1. obdurate adj. 顽固的；执拗的；冷酷无情的
例句：The obdurate old man refused to change his mind.那个顽固的老头拒绝改变主意。
2. palliate v. 减轻；缓和；辩解
例句：This medicine can palliate the pain. 这种药可以减轻疼痛。
3. querulous adj. 爱发牢骚的；易怒的；抱怨的
例句：The querulous customer was always dissatisfied.那个爱发牢骚的顾客总是不满意。
4. jumble v. 使混乱；使杂乱；混杂 n. 混乱；杂乱的一堆；旧杂货义卖
例句：The papers were all jumbled together.纸张都杂乱地混在一起。
5. sagacious adj. 睿智的；聪慧的；精明的
例句：A sagacious leader can make good decisions.一个睿智的领导者能做出好的决策。
6. tawdry adj. 俗丽的；华而不实的；廉价而俗艳的
例句：She was wearing tawdry jewelry. 她戴着俗丽的珠宝。
7. unctuous adj.油滑的；虚情假意的；油质的
例句：The unctuous salesman tried to sell me something I didn't need.那个油滑的推销员试图卖给我一些我不需要的东西。
8. vapid adj. 无趣味的；平庸的；淡而无味的
例句：The movie was so vapid that I almost fell asleep. 这部电影太无趣味了，我差点睡着。
9. winsome adj. 迷人的；可爱的；引人注目的
例句：She has a winsome smile. 她有一个迷人的微笑。
10. limpid adj. 清澈的；透明的；易懂的；无忧无虑的
例句：The limpid water of the lake was very beautiful. 湖水清澈，非常美丽。
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom.However,a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible.In reality,education does an aging brain good.
Throug hout life,people's brains constantly renovate themselves.In the late 1960s,British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions ofrats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new con-nections.This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new.
Of course,that doesn't mean the brain isn't affected by the effects of time.Just as height usually declines over the years,so does brain volume:Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s.But that reduction doesn't necessarily make people think slower;as long as we are alive and functioning,we can alter our brains with new information and experiences.
In fact,scientists now suspect accumu-lating novel experiences,facts,and skills can keep people's minds more flexible.New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure,even as the brain shrinks.
Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability.Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy.
A desire for new life cha-llenges can further boost brainpower.Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease.Openness— a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge—may also help folks pass brain tests.Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world atitude,but those who aren't as genetically gifted aren't necessarily out of luck.While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things,a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences,which can,in turn,refresh the brain.That's why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It's not that old dogs can't learn new tricks.It's that maybe old dogs don't realize why they should.”
1.What do some people think of aging adults?
A.Their wisdom grows as time goes by.
B.Their memory gradually deteriorates
C.They can benefit from late-in-life learning.
D.They are likely to have mental health issues.
2.What can we conclude from Geoffrey Raisman's finding?
A.Brain damage seriously hinders one'-slearning.
B.Brain power weakens slower than we imagine
C.Brains can refresh and improve with learning.
D.Brains forge connections under new conditions
3.What is one thing that helps maintain the health of our brain even as it shrinks?
A.Doing daily routines by conventional means.
B.Avoiding worrying about our mental durability.
C.Imitating old dogs'way of learning new tricks
D.Approaching everyday tasks in novel ways.
4.What does the author say can contribute to the improvement of brain function?
A.Being curious and desiring knowledge.
B.Being eager to pass brain tests at an old age.
C.Rising to life's challenges and avoiding risks.
D.Boosting immunity to serious mental diseases
5.What is the finding of the 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging?
A.Wishing to solve puzzles enhances one's reasoning power.
B.Playingnumber games unexpectedly stimu-lates one's memory.
C.Desiring new experiences can help to renovate thebrain.
D.Learning new tricks shouldnot beconfined to old dogs only.
一、四合院(siheyuan)是中国一种传统的住宅建筑，其特点是房屋建造在一个院子的四周，将院子合围 在中间。
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二、四合院通常冬暖夏凉，环境舒适，尤其适合大家庭居住。
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三、四合院在中国各地有多种类型，其中 以北京的四合院最为典型。
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四、如今，随着现代城市的发展，传统的四合院已逐渐减少，但因其独特的建筑 风格，四合院对中国文化的传承和中国历史的研究具有重要意义。
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BAADC阅读理解
1.【B】由题干中的an enzyme scientists havecreated定位到第一段第一句。B.【精析】事实细节题。定位句指出，科学家偶然制出了一种能分解塑料饮料瓶的酶，随后一句说，这一突破将首次实现塑料瓶的完全回收，可见B)为该句的同义转述，故为答案。
【避错】定位句中的byaccident意思是“偶然地”,而不是出了事故，故排除A)项；定位部分虽然提到这是一项突破，但并未强调是否经过不懈努力，反而说这个结果是意外所得，可知C)与原文不符；文章在首段第二句只提到制出这种酶是一项突破，并未提及它可能会引发塑料行业的彻底改革，故排除D)项。
2.【A】由题干中的the bug和produces定位到第二段第二句。A.【精析】事实细节题。第二段第二句提到了bug,由上下文可知，这里的bug 就是指前一句中提到的bacterium。第二段首句指出，这种细菌是第一种自然进化出的以塑料为食的细菌，可知它具有消耗塑料的天然能力，故答案为A。
【避错】文章只在第四段提到细菌中的酶分解塑料的速度，而没有介绍细菌的繁殖速度，故排除B;C似是而非，读者易根据这种细菌启发了新研究这一信息，就推断它是塑料瓶回收的关键，但原文对这种细菌的评价仅是启发作用，后文也介绍，细菌中的这种酶是经过改良之后增强了分解作用，才为实现塑料完全回收提供条件的，可知
C的表述在原文中并无直接依据，故排除；D与定位句所说的“科学家已经描绘出这种细菌产生的关键酶的详细结构”这一信息恰好相反，故排除。
3.【A】由题干中的adjusting定位到第三段第一句。
A.【精析】事实细节题。定位句提到，科学家对这种酶进行了调整，原本的目的是观察它如何进化，但测试结果显示，他们意外地增强了这种分子分解饮料瓶所用的塑料时的作用，可知A)为该句信息的转述，故为答案。
【避错】文章只在第二段提到了细菌的发现过程，在调整细菌产生的酶这一过程中，没有提到其他物质的发现，故排除B;C是根据第二段第二句设置的干扰，但原句只说科学家揭示出酶的详细结构，而并未说对其进行了改变，故排除；定位句明确提到科学家是在观察其进化，而不是加快这一过程，第四段所说加快这一过程，指的是分解塑料的过程，而非酶的进化过程，故排除D。
4.【D】 由题干中的人名和选项中的manufacturers、public等关键词定位到第八段。
D【精析】推理判断题。该段最后一句提到，对于制造商而言，生产更多的塑料比试图回收更容易，但由于回收塑料涉及公众利益，导致人们的看法 也发生了巨大变化，所以这些制造商公司也开始 考虑如何恰当地回收这些瓶子，可知D是对该 句部分信息的转述，故为答案。
【避错】A是利用定位句的前半部分设置的干扰，但原句是说制造商大量生产塑料，而不是回收，故排除；从麦吉汉教授的话中可知，如果单纯考 虑经济利益，制造商与其回收，还不如生产塑料，而考虑回收是出于公众利益的考虑，不是商机，故 排除B;定位句中提到回收是出于公众利益，并说 人们的看法改变了，此处应是指制造商的想法出现了转变，并没有说公众是否一直在关注回收问题，故排除C。
5.【C】由题干中的Prof.Adisa Azapagic定位到最后一段。
C【精析】推理判断题。在该段引用这位教授的话中，提及需要进行一个全生命周期的评估，目的在于确保新的塑料分解技术不会以引起其他环境问题为代价，可知评估的目的在于这项新技术会不会对环境造成负面影响，故答案为C。
【避错】定位句中提到了额外的温室气体排放，是举例说明新分解技术可能产生的负面环境影响，而不是要开发减排技术，故排除选项A;原文只提到要验证是否有额外的温室气体排放，而未提 到成本问题，故排除B;原文只提到需要进行一个全生命周期的评估，并未具体指出全生命周期 评估是什么事项的第一步，D项扩大了文章意思，故排除。
重点翻译
一、Most of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is located in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces.With a total area of about 500,000 square kilometers and an average elevation of 2,000-4,000 meters,it is the fourth largest plateau in China.
二、Being high in the west and low in the east with numerous rivers flowing through,the plateau has thus allowed the formation of many deep and steep canyons.The fertile soil in many parts of the canyon is very conducive to the growth of many kinds of crops.
三、The unique natural environment of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau has created biological and cultural diversity.It is not only an area with abundant types of forest and mineral resource s in China,but also an important place witnessing the origin of ancient humans.
四、Besides, it embraces the largest number of ethnic minorities in China,each of which has preserved its rich and diverse cultural traditions.
预祝所有参加四六级考试的同学们顺利通过！
恭喜以上同学获得“考公奋进之星”称号！
编辑 | 阿布都沙拉木·艾麦提
责编 | 郑馨怡 包芳臣
审校 | 舒尔娜·吾其尔 张如
