一.vault n. 拱顶；地下室；保险库；（体操）跳马 v. 跳跃；撑竿跳过
例句：The bank's vault was protected by advanced security systems.（银行的金库由先进的安全系统保护。）
二. transmission n.（数据的） 传输；传播；节目播送
例句：You disconnected the transmission lines? Are we off the grid? （你切断输电线路了吗？我们的电网也断开了吗？）
三. knot n. 结；（装饰用的）花结；节（航速单位） v. 打结；系
例句：The sailor tied a complex knot to secure the boat.（水手打了一个复杂的 knot 来固定船。）
四.inevitable adj.不可避免的，必然发生的
例句：If something is inevitable then it cannot be avoided or stopped. （如果某事是不可避免的，那么它无法被避免或阻。)
五. interpretation n.解释，解读，说明；表演，演绎
例句：Is my interpretation of the information logically sound?(我对信息的解读符合逻辑吗？)
六. maintenance n. 维护，养护；维持：赡养费
例句：The Louvre is closed on Mondays for maintenance.(卢浮宫每周一都会闭馆整顿。)
七. tacit adj. 默认的；心照不宣的；默示的
例句：Their tacit cooperation made the work go smoothly.（他们心照不宣的合作使工作进展顺利。）
八. jostle v. 推挤；争抢；撞；挤开
例句：In the busy marketplace, people constantly jostle for space.（在繁忙的市场里，人们不断地争抢空间。）
九. daunt v. 使气馁；使胆怯；威吓
例句：The harsh criticism did not daunt his creative spirit.（严厉的批评没有挫败他的创作精神。）
十. fad n. 一时的风尚；一时的爱好
例句：The fad for online challenges spread quickly among teenagers.（网络挑战的热潮在青少年中迅速蔓延。）
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
If there’s one rule that most parents cling to in the confusing,fast-changing world of kids and media,it's“No screens before age 2.”
As of today,that rule has been thrown out the window.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP),which first issued that recommendation back in 1999,has extensively updated and revised its guidelines for children and adolescents to reflect new research and new habits.
The new guidelines,especially for very young children,shift the focus from WHAT is on the screen to WHO else is in the room.And in doing so,they raise some intriguing points about the future oflearning from media.
For babies younger than 18 months,AAP still says no screens at all are the best idea—with one notable exception:Live video chat.Surveys indicate that families already popularly believe that“Face time doesn't count”,or at least that the benefit of virtual visits with grandparents or other relatives outweighs the potential cost of exposing babies to the laptop or smartphone.
The AAP doesn't cite positive evidence that infants actually get something out ofthis kind of“conversation”,the way that they clearly do from live social interaction.But there's some observational research that infants as young as six months old are emotionally engaged by playing live peekaboo(躲猫猫)with Grandma online.
For infants and toddlers(学步儿童),ages 15 months to 2 years old,there's limited evidence from a couple of very small studies that they can learn new words from educational media,if and only if parents are watching alongside them,repeating what the video says and/or drawing attention to what is on the screen.In other words,treating a video or an app like a picture book is the best bet.
The flip side of this is that many studies have actually shown poorer language skills correlated with earlier solo viewing of “educational”videos.There's also research that shows language delays in children who watch more TV and start watching earlier.In both cases,the problem seems to be media replacing interaction with people.For this reason,the new AAP guideline has changed from“avoid all screens under age 2”to“avoid solo media use in this age group.”
For preschoolers ages 2 to 5,there's more evidence that they have the ability to transfer knowledge from screens to the real world,including early literacy and math.For
this age group,AAP recommends no more than an hour a day of screen use.And,just as with younger children,they want care-givers to take part in screen time:“Co-view with your children,help children understand what they are seeing,and help them apply what they learn to the world around them.”
1.What do we learn about the "No screens un-der 2"rule?
2.What do the new AAP guidelines advocate?
A.Young children should be accompanied by parents during screen time.
B.Parents should be emotionally involved in their children's upbringing.
C.Young children should watch videos carefully selected by parents.
D.Parents should protect their children from too much media exposure.
3.What do families think of live video chat according to surveys?
A.It should not be regarded as screen time.
B.It helps babies to develop their verbal skills.
C.It is not as harmful as playing games on laptops.
D.It is a good substitute for video viewing.
4.What do researches find about kids solo viewing educational videos?
A.It arouses their interest in language learning.
B.It works no better than reading picture books.
C.It hampers their development of language skills.
D.It helps them acquire independent learning skills.
5.What does the author say about preschoolers ages 2 to 5?
A.They can understand pretty well what they see on the screen.
B.They can learn on their own without much parental guidance.
C.They can make use of educational videos to develop digital literacy.
D.They can relate what they learn on the screen to real life situations.
一、黄土高原(the Loess Plateau)是中国第三大高原，面积约60万平方公里，平均海拔1000-2000米，绝大部分覆盖着50-80米厚的黄土，是世界上黄土分布最集中、覆盖厚度最大的区域。
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二、这是大自然创造的一个奇迹，在世界上也是绝无仅有的。黄土高原是中华民族的发祥地之一。
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三、早在5500年前，人们就已经在黄土高原上开始农耕。
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四、随着农耕业的持续发展，黄土高原人口不断增加，在秦汉时期就成为中国的政治和经济中心。如今，随着西部大开发战略的实施，黄土高原地区的经济得到了迅速发展。
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BCACD阅读理解
1.【B】【定位】由题干中的UN environmental study定位C【精析】事实细节题。文章第二段第二句指出，如到第一段。B【精析】事实细节题。文章首段第一句指出，最近一项联合国环境研究发现，人类对世界自然资源的破坏正快速超过地球承受伤害的能力。由此可知，人类对地球造成的破坏已经超出了地球所能承受的范围，故答案为B。
【避错】首段第二句指出，如果不采取激进行动，发达国家数百万人赖以维系的繁荣水平将无法维持，而非指人类活动使得地球母亲几乎不适宜居住，也非指目前环境问题已经严重削弱了人类的繁荣，也无法推断出发达国家的环境破坏更加严重，故排除A 、C和D。
2.【C】【定位】由题干中的water scarcity和the poorest regions定位到第二段。如果不采取激进的行动，这种令人绝望的情况几乎无法得到改善。由此可知，如果不采取严厉措施， 很难缓解缺水问题，故答案为C。
【避错】根据第二段第二句可知，如果采取严厉的措施，缺水问题是可以得到缓解的，而非解决的希望渺茫，A项表述与原文矛盾，故排除；第二段第一句指出，缺水对于地球上一些最贫穷地区来说无异于诅咒，使发展中国家越来越无法自给自足，造成数百万人贫困，但并没有说明缺水是贫穷地区经济发展缓慢的主要原因，B项为过度推理，故排除；本文第二段第三句指出，气候变化等几个因素造成了水资源问题，但并未说明气候变化加速是缺水的主要原因，D项表述与原文不符，故排除。
3.【A】【定位】由题干中的Achim Steiner和environmental condition定位到第三段。A【精析】推理判断题。文章第三段第二句指出，联合国执行主任阿希姆·施泰纳警告道：“如果目前的趋势继续持续下去，并且全世界的生产方式和消费模式也不改进的话，那么全世界的环境将会继续恶化。”由此可知，阿希姆 ·施泰纳认为全球环境会继续恶化，故答案为A。
【避错】阿希姆 ·施泰纳并未提及有关环境状况正引起全球的关注，B项为无中生有，故排除；第三段第一句指出，尽管人们齐心协力说服各国政府采取措施改善环境，但全球自然环境破坏的速度仍在加快，可知环境问题并没有在全球慢慢得到解决，故排除C项；阿希姆 ·施泰纳并未提及全球人口的问题，故排除D项。
4.【C】【定位】由题干中的dilemma和developing countries定位到第六段。C【精析】事实细节题。文章第六段第一至三句指出，全球碳排放量一直居高不下，这对发展中经济体养活本国人民将会造成长期的压力。在2000年至2010年期间，农业生产中化学肥料和天然肥料的使用量增加了四分之一以上，其所产生的温室气体排放加剧了气候变化。由此可知，发展中国家要想提高作物产量，需要借助现代化农业手段，这一定会造成温室气体排放，故答案为C。
【避错】第五段指出，在一些追求采用现代农业方法而不计长期后果的地区，需要遏制土地退化问题，A项与原文相反，故排除；本文并未提及工业化和水污染的问题，B项为无中生有，故排除；最后一段第一句指出发达国家牺牲环境去追求经济增长，最后一句指出发展中国家发展经济要兼顾环境问题，但并未提及发展中国家需要牺牲环境，才能赶上富裕国家，故排除D项。
5.【D】【定位】由题干中的developing countries和 future development定位到最后一段。D【精析】推理判断题。文章最后一段最后一句指出，在发展中国家，未来的发展道路充满了变数，这鼓励了国际机构设计更多的可持续增长途径，既能减少贫困，又能保护环境。由此可知，发展中国家要走可持续经济增长道路，在保护环境的前提下，发展经济，改善人们的生活，故答案为D。
【避错】文中并未提及有关发展中国家向发达国家寻求援助的内容，A项为无中生有，故排除；最后一段最后一句指出，发展中国家要走可持续经济增长道路，兼顾经济和环境，并没有指出要通过减缓经济增长来弥补对环境的破坏，B项为过度推理，故排除；文章最后一段最后一句指出，在发展中国家，未来的发展道路充满了变数，这鼓励了国际机构设计更多的可持续增长途径，而非要避免受到国际机构的破坏性干预，故排除C项。
重点翻译
一、The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is situated in the southwest of China,covering an area of about 2.3 million square kilometers,with an average altitude of over 4,000 meters.It is known as the“Roof of the World” .
二、The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is abundant in natural resources,boasts beautiful scenery and has a variety of rare wild animals.
三、The low temperature of the plateau has created a large area of alpine glaciers.It is the source of many famous rivers in Asia and is the main source of fresh water supply in China and Southeast Asia.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is vital to the global ecosystem.
四、Glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are melting at an accelerated rate due to climate change.China has been committed to protecting the ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,with increasing grassland coverage and more effective protection of many endangered species.
预祝所有参加四六级考试的同学们顺利通过！
编辑 | 蔡浪
责编 | 郑馨怡 包芳臣
审校 | 舒尔娜·吾其尔 张如
