东农业大学李祥副教授在Environmental Microbiome发表了题为Long-term garlic‒maize rotation maintains the stable garlic rhizosphere microecology的论文，研究团队采集了不同轮作年限下的大蒜根际土壤样本，分析了长期蒜-玉轮作对微生物群落和土壤生态网络的影响。
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研究发现，随着轮作年限的增加，土壤中的全氮和全磷含量显著提高。轮作还显著增强了根际土壤有机碳（SOC）含量，这成为影响细菌群落结构演变和物种多样性的重要因子。长期轮作有助于维持根际微生物群落的 α 多样性，并通过提高微生物生态网络的互联性和复杂性，增强微生物生态网络及其群落稳定性。相比单作，轮作显著改善了细菌与真菌群落之间的协同作用。此外，研究表明，长期轮作引入了大量有益的芽孢杆菌（如 Bacillus 属）至大蒜根际。这些有益微生物形成了一道“生物屏障”，有效抑制了病原真菌 尖孢镰刀菌 (Fusarium oxysporum) 的入侵，显著降低了病害发生率。研究还发现，土壤有机碳含量和轮作年限对真菌群落的影响较小，说明其主要受到其他环境因子的调控。
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A Turnover of the relative abundance of the top 10 bacterial phyla during the succession of rotation years. B Turnover of the relative abundance of the top 10 fungal phyla during the succession of rotation years. C Ranking of bacterial biomarkers in descending order of importance to the model. D Dynamic changes in the relative abundance of biomarkers with rotation years. E Spearman correlations between soil physicochemical properties, rotation years, bacterial and fungal α diversity, and bacterial biomarkers, as well as the contributions of soil physicochemical properties and rotation years to bacterial and fungal α diversity and bacterial biomarkers
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A Systematic phylogenetic tree of ASVs present in the top 1% in terms of abundance across all soil samples, in relation to the 16S rRNA sequences of antagonistic bacteria on plates. B Pathogenicity experiment of Fusarium oxysporum on garlic, with CK as the control treatment, T1 representing the phenotype during the mild infection stage, and T2 representing the phenotype during the severe infection stage. C Eight strains of antagonistic bacteria inhibiting the growth of Fusarium oxysporum. D Eight strains of antagonistic bacteria aid garlic in resisting root rot in potted experiments. E Variation in the incidence of root rot with different treatments
综上，本研究证实，长期蒜-玉轮作能够显著改善大蒜根际土壤的理化特性，增强微生物群落的多样性与稳定性，同时通过引入有益微生物构建生物屏障，有效降低病害风险。这一发现为通过作物轮作促进农业可持续发展提供了理论依据。
原文链接：https://environmentalmicrobiome.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-024-00636-8
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