小学英语语法大全(知识点+练习巩固)

文摘   2024-10-28 19:59   浙江  


小学英语基础词法



  1. #01冠词


冠词

(英语中常用a、an、the来说明名词所表达的人或事物,放在名词之前,所以叫做冠词)

不定冠词

(不特指)

a (用于辅音音素开头的词前)

a book,a university

an(用于元音音素开头的词前)

an apple,an hour

定冠词

(特指)

the(特指某人或某物,上文提到过的人或物,世界上独一无二的事物,序数词前,乐器前)

the Bible,the moon

( )schoolbag

( )eraser

( )ship

( )elephant

( )earth

play( )piano

( )first one

( )donkey

( )eggplant


#02名词


名词的分类

名词

(用来表示人名、事物名词、时间、地点和抽象概念的一类词)

专有名词(主要指人名、地名、江河湖海名称、书名、月份、节日等)

Beijing,CCTV,the Spring Festival

普通名词(指一类人、事物或抽象概念)

可数名词

friend,team,car,bus,book

不可数名词

wool(羊毛),beef,honey,bread,water,tea

复合名词(由两个或两个以上的词构成的名词)

newspaper,birthday,bookstores,blackboard

名词的数

可数名词有单数复数两种形式,单数名词可以和不定冠词a/an连用

可数名词

单数变复数规则

构成方法

例词

读音

一般情况,在词尾加s

book-books,map-maps;tree-trees,bag-bags

s在清辅音后发/s/,

浊辅音和元音后发/z/

s,x,ch,sh结尾,在词尾加es

glass-glasses,box-boxes

es发/IZ/

辅音字母y结尾,先变y为i加es

city-cities,baby-babies,family-families

ies发/IZ/

元音字母y结尾,直接在词尾加s

boy-boys, key-keys

s发/z/

f或fe结尾,先变f或fe为v再加es

wife-wives,knife-knives,leaf-leaves

ves发/vz/

辅音字母o结尾

有生命词尾加es

potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes

es发/z/

无生命词尾加s

piano-pianos,photo-photos

s发/z/

元音字母o结尾,在词尾加s

radio-radios,zoo-zoos

s发/z/

可数名词的不规则变化:

foot-feet,tooth-teeth, man-men,woman-women,mouse-mice,deer-deer,sheep-sheep,fish-fish,child-children

不可数名词没有词形的变化,可以用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词来表示

A glass of water,two cups of tea

看图写句子

I have(           )and (      ).

She has(        )and (      ).

They have(             ).

There are (        )and(        ).

The tree has many (     ).

There are (          )on the farm.

名词所有格

’s所有格在英语中是构成名词所有关系最常用的形式,主要用于表示人、国家和动物的词。

构成

示例

读音

一般情况下在名词词尾加’s

Mike’s car,the dog’s tail,my mother’s hair

在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音后读/z/,

在/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/后读/IZ/

名词以s或es结尾,直接在后加’或’s

my boss’/ my boss’s house,the bus’s/bus’seats

保持原来单词读音不变

不以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加’s

Children’s Day

与名词复数词尾的读音相同

复合名词在词尾加’s

bookstores’s windows

与名词复数词尾的读音相同

(sarah的父母)work in a big hospital.

This is         (我妹妹的语文书).

Today is            (教师节).


#033代词


代词是指代替人或事物的词。

人称代词


单数

复数

主格

宾格

主格

宾格

第一人称

I

me

we

us

第二人称

you

you

you

you

第三人称

he

him

they

them

she

her

it

it

思考:第三人称单数?

人称代词用法:

  1. 做主语时用主格

如:I am a student.

You are a good boy.

It is very big.

  1. 做宾语时用宾格

如:She is a nice girl. We all like her.

填空

  1. Bob and I are good friends. (  )go to school together.(我们)

  2. (  )am a teacher. And all the students like(  ). (我)

  3. Can (  )(你)tell (  )(我)your name?

  4. (  )often plays basketball after school. I often watch (  ).(他)

物主代词

物主代词是人称代词的属格形式,表示所有关系。


第一人称

第二人称

第三人称

词义

我的

我们的

你的/你们的

他的

她的

它的

他们的

形容词性

(相当于形容词,放在名词前)

my

our

your

his

her

its

their

名词性

(相当于名词,不能用在名词前)

mine

ours

yours

his

hers

its

theirs

填空

  1. (  )(我们的)classroom is small, (  )(你们的)is big.

  2. (  )(我的)book is blue, (  )(你的)is red.

  3. Can you show (  )(我)your new computer?

  4. This is my book. (  )(你的)is over there.

  5. I saw (  )(她)in the supermarket yesterday.

反身代词

表示我/我们自己、你/你们自己、他/她/它/他们自己的代词成为反身代词。


第一人称

第二人称

第三人称

单数

myself

yourself

himself, herself, itself

复数

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

填空

  1. I can make cake by(     ).(我自己)

  2. Enjoy (     )(玩的开心!)

指示代词

用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示这个/些,那个/些。

指示代词

近指

远指

单数

this

that

复数

these

those

汉译英

  1. 那只狗

  2. 这个男孩

  3. 那些学生

  4. 这些苹果

  5. 这些书是我的。



    #04形容词


用来描述和修饰名词或代词的一类词,用来说明人或事物的性质和特征,放在名词之前。

如:

颜色

red


black


气候

cold


hot


blue


pink


wam


rainy


yellow


purple


cool


windy


green


orange


snowy


cloudy


white


brown


sunny




方位

left


east



right


west


south


north



中译英

  1. 绿色的草地

  2. 红色的苹果

  3. 一本有趣的故事书

  4. 我是一个又高又瘦的男孩。

  5. 他们都是好学生。

形容词的比较级

英语中的形容词常有三种形式来表达事物的等级差别,分别是原级、比较级、最高级。

形容词比较级的规则变化

构成

原级

比较级

单音节词一般加er

strong

tall

stronger


以字母e结尾只加r

brave

nice

braver


以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写这个辅音字母再加er

hot

thin

hotter


以辅音字母+y结尾的词,先变y为i再加er

angry

early

angrier


部分双音节词和多音节词,在词前加more

stupid

beautiful

more stupid


词尾是er,le和ow的形容词有两种构成方式

bitter

clever

gentle

bitterer/more bitter



不规则变化

good/well-better, bad-worse, little-less, much/many-more, far-farther/further

写出下列词语的比较级

原级

比较级

原级

比较级

原级

比较级

原级

比较级

big


high


colorful


small


heavy


young


old


funny



#0105 介词


  1. 表示时间的介词

at表示在具体时间点,常用于表达钟点、夜里、正午等词组中。

如:

at Christmas

在圣诞节

at the beginning of


at five o’clock

在五点


在5岁时

at night

在晚上

at the end of party


at noon

在中午


在那时

at the end of

在…结束的时候


在十一点

at the age of

在…岁时


在会议开始时

in用于表示世纪、年、月、季节,在上午、下午、晚上、白天等。

如:

in 1995

在1995年

in April


in May

在五月

in the 1980s


in the morning/afternoon/evening

在上午/下午/晚上



in spring/summer/autumn/winter

在春季/夏季/秋季/冬季



on用于表示确定的时间,具体的某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上或一般节日等。

如:

on December 1st

在12月1日

on a cool summer evening


on Sunday morning

在周日早上

on April 5th


on Teacher’s Day

在教师节那天


在周六晚上

after表示在…之后

如: I will call you after 4:30.

before表示在…之前

如: Say goodbye before you go.

  1. 表示地点和方位的介词

in

表示地点,意为“在…内”。

in the sky, in the bag, in the box

on

意为“在…上面”,指表面接触,指在一个平面上

on the table/desk, on the floor

at

表示“在某地”时,后接小地方

at home, at the bus station

in

表示“在某地”时,后接大地方。

in China,in the world

above

表示“在…之上,高于…”不一定是在正上方,反义词是below。

The plane flew above the clouds.

over

表示“在…之上”表示垂直的上方,反义词是under。

There is a bridge over the river.

The cat is under the table.

by

表示“在…旁边”

My house is by the river.

beside

表示“近旁、紧靠”,=next to

Come and sit beside me.

near

表示“在…附近”

They live near London.

in front of

表示“在…之前(范围外)”

There are some trees in front of the classroom.

in the front of

表示“在…之前(范围内)”

There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom.

from

“从…来,离…”

I’m from Italy.

behind

在…后面

There is a tree behind the building.

before

在…后面

A river is before my house.


#0106数词


  1. 基数词

1-10

11-19

20-90

1

11

20

2

12

30

3

13

40

4

14

50

5

15

60

6

16

70

7

17

80

8

18

90

9

19

21?

10


100 one hundred

  1. 序数词

第1-10

第11-19

第20-90

frist






sencond

2nd













































第32个?thirty-second

32th





第一百个 hundredth


中译英

  1. 我有五个苹果。

  2. 他是班级第二名。

  3. Mike有35本书。

  4. Marry 是第57个。

  5. 他们有98个足球。

  6. 其他

  7. be动词

am、is、are/was、were

  1. 助动词

do/does/did

  1. 情态动词

can/could、may、must、should、will

填空:

  1. I    a Chinese.

  1. They     my friends.

  1. you like this toy?

  1. he go to school by bus?

  1. My parents      play the piano.


#01八、 动词的时态


一般现在时

  1. 表示经常发生或反复发生的动作,这种用法经常与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, never等时间状语连用。

She usually gets up at 6:30.

I often go to school on foot.

I play football after school every afternoon.

  1. 表示现在的情况或状态

I enjoy football.

Does Molly live here?

She speaks Spanish.

  1. 表示客观真理

The sun rises in the east and sets in the wast.

The earth travels around the sun.

一般现在时的第三人称单数

规则

例词

一般动词加s

like-likes, run-runs, read-reads, look-looks

以/s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/音结尾或以字母o结尾的动词,加es

watch-watches, do-does, finish-finishes

以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加es

study-studies, apply-applies

中译英

  1. 月亮绕着地球转。

  2. Marry说英语。

  3. 他们经常打篮球。

  4. 我的老师有时候走路来学校。

  5. 我从来不去医院。

一般过去时

表示过去某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:two days ago, yesterday, just, now, last night, last year, in 2016.

一般过去时的构成:

陈述句:主语+be(was/were)(+not)+其他.

疑问句:Be(was/were)+主语+其他?   Did+主语+动词原形+其他?

I met Mike last year.

She came to see you yesterday.

They went to Shanghai last weekend.

Did you go to Beijing last summer holiday?

规则动词的过去式

规则

例词

一般情况加ed

help-helped, look-looked, work-worked

以不发音的e结尾,加d

like-liked, love-loved, live-lived

以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加ed

try-tried, study-studied, cry-cried

以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母后加ed

plan-planned, stop-stopped

不规则动词的过去式见六年级下课本附录。

用所给词的适当形式填空:

  1. There       a tree in front of the house last year.(be动词)

  2. Her mother      to hospital last month.(go)

  3. The boy      an old man yesterday.(help)

  4. My mother      in the factory.(work)

  5. Mike’s sister     last night.(cry)

一般将来时

表示将要发生的动作,常用的时间状语有:in two days, tomorrow, in the future, this afternoon/morning, next week/month/year等。

一般将来时的构成:

陈述句:主语+will/shall/be(not)going to+动词原形.

一般疑问句:Will/shall+主语+动词原形?  Be+主语+going to +动词原形?

We will have a brithday party tomorrow.

They are going to see a film this afternoon.

I will go to America next Friday.

填空

  1. My brother           (go)to Shanghai next week.

  1. Marry                 (fly)kites in the park this weekend.

  1. Lily and I                   (play)the guitar next Friday.

  1. Nancy is going to go camping.(改为一般疑问句)

  1. I am going to New York next year.(改为同义句)

  1. My parents are going to visit my grandparents next weekend.(对划线部分提问)

  1. My parents are going to visit my grandparents next weekend.(对划线部分提问)

  1. My parents are going to visit my grandparents next weekend.(对划线部分提问)

现在进行时

表示现在或当前一段时间内正在进行或存在的状态, 通常与:now, listen, at the moment连用

现在进行时的构成:

陈述句:主语+be(am/is/are)+(not)+动词的现在分词

疑问句:Be(is/are)+主语+动词现在分词?

I am reading a book.

My father is cooking.

Is she telling a story to students?

What are you doing now?

动词的现在分词

一般情况下直接加ing

play-playing, look-looking, talk-talking

以不发音的e结尾,去e再加ing

like-liking,love-loving, take-taking

以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加ing

run-running, shop-shopping, swim-swimming

少数以ie结尾的,先变ie为y再加ing

die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying

以oe,ee结尾的,直接加ing

see-seeing, agree-agreeing

用所给词的适当形式填空

  1. Look! The boy     (read)book.

  2. The girls   (have)breakfast now.

  3. Tom   (play)football on the playground at the moment.

  4. Listen! They  (sing)in the music room.

  5. 她正在睡觉。(中译英)

  6. She is dancing in the gym.(改为否定句,改为一般疑问句,并做否定回答)

  7. The teacher is running on the street.(对划线部分提问)

01

小学英语基础句型


  1. 陈述句

陈述事实的句子

肯定句

如:I am a Superman!

否定句

如:I am not a Superman!

肯定句如何变成否定句呢?

注:1. is not = isn't,
are not = aren't,
can not = can't  
2. 否定句中some 变 any

句子中有be动词的,直接在be动词后加not

如:He is my brother.(改为否定句)
      He is not my brother.

练习:My mother is a head teacher.(改为否定句)

练习:They are my friends.(改为否定句)

句子中有情态动词的,直接在情态动词后加not

如:You can come here. (改为否定句)
      You can not come here.

练习:I will  go to the park tomorrow.(改为否定句)

练习:She can read some books.(改为否定句)

句子中没有be动词、情态动词,
只有实义动词,在实义动词前加don't/doesn't

如:They like play football.(改为否定句)
      They don't like play football.

练习:She studies English at school.(改为否定句)

练习:Mike likes running.(改为否定句)

  1. 一般疑问句

一般疑问句

用yes/no回答的句子

结构

Be动词+主语+其他?

-Are you a student?

-Yes,I am./ No, I am not.

情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他?

-Can you play the piano?

-Yes, I can./No, I can not.

Do/Does/Did+主语+动词原形+其他?

-Do you go to school by bus?

-Yes, I do./No, I do not.

肯定句如何变一般疑问句?

句子中有be动词的,把be动词提到句首,句号变问号

如:He is a writer.(改为一般疑问句)

Is he a writer?

练习:I am a Chinese.(改为一般疑问句)

句子中有情态动词(can、will),把情态动词提到句首,句号变问号

如:They can dance.(改为一般疑问句)

Can they dance?

练习:I can clean the room.(改为一般疑问句)

句子中没有be动词、情态动词,只有实义动词,在句首加上“助动词do/does”,当主语是第三人称单数时,用does提问,实义动词变为原形,句号变问号

如:He likes cat.(改为一般疑问句)

Does he like cat?

练习:They have some flowers.(改为一般疑问句)

注:

1. 第一人称I/we变成you, my/our变成 your,am 变成 are,

2. 疑问句中some 变any

将下列句子改为一般疑问句:

We want to the park.

My mother is happy.

I will buy some bread.

  1. 疑问句

特殊疑问句

就句中的某一部分提问

句型结构

特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

如:What is your name?

Where is your school?

特殊疑问词

what

对指物名词或者实义动词提问

如果问颜色呢???

The boy is making a cake.

is the boy doing?

which

对名词前定语提问,必须和名词连用

I’m going to take the shirt on the right.

are you going to take?

who

对指人名词或代词提问

She is my sister.

is she?

whose

对物主代词和名词所有格提问

This is my coat.

coat is this?

when

对具体时间提问

I go home at night.

do you go home?

where

对具体地点提问

They play basketball in the park.

do they play basketball?

why

对表原因的从句提问,常见的由because引导的从句

She went to hospital last night because she was ill.

did she go to hospital last night?

how

对方式或程度提问

问年龄、身高、长度、体重等???

My mother likes oranges very much.

does your mother like oranges?

对划线部分提问

This car is red.

She goes to school by subway.

These flowers are my grandmother’s.




  1. 其他句型

There be 句型

There be

某地有某物/某人,表示存在关系

句型结构

There is + 主语(可数名词单数/不可数名词)+ 地点.

There     a student in the classroom.

There are + 主语(可数名词复数)+ 地点.

There     seven cats in the tree.

当主语是两个或者两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词的数一致。(就近原则)

There      a teacher and many students in our classroom.

There      many students and a teacher in our classroom.

否定形式

There be + not + 主语(某物/某人)+地点.

There are some trees behind the building.(改为否定句)

一般疑问句

Is/Are there +主语(某物/某人)+地点+?

There are some fish in the water.(改为一般疑问句)

练习:

1. There ( )some books and a pen on the desk.

A. are        B. is      C. has        D. have

2. There are ( )many flowers  in the park.

A. no      B. not     C. any     D. few

3.( )there any boys in the room?

A. Is       B. Are     C. is     D. are

4. There are some flowers and a bag on the table.(改为一般疑问句)

5. There is a doctor in the office. (对划线部分提问)

6. 房间里有一张桌子、两把椅子和三个孩子。(中译英)

have 和 has 的用法

sb.have/has sb./sth.

某人拥有某人/物

sth. have/has sth.

某物拥有某物

强调所属、拥有关系。


单数

复数

第一人称

I

have

we

have

第二人称

you

have

you

have

第三人称

he

has

they

have

she

has

it

has

其他第三人称单数

has


如:I have a book.

My sister     a big house.

The table has four legs.

We     some toys.

Their parents      four children.

感叹句

The flowers are beautiful.

The cat is lovely.

The cake is delicious.

The flowers are very beautiful.

The cat is very lovely.

The cake is very delicious.

How beautiful the flowers are!

How lovely the cat is!


What beautiful flowers(they are)!

What a lovely cat (it is)!


感叹句句型结构:

How+形容词+主语+谓语!

What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数

What +形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词

用“What, What a/an, How”填空

  1. delicious Beijing Duck is!

  1. a beautiful gril!

  1. dangerous it is!

What 与 How转换

  1. What a pretty girl she is!

  1. How difficult the questions are!

  1. How big the factory is!

the girl is!

they are!

big factory it is!

将下列句子改为感叹句

The girl is pretty.

This is an old book.

The food is so nice.




祈使句

祈使句

用以表达命令、请求、劝告等

肯定祈使句

动词原形+其他.

Be late.

否定祈使句

Don’t+动词原形+其他.

No+动名词

Don’t be late.

No smoking/parkingswimming!

Let开头的祈使句

Let+主语(宾格)+动词原形+其他.

Let’s go!

连线


No swimming!


No calling!


No speaking!

No photo!

Caution wet floor!

No walking!

No parking!

No smoking!

No fire!



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