特朗普有在公共场合从肢体上言辞上对女性表达敌意的历史，这使他面临政治风险。Hiroko Masuike/The New York TimesIt seems a strange twist of American history that the only man to have run against two female nominees in two presidential elections is one with a long and explicit record of denigrating women.这似乎是美国历史上一个奇怪的情节转折，唯一一个在两次总统选举中与两名女性候选人竞争的男性，长期以来一直有明确诋毁女性的记录。From the earliest days of his presidential candidacy in 2015 to a Trump Tower news conference on Friday, Donald J. Trump has repeatedly tried to attack, embarrass and threaten the women standing in his way — especially on the debate stage.从2015年竞选总统的最初几天到一个周五在特朗普大厦举行的新闻发布会上，特朗普多次试图攻击、羞辱和威胁那些妨碍到他的女性——尤其是在辩论台上。Mr. Trump has, of course, treated men with intense bellicosity, launching a blizzard of interruptions against President Biden during their first debate in 2020 and lobbing personal insults at the likes of Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz during the primary in 2016.当然，特朗普对待男性的态度也非常好斗，在2020年与拜登总统的首场辩论中，他连番打断对方，并在2016年的初选中对马可·卢比奥和特德·克鲁兹等人发起人身攻击。But a review of his onstage clashes with women shows how, over nine years in politics, he has honed a playbook of explicitly gendered attacks against both female candidates and journalists that he is likely to draw from on Tuesday when he debates Vice President Kamala Harris. Mr. Trump has used his physical presence and body language to intimidate women, made veiled threats, complained that they were uniquely mean and belittled their qualifications in a way that many women view as open sexism.但回顾他在台上与女性的冲突，我们可以看到，在九年的政治生涯中，他是如何针对女性候选人和记者打磨出一套具有明确性别攻击的手法，在周二与副总统贺锦丽的辩论中，他有可能会从中取用一些。特朗普利用他的身体形象和肢体语言来恐吓女性，发出隐晦的威胁，抱怨她们特别刻薄，并以一种在许多女性看来带有明显性别歧视的方式矮化她们。In fact, the first time he ever spoke of a female presidential candidate on a debate stage, it was to brag about the control he had over her.事实上，他第一次在辩论台上谈到一位女性总统候选人时，是为了吹嘘自己对她的控制。“I said, ‘Be at my wedding,’ and she came to my wedding, you know why?” Mr. Trump said, answering a question about his previous donations to Hillary Clinton in the first Republican primary debate in 2015. “She had no choice, because I gave.”“我说，‘参加我的婚礼吧’，然后她就来了，你们知道为什么吗？”在2015年第一次共和党初选辩论中回答有关他之前向希拉里·克林顿捐款的问题时说。“她别无选择，因为我给钱了。”The Trump campaign defended his treatment of women and female journalists during debates.特朗普的竞选团队为他在辩论中对待女性和女记者的方式进行了辩护。“Anyone running for President of the United States should be held to the highest possible standards regardless of their gender,” said Karoline Leavitt, the national press secretary for the Trump campaign. “President Trump has been a fierce debater against all the opponents he has faced — men and women — since 2016.”“任何竞选美国总统的人，无论性别如何，都应该被要求达到尽可能高的标准，”特朗普竞选团队的全国新闻秘书卡罗琳·莱维特说。“自2016年以来，特朗普总统一直与他面对的所有对手——男性和女性——展开激烈的辩论。”His history of being physically and rhetorically hostile to women in these public moments exposes him to political risk and heightens the stakes of the debate at a time when his support among female voters in national polls is weak.由于他向来会在公共场合对女性表现出肢体和言辞上的敌意，这不仅使他面临政治风险，也在他的全国民调女性支持率偏低之际进一步提高了这场辩论的重要性。Mr. Trump has struggled to defend himself at debates against accusations of sexual harassment or sexism, denying and then deflecting questions about his treatment of women.面对性骚扰或性别歧视的指控，特朗普在辩论中竭力为自己辩护，对有关他对待女性的问题矢口否认，然后转移话题。At times, he has seemed to lose his cool with women in these settings. When, during their third debate in 2016, Mrs. Clinton accused him of being a puppet of Vladimir Putin, he practically barked that he was rubber and she was glue. “You’re the puppet, you’re the puppet,” Mr. Trump said. A little later, he gave her supporters an unofficial campaign slogan when he called her a “nasty woman” in a dispute over Social Security.在这种情形下，他有时会在女性面前失态。2016年，在他们的第三次辩论中，希拉里指责他是普京的傀儡，他几乎咆哮着说自己是橡皮，而她是胶水（橡皮和胶水是儿童斗嘴时的一句话，意思是你骂我的话全部反弹回去粘到你身上。——译注）。“你是傀儡，你才是傀儡，”特朗普说。稍后，在一场关于社会保障的争论中，他称她为“恶毒女人”，这无意中给了她的支持者一个非官方的竞选口号。But he is still reaching for caustic and belittling attacks when it comes to Ms. Harris.但当涉及贺锦丽时，他仍然采用尖刻和贬低的攻击。“I think I’m entitled to personal attacks,” he said of Ms. Harris last month. “I don’t have a lot of respect for her.”“我认为我有权进行人身攻击，”他上个月谈到贺锦丽时说。“我对她没有太多尊重。”The complaints抱怨Mr. Trump’s direct debate-stage confrontations with women began at that same 2015 debate, when moderator Megyn Kelly, the only woman onstage, brought up how Mr. Trump had called women he does not like “fat pigs, dogs, slobs and disgusting animals.” He responded with a joke — “Only Rosie O’Donnell” — and Ms. Kelly pressed on. Mr. Trump pushed back with a veiled threat.特朗普在辩台上与女性的直接对抗正是始于2015年那场辩论，当时的主持人梅根·凯利——也是台上唯一的女性——提到特朗普曾称他不喜欢的女性为“肥猪、狗、蠢货和恶心的畜生”。作为回应，他开了个玩笑——“只适用于罗西·奥唐纳（美国喜剧演员、主持人。——译注）”——而凯利并没有因此打住。特朗普以隐晦的威胁予以回击。“I’ve been very nice to you,” he said, “although I could probably maybe not be, based on the way you have treated me, but I wouldn’t do that.”“我一直对你很好，”他说，“尽管你这样对我，我可能没必要对你客气，但我不会那样做。”The conflict resumed the next day when he suggested in a CNN interview that Ms. Kelly had “blood coming out of her wherever” at the time. And it revealed a tactic Mr. Trump would turn to time and time again when dealing with women during debates: complaining that they were treating him unfairly.第二天，他在接受CNN采访时暗示，凯利当时“到处往外冒血”，冲突再次爆发。这还揭示出特朗普在辩论中与女性打交道时会一再使用的策略：抱怨她们对他不公平。He lobbed such grievances at Mrs. Clinton directly, but also at other female journalists who have asked him questions. During his second debate with Mrs. Clinton, in October 2016, he complained repeatedly that Martha Raddatz of ABC News — the only woman to moderate any of those three debates — was treating him unfairly.他直接向希拉里表达了这种不满，也对其他采访的女记者提出质疑。在2016年10月与希拉里的第二场辩论中，他一再抱怨ABC新闻的玛莎·拉达茨（她是这三场辩论中唯一的一位女性主持人）对他不公平。“Why don’t you interrupt her?” he snapped. “You interrupt me all the time.”“你为什么不打断她？”他厉声说道。“你不停打断我。”This pattern continued into his presidency and beyond, particularly when it came to women of color. In 2018, he accused Black female journalists of asking him “racist” and “stupid” questions, and earlier this summer, during an interview with the National Association of Black Journalists where he questioned Ms. Harris’s racial identity, he complained that ABC News’s Rachel Scott was being “hostile.”这种模式一直延续到他的总统任期以及之后，尤其是在涉及有色人种女性的时候。2018年，他指责黑人女记者问他“种族主义”和“愚蠢”的问题，今年夏天早些时候，他在接受全国黑人记者协会采访时质疑贺锦丽的种族身份，抱怨ABC新闻的雷切尔·斯科特“充满敌意”。 “He doesn’t like being asked tough questions — he doesn’t respond well,” said Karen Finney, who was an aide on Mrs. Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign. “When he feels, I don’t know, threatened, pushed, under pressure — he sort of seems to have this attitude about how women should speak to him.”“他不喜欢被问到尖锐的问题——他的反应很糟糕，”曾在希拉里2016年的总统竞选活动中担任助手的凯伦·芬尼说。“当他感到，比如说，受到威胁、被逼迫、有压力时——他似乎对女性应该如何与他交谈持有这样一种态度。”The insults侮辱Mr. Trump’s penchant for insulting women came up with the very first female presidential candidate he faced on a debate stage: Carly Fiorina, the former Hewlett-Packard chief executive.特朗普侮辱女性的嗜好在他面对第一位女性总统候选人时就开始了，也就是前惠普首席执行官卡莉·菲奥莉娜。A week before the September 2015 primary debate where they appeared together for the first time, Rolling Stone magazine published an article in which Mr. Trump slammed Ms. Fiorina’s appearance. “Look at that face,” Mr. Trump had said, according to the article. “Would anyone vote for that?”2015年9月，两人首次在初选辩论中一同亮相。在辩论开始的一周前，《滚石》杂志发表了一篇文章，称特朗普抨击菲奥莉娜的外表，“看看那张脸，”他说。“谁会投给这种人。”Ms. Fiorina was pleased at the time, according to Sarah Isgur, an aide on her campaign, because they thought it would shine a spotlight on her candidacy — albeit one that came with a dilemma.据菲奥里纳的竞选助手萨拉·伊斯古说，菲奥莉娜当时很高兴，因为他们认为这会增加她的曝光度——尽管这也带来了一个困境。“What Trump did boosted her,” Ms. Isgur said, “but it also made her more likely to be seen as the female candidate” and pigeonholed.“特朗普的所作所为提高了她的知名度，”伊斯古说，“但也让她更容易被当做一名女性候选人来看待，”被限制在一个角色里。One of the moderators, Jake Tapper, asked Ms. Fiorina about the comments before the first commercial break, and she responded with a rejoinder that Ms. Isgur said they had never rehearsed.辩论主持人之一的杰克·塔珀在第一个广告时段开始前问菲奥莉娜有关这些说法的问题，她给出了一个即兴回应，伊斯古说他们从来没有排练过。“I think women all over this country heard very clearly what Mr. Trump said,” Ms. Fiorina said, as Mr. Trump seemed to shrug with his whole face. He then jumped in to say that he did, in fact, think Ms. Fiorina was “a beautiful woman.”“我认为全国的女性都非常清楚地听到了特朗普说的话，”菲奥莉娜说，而特朗普似乎整张脸都在表示不屑。然后他插话说，他其实认为菲奥莉娜是“一个美丽的女人”。The moment helped boost Ms. Fiorina in the polls — but Mr. Trump seemed careful not to take the bait again. When she tried to needle him in later debates, Ms. Isgur said, he pivoted to a different candidate, which starved her of attention in the crowded and Trump-dominated primary.这一时刻帮助菲奥莉娜在民意调查中获得了提升——但特朗普似乎很注意不再上钩。伊斯古说，当她试图在后来的辩论中刺激他时，他转向了另一位候选人，这让她在拥挤的、特朗普主导的初选中失去了关注。At that September debate, Mr. Trump also employed a strategy with Ms. Fiorina he would later use with Mrs. Clinton: casting doubt on her qualifications.在9月的那场辩论中，特朗普还对菲奥莉娜采取了后来对希拉里·克林顿采取的那种策略：对她的资格提出质疑。“She can’t run any of my companies,” Mr. Trump said. “That I can tell you.”“她不能经营我的任何一家公司，”特朗普说。“这我可以告诉你。”The belittling贬低Mr. Trump’s debates with Mrs. Clinton in 2016 showed how deeply she could get under his skin. He grimaced and interrupted his way through much of their showdowns, and he sometimes snapped.2016年特朗普与克林顿的辩论表明，她可以深深激怒他。在他们对决的大部分时间里，他都在做怪相，打断她的话，有时还会发脾气。But, even as he struggled, their first debate was also a study in the way he drew on gendered assumptions in an attempt to make Mrs. Clinton — then the campaign’s front-runner — seem less presidential, deploying the kind of behavior many women recognize as sexist.但是，尽管他表现拙劣，他们的第一场辩论还是值得研究，他利用性别假设的方式，试图让当时的竞选领跑者克林顿看起来不那么像总统，他使用了许多被女性视为性别歧视的行为。When Mrs. Clinton goaded Mr. Trump by calling him Donald, he responded by seemingly making fun of the former secretary of state’s formal title. “In all fairness to, Secretary Clinton? Yes, is that OK?” he asked, as she nodded. “Good. I want you to be very happy. It’s very important to me.”当克林顿叫他唐纳德，试图刺激他的时候，他的回应似乎是拿这位前国务卿的正式头衔开玩笑。“为了公平起见，叫你克林顿国务卿？对吗，可以吗？”她点了点头，他问道。“很好。我希望你非常高兴。这对我来说非常重要。”He later launched a barrage of interruptions as she raised her experience as a senator and as the secretary of state, and he instead brought up her husband, former President Bill Clinton. It’s a tactic that now mirrors the way Mr. Trump sometimes pivots from attacking Ms. Harris to attacking President Biden — as if it is the man who merits more of his attention even if he is not actually running against one for president.后来，当希拉里谈到自己担任参议员和国务卿的经历时，特朗普接二连三地打断了她，转而提到了她的丈夫、前总统比尔·克林顿。现在，这种策略与特朗普有时从攻击贺锦丽转而攻击拜登总统的方式如出一辙——就好像男人才更值得他关注，即使他实际上不是在和男人竞选总统。Later in that debate, Mr. Trump sought to portray Mrs. Clinton as weak. He attacked her for taking time off on the campaign trail to prepare for the debate.在后来的辩论中，特朗普试图把希拉里·克林顿描绘成软弱的人。他抨击她为了准备辩论暂停了外出拉票的活动。When Lester Holt, the moderator, asked Mr. Trump about his previous declaration that Mrs. Clinton did not “have a presidential look,” Mr. Trump pivoted to an attack that seemed just as gendered, claiming that Mrs. Clinton did not have “the stamina” for a presidency that would require grueling negotiations with other heads of state.当主持人莱斯特·霍尔特问特朗普关于他之前说希拉里·克林顿没有“总统气质”的说法时，特朗普转向了一个似乎同样带有性别色彩的攻击，声称希拉里·克林顿没有担任总统所需的“耐力”，因为总统需要与其他国家元首进行艰苦的谈判。Mrs. Clinton crisply responded that Mr. Trump could talk to her about stamina as soon as he traveled to 112 countries or spent 11 hours testifying in front of a congressional committee, as she had.希拉里直截了当地回应说，如果特朗普像她那样，去过112个国家，或者在国会委员会面前作证11个小时，就可以和她谈论耐力问题。“I also knew I had to brush Trump back,” she said last week in an interview with The New York Times, “and not let him be the center of attention all the time.”“我也知道我必须回击特朗普，”她上周接受《纽约时报》采访时说。“不能让他一直成为关注的焦点。”The scorched-earth attacks焦土攻击A couple of weeks later, Mr. Trump met Mrs. Clinton for their second debate, at the lowest point of his candidacy. The “Access Hollywood” tape, in which Mr. Trump bragged about sexually assaulting women, had leaked just a couple of days before. Mrs. Clinton decided ahead of time she would not legitimize him by shaking his hand onstage.几周后，特朗普与克林顿进行了第二场辩论，当时是他竞选以来的最低点。几天前，特朗普吹嘘自己对女性进行性侵犯的《走进好莱坞》(Access Hollywood)录音带被泄露。希拉里提前决定她上台后不会与特朗普握手，因为那等于承认他的正当性。Mr. Trump used that meeting to unleash his harshest attacks on her.特朗普利用那次会面对她发起了最严厉的攻击。“He loves to humiliate women, loves to talk about how disgusting we are,” Mrs. Clinton wrote in a book released a year later. “He was hoping to rattle me.”“他喜欢羞辱女性，喜欢谈论我们有多恶心，”希拉里·克林顿在一年后出版的一本书中写道。“他想吓唬我。”In a counterattack that shocked some of Mrs. Clinton’s aides, Mr. Trump invited women who had accused President Clinton of unwanted sexual advances to sit in the debate audience, and sought to deflect from the attention over the “Access Hollywood” tape by directing his own attack at Mrs. Clinton.特朗普发起了令克林顿的一些助手感到震惊的反击，他邀请了曾指控克林顿总统对她们进行不受欢迎的性挑逗的女性坐在辩论观众席上，并试图通过将自己的攻击指向希拉里·克林顿来转移人们对《走进好莱坞》录音带的关注。“Bill Clinton was abusive to women,” Mr. Trump said. “Hillary Clinton attacked those same women and attacked them viciously.”“比尔·克林顿虐待女性，”特朗普说。“希拉里·克林顿攻击这些女性，而且是恶毒的攻击。”He sought to make the set inhospitable to Mrs. Clinton in another way, too. Mr. Trump prowled the stage as she spoke, looming behind her in key moments. Mrs. Clinton often stayed seated when he spoke, and sometimes he approached her, towering over her and pointing in her direction.他还试图以另一种方式让克林顿感到不舒服。她讲话时，特朗普在舞台上徘徊，在关键时刻出现在她身后。他讲话时，克林顿经常坐着，有时他会走近她，高高在上，指着她的方向。
2016年，希拉里和特朗普在圣路易斯参加第二场总统辩论。Doug Mills/The New York Times
It was something Mrs. Clinton had been prepared for. One of her aides, Philippe Reines, had already practiced stalking her during debate practice.希拉里对此早有准备。在辩论练习时，她的助手菲利普·莱恩斯练习过尾随在她身后。“Everything about him is designed to be imposing — intimidation is his secret to success,” said Nick Merrill, her traveling press secretary at the time. “There was a lot of attention given to that.”“他做的一切都是为了给人以威慑力——恐吓是他成功的秘诀，”希拉里当时的随行新闻秘书尼克·梅里尔说。“这吸引了很多关注。”Mr. Trump has hinted that, once again, he wants to be sure he looms larger than his female opponent.特朗普再次暗示，他希望确保自己比女性对手更高大伟岸。Mr. Trump, who is at least 6 feet tall, has signaled that he wants to ensure that Ms. Harris looks the 5 feet 4 inches tall that she is, and no taller.特朗普的身高至少有1.82米，他曾表示希望确保贺锦丽看起来就是1.62米高的样子，而不是更高。“No boxes or artificial lifts will be allowed to stand on during my upcoming debate with Comrade Kamala Harris,” he wrote on his social media site last week. That, he said, “would be a form of cheating.”“在我即将与贺锦丽同志举行的辩论中，不允许有人站在任何箱子或升降机上，”他上周在自己的社交网站上写道。他说，“这将是一种作弊行为”。
