一、daunt v. 使气馁；使胆怯；威吓
例句：The difficult task didn't daunt her determination.（艰巨的任务没有吓倒她的决心。）
二、jostle v. 推挤；争抢；撞；挤开
例句：People jostled each other in the crowded subway.（人们在拥挤的地铁里互相推挤。）
三、tacit adj. 默认的；心照不宣的；默示
例句：There was a tacit agreement that we wouldn't mention the incident.（我们有一个默契，不提那件事。）
四、gasp v. 喘气；喘息；倒吸一口气 n. 喘气；喘息
例句：He gasped for air after running a long distance.（他跑了很长一段距离后喘着粗气。）
五、placid adj. 平静的；温和的；沉着的
例句：The placid river flowed slowly through the countryside.（平静的河流缓缓地流过乡村。）
六、yell v. 大叫；呼喊；吼叫 n. 叫声；喊声
例句：The coach yelled at the players to encourage them.（教练向运动员大喊以鼓励他们。）
七、knot n. 结；（装饰用的）花结；节（航速单位） v. 打结；系
例句：Tie a knot tightly to make sure it doesn't come undone.（紧紧地打个结，确保它不会松开。）
八、xenon n. 氙（一种化学元素）
例句：Xenon - filled lamps give a bright light.（充氙气的灯发出明亮的光。）
九、sabotage. n破坏；蓄意破坏 v. 蓄意破坏；妨碍
例句：Someone tried to sabotage the project by delaying the supplies.（有人试图通过拖延物资供应来破坏这个项目。）
十、vault n. 拱顶；地下室；保险库；（体操）跳马 v. 跳跃；撑竿跳过
例句：The gymnast did a perfect vault over the horse.（体操运动员在跳马上做了一个完美的跳跃。）
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Chimpanzees humanbeings'closest ani-mal relatives,share up to 98%of our genes.Yet humans and chimpanzees lead very different lives.Fewer than 300,000 wild chimpa-nzees live in a few forested corners of Africa today,while humans have coloni-zed every corner of the globe.At more than 7 billion,human population dwarfs that of nearly all other mammals—despite our physical weaknesses.
What could account for our spe-cies ncredible evolutionary successes?
One obvious answer is our big brains.It could be that our raw intelligence gave us an unprecedented ability to think outside the box,innovating solutions to thorny problems as people migrated across the globe.
But a growing number of cognitive scien-tists and anthropologists ( 人 类 学 家 )are rejecting that explanation.They think that,rather than making our living as innovators,we survive and thrive precisely because we don't think for our-selves.Instead,people cope with challenging climates and ecological contexts by carefully copying others.
In a famous study,psychologists Victoria Horner and Andrew Whiten showed two groups oftest subjects children and chimpanzees a mechanical box with a treat inside.In one condition,the box was opaque,while in the other it was transparent.The experimenters demon-strated how to open the box to retrieve the treat,but they also included the irrelevant step of tapping on the box with a stick.
Oddly,the children carefully copied all the steps to open the box,even when they could see that the stick had no practical effect.That is,they copied irrationally:Instead of doing only what was necessary to get their re-ward,children slavishly imitated every action they'd witnessed.
Of course,that study only included three-and four-year-olds.But additional research has shown that older children and adults are even more likely to mindlessly copy others'actions,and infants are less likely to over- imitate that is,to precisely copy even impractical actions.
By contrast,chimpanzees in the study only over-imitated in the opaque condition.In the transparent condition—where they saw that the stick was mechani-cally they ignored that step entirely.Other research has since supported these findings.
When it comes to copying,chimpanzees are more rational than human children or adults.
Where does the seemingly irrat-ional human preference for over-imitation come from?Anthropologist Joseph Henrich points out that people around the world rely on technologies that are often so complex that no one can learn them ra-tionally.In-stead,people must learn them step by step,trusting in the wisdom of more experienced elders and peers.
So the next time you hear someone arguing passionately that everyone should embrace nonconformity and avoid imitating others,you might laugh a little bit.We're not chimpanzees after all.
1.What might explain humans'having the largest population of almost all mammals?
A.They are equipped with raw strength for solving the most challenging problems.
B.They cope with the outside world more effectively than their animal relatives.
C.They possess the most outstanding ability to think.
D.They know how to survive everywhere on earth.
2.What acounts for humans'evolutionary successes according to a growing number of cognitive scientists and anthropologists?
A.They are better at innovating solutions.
B.They thrive through creative strategies.
C.They are naturally adaptive to ecological contexts.
D.They meet challenges by imitating others carefully.
3.What does the author think is odd about the findings of the study by Victoria Horner and Andrew Whiten?
A.Children irrationally imitated every action of the experimenters.
B.Chimpanzees could tell the transparent box from the opaque one.
C.Chimpanzees could retrieve the treat more quickly than children did.
D.Children omitted the step of tapping on the box with a stick to open it.
4.What is anthropologist Joseph Henrich's explanation for the human preference for copying?
A.It originates in the rationality of people around the world.
B.It stems from the way people learn complex technologies.
C.It results from people distrusting their own wisdom.
D.It derives from the desire to acquire knowledge step by step
5.What point does the author want to emphasize when he says “We're not chimpanzees”?
A.It is arguable whether everyone should avoid imitation.
B.It is characteristic of human beings to copy others.
C.It is desirable to trust in more knowledgeable peers.
D.It is naive to laugh at someone embracing nonconformity.
一、近年来，中国城市加快发展，城市人居环境得到显著改善。
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二、许多城市努力探索中国特色的城市高质量 发展之路，城市功能不断完善，治理水平明显提高。
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三、中国持续开展城市生态修复和功能修补，全面实施城 镇老旧小区改造，大力推进城市园林绿化，消除污染；
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四、同时大力推进城市基础设施体系化建设，开展房屋建筑和市政设施普查以及安全隐患排查整治，努力为市民创造高品质的生活环境，让城市更美丽、更安全、更宜居。
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ADBDC阅读理解
1.【A】【定位分析】由题干中的opposed 以及monitoringemployee performance定位到第一段第一句。
A事实细节题。文章第一段第一句提到许多人反对工作场所监控，因为这种做法本身就带有使人丧失人性的效果，同时，还会带来无尽的压力。文中的relentless pressure对应A项中的constant pressure,因此答案为A项。文中第一段第一句提到许多人反对工作场所监控，因为这种做法本身就带有使人丧失人性的效果，但没有提到universally(普遍地),并未提到每个人都持有这种看法，这属于主观臆断，故排除B项。文中虽然提到工作场所监控会带来无尽的压力，但还没有到对身体和精神造成伤害的地步，这属于过度推断，因此排除C项。文中提到企业力图通过榨取员工更多的生产力来提高效率，与D项语义相同，但是它是全球范围内工作场所内的监控越来越普遍的原因，不是很多人反对监控员工表现的原因，这属于偷换概念，因此排除D项。
2.【D】【定位分析】由题干中的supporters'argument 定位到第二段最后一句。D事实细节题。文中第二段最后一句提到支持者认为这可以保护员工免受欺凌和性骚扰，欺凌和性骚扰都是侵犯性的行为，因此工作场所监控可以保护员工免受攻击性行为的侵害，所以答案为D项。第二段第四句提到，甚至在你不是对话的主要讲话者时，这些设备也可以检测你谈话的时间、音量和语调，并没有提到它可以使员工避免主导性的谈话，因此排除A项。第二段第三句提到，公司收集员工的电子邮件和即时消息应用留 下的“数据残留”,并使用配备无线射频识别设备和麦克风的姓名牌，这都是令员工反感的事情，不可能增强员工对所在公司的认同感，因此排除B项。第二段最后一句提到，这听起来可能有些冒犯，说的是前面提到的公司的监控行为有些冒犯，而非指这些行为可提醒员工隐私受到侵犯，C项属于曲解文意，故排除。
3.【B】【定位分析】由题干中的differentnumbersofpeople interactingatlunchtables定位到第三段第二句。
B推理判断题。文章第三段第二句举了一个例子：人们发现，与经常坐在四人桌旁的人相比，坐在12人用餐桌旁的人更愿意互动、分享更多的想法，并且表现得更好。文中的例子都是为了支持某个论点服务的，也就是为本段第一句服务的。第一句提到某些数据分析可能会产生意想不到的结果，因此，不同数量的人在午餐桌上互动的例子是为了证明分析从员工那儿收集到的数据可以得到让人意想不到的结果，因此答案为B项。文中数据的分析是为了说明分析数据后可以得到的意外结果，而非说明数据分析是成功实 施工作场所监控的关键，A项属于主观臆断，故排除。文中的例子的确表明更多的同事坐在餐桌旁有助于互动和分享想法，但这是例子本身的内容，要注意例子是为了文章服务，不是为了说例子本 身，因此排除C项。文中餐桌上坐多少人是先发生的，之后再收集所需的数据，而不是数据分析决定午餐桌上坐多少人，因此排除D项。
4.【D】【定位分析】由题干中的monitoring initiatives定位到第五段最后一句。
D事实细节题。文中第五段最后一句指出监控举措要想有积极效果，很大程度上取决于如何传达此类监控措施。第六段第一、二句提到，如果老板不能与员工进行有效沟通，员工会把事情想得很糟糕。但是，如果他们对正在收集的信息以及对这些信息的处理持开放态度，研究表明，46%的员工通常都是能接受的。因此老板们表明他们的监控目的很重要，故答案为D项。文中第五段提到，如果植入的芯片被用来减少空闲时间或休息时间，这可能是有害的，但文章并未涉及被监控的频率，因此排除A项。第六段第二句提到，如果老板们对还在收集的信息以及对这些信息的处理持开放态度，员工通常都是能接受的，这是在强调对所收集信息的处理态度，而不是收集信息的内容，因此排除B项。文中第五段第二句提到，如果植入的芯片被用来减少空闲时间或休息时间，这可能是有害的(detrimental),但并未提及将其有害影响降至最低的步骤，因此排除C项。
5.【C】【定位分析】由题干中的staffers 定位到第六段最后一句。
C推理判断题。第六段最后一句提到尽管许多此类监控计划使用匿名数据，而且是自愿参与的，许多员工仍然持怀疑态度，担心他们的公民自由会受到侵害，由此可见员工担忧监控举措会侵犯他们应有的自由，文中的liberties对应C项中的freedom,故答案为C项。最后一段第一句提到，工作场所监控可以增强员工自主权，而A项中的excessively“过度地，过分地”夸大了原文意思，因此排除A项。文中说的是员工担心公民自由会受到侵害(erosion),而不是工作环境受到侵害(erode),因此排除B项。文中提到，如果以错误的方式实施，工作场所监控也可能成为一种不受欢迎的压迫工具，结果适得其反，而非从长远来看，监控举措会适得其反，因此排除D项。
重点翻译
一、With the rapid development of China's economy and the steady improvement of people's living standards, urban residents have increasingly higher demands for the environment and quality of life.
二、Local governments in China are placing greater emphasis on constructing and enhancing public facilities to better meet the needs of the people.
三、By building new squares, parks,and public green spaces or transforming existing public areas.
四、Nowadays, government-funded fitness equipment and paved fitness trails can be seen everywhere in many cities,which not only greatly enhances the conditions of outdoor activities of the residents but also makes the city more beautiful.
预祝所有参加四六级考试的同学们顺利通过！
编辑 | 曾旭
责编 | 郑馨怡 包芳臣
审校 | 舒尔娜·吾其尔 张如
