小学英语基础词法
#01冠词
冠词 (英语中常用a、an、the来说明名词所表达的人或事物,放在名词之前,所以叫做冠词) | 不定冠词 (不特指) | a (用于辅音音素开头的词前) | a book,a university |
an(用于元音音素开头的词前) | an apple,an hour | ||
定冠词 (特指) | the(特指某人或某物,上文提到过的人或物,世界上独一无二的事物,序数词前,乐器前) | the Bible,the moon |
( )schoolbag | ( )eraser | ( )ship | ( )elephant | ( )earth |
play( )piano | ( )first one | ( )donkey | ( )eggplant |
#02名词
名词的分类
名词 (用来表示人名、事物名词、时间、地点和抽象概念的一类词) | 专有名词(主要指人名、地名、江河湖海名称、书名、月份、节日等) | Beijing,CCTV,the Spring Festival | |
普通名词(指一类人、事物或抽象概念) | 可数名词 | friend,team,car,bus,book | |
不可数名词 | wool(羊毛),beef,honey,bread,water,tea | ||
复合名词(由两个或两个以上的词构成的名词) | newspaper,birthday,bookstores,blackboard |
名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,单数名词可以和不定冠词a/an连用
可数名词 单数变复数规则 | 构成方法 | 例词 | 读音 | |
一般情况,在词尾加s | book-books,map-maps;tree-trees,bag-bags | s在清辅音后发/s/, 浊辅音和元音后发/z/ | ||
以s,x,ch,sh结尾,在词尾加es | glass-glasses,box-boxes | es发/IZ/ | ||
以辅音字母加y结尾,先变y为i再加es | city-cities,baby-babies,family-families | ies发/IZ/ | ||
以元音字母加y结尾,直接在词尾加s | boy-boys, key-keys | s发/z/ | ||
以f或fe结尾,先变f或fe为v再加es | wife-wives,knife-knives,leaf-leaves | ves发/vz/ | ||
以辅音字母加o结尾 | 有生命词尾加es | potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes | es发/z/ | |
无生命词尾加s | piano-pianos,photo-photos | s发/z/ | ||
元音字母加o结尾,在词尾加s | radio-radios,zoo-zoos | s发/z/ |
可数名词的不规则变化:
foot-feet,tooth-teeth, man-men,woman-women,mouse-mice,deer-deer,sheep-sheep,fish-fish,child-children
不可数名词没有词形的变化,可以用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词来表示
A glass of water,two cups of tea
看图写句子
I have( )and ( ). | She has( )and ( ). | They have( ). |
There are ( )and( ). | The tree has many ( ). | There are ( )on the farm. |
名词所有格
’s所有格在英语中是构成名词所有关系最常用的形式,主要用于表示人、国家和动物的词。
构成 | 示例 | 读音 |
一般情况下在名词词尾加’s | Mike’s car,the dog’s tail,my mother’s hair | 在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音后读/z/, 在/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/后读/IZ/ |
名词以s或es结尾,直接在后加’或’s | my boss’/ my boss’s house,the bus’s/bus’seats | 保持原来单词读音不变 |
不以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加’s | Children’s Day | 与名词复数词尾的读音相同 |
复合名词在词尾加’s | bookstores’s windows | 与名词复数词尾的读音相同 |
(sarah的父母)work in a big hospital. | This is (我妹妹的语文书). | Today is (教师节). |
#033代词
代词是指代替人或事物的词。
人称代词
单数 | 复数 | |||
主格 | 宾格 | 主格 | 宾格 | |
第一人称 | I | me | we | us |
第二人称 | you | you | you | you |
第三人称 | he | him | they | them |
she | her | |||
it | it |
思考:第三人称单数?
人称代词用法:
做主语时用主格
如:I am a student.
You are a good boy.
It is very big.
做宾语时用宾格
如:She is a nice girl. We all like her.
填空
Bob and I are good friends. ( )go to school together.(我们)
( )am a teacher. And all the students like( ). (我)
Can ( )(你)tell ( )(我)your name?
( )often plays basketball after school. I often watch ( ).(他)
物主代词
物主代词是人称代词的属格形式,表示所有关系。
第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | |||||
词义 | 我的 | 我们的 | 你的/你们的 | 他的 | 她的 | 它的 | 他们的 |
形容词性 (相当于形容词,放在名词前) | my | our | your | his | her | its | their |
名词性 (相当于名词,不能用在名词前) | mine | ours | yours | his | hers | its | theirs |
填空
( )(我们的)classroom is small, ( )(你们的)is big.
( )(我的)book is blue, ( )(你的)is red.
Can you show ( )(我)your new computer?
This is my book. ( )(你的)is over there.
I saw ( )(她)in the supermarket yesterday.
反身代词
表示我/我们自己、你/你们自己、他/她/它/他们自己的代词成为反身代词。
第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | |
单数 | myself | yourself | himself, herself, itself |
复数 | ourselves | yourselves | themselves |
填空
I can make cake by( ).(我自己)
Enjoy ( )(玩的开心!)
指示代词
用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示这个/些,那个/些。
指示代词 | 近指 | 远指 |
单数 | this | that |
复数 | these | those |
汉译英
那只狗
这个男孩
那些学生
这些苹果
这些书是我的。
#04形容词
用来描述和修饰名词或代词的一类词,用来说明人或事物的性质和特征,放在名词之前。
如:
颜色 | red | black | 气候 | cold | hot | ||||
blue | pink | wam | rainy | ||||||
yellow | purple | cool | windy | ||||||
green | orange | snowy | cloudy | ||||||
white | brown | sunny | |||||||
方位 | left | east | |||||||
right | west | ||||||||
south | north |
中译英
绿色的草地
红色的苹果
一本有趣的故事书
我是一个又高又瘦的男孩。
他们都是好学生。
形容词的比较级
英语中的形容词常有三种形式来表达事物的等级差别,分别是原级、比较级、最高级。
形容词比较级的规则变化
构成 | 原级 | 比较级 |
单音节词一般加er | strong tall | stronger |
以字母e结尾只加r | brave nice | braver |
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写这个辅音字母再加er | hot thin | hotter |
以辅音字母+y结尾的词,先变y为i再加er | angry early | angrier |
部分双音节词和多音节词,在词前加more | stupid beautiful | more stupid |
词尾是er,le和ow的形容词有两种构成方式 | bitter clever gentle | bitterer/more bitter |
不规则变化
good/well-better, bad-worse, little-less, much/many-more, far-farther/further
写出下列词语的比较级
原级 | 比较级 | 原级 | 比较级 | 原级 | 比较级 | 原级 | 比较级 |
big | high | colorful | small | ||||
heavy | young | old | funny |
#0105 介词
表示时间的介词
at表示在具体时间点,常用于表达钟点、夜里、正午等词组中。
如:
at Christmas | 在圣诞节 | at the beginning of | |
at five o’clock | 在五点 | 在5岁时 | |
at night | 在晚上 | at the end of party | |
at noon | 在中午 | 在那时 | |
at the end of | 在…结束的时候 | 在十一点 | |
at the age of | 在…岁时 | 在会议开始时 |
in用于表示世纪、年、月、季节,在上午、下午、晚上、白天等。
如:
in 1995 | 在1995年 | in April | |
in May | 在五月 | in the 1980s | |
in the morning/afternoon/evening | 在上午/下午/晚上 | ||
in spring/summer/autumn/winter | 在春季/夏季/秋季/冬季 |
on用于表示确定的时间,具体的某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上或一般节日等。
如:
on December 1st | 在12月1日 | on a cool summer evening | |
on Sunday morning | 在周日早上 | on April 5th | |
on Teacher’s Day | 在教师节那天 | 在周六晚上 |
after表示在…之后
如: I will call you after 4:30.
before表示在…之前
如: Say goodbye before you go.
表示地点和方位的介词
in | 表示地点,意为“在…内”。 | in the sky, in the bag, in the box |
on | 意为“在…上面”,指表面接触,指在一个平面上 | on the table/desk, on the floor |
at | 表示“在某地”时,后接小地方 | at home, at the bus station |
in | 表示“在某地”时,后接大地方。 | in China,in the world |
above | 表示“在…之上,高于…”不一定是在正上方,反义词是below。 | The plane flew above the clouds. |
over | 表示“在…之上”表示垂直的上方,反义词是under。 | There is a bridge over the river. The cat is under the table. |
by | 表示“在…旁边” | My house is by the river. |
beside | 表示“近旁、紧靠”,=next to | Come and sit beside me. |
near | 表示“在…附近” | They live near London. |
in front of | 表示“在…之前(范围外)” | There are some trees in front of the classroom. |
in the front of | 表示“在…之前(范围内)” | There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. |
from | “从…来,离…” | I’m from Italy. |
behind | 在…后面 | There is a tree behind the building. |
before | 在…后面 | A river is before my house. |
#0106数词
基数词
1-10 | 11-19 | 20-90 |
1 | 11 | 20 |
2 | 12 | 30 |
3 | 13 | 40 |
4 | 14 | 50 |
5 | 15 | 60 |
6 | 16 | 70 |
7 | 17 | 80 |
8 | 18 | 90 |
9 | 19 | 21? |
10 | 100 one hundred |
序数词
第1-10 | 第11-19 | 第20-90 | |||
frist | |||||
sencond | 2nd | ||||
第32个?thirty-second | 32th | ||||
第一百个 hundredth |
中译英
我有五个苹果。
他是班级第二名。
Mike有35本书。
Marry 是第57个。
他们有98个足球。
其他
be动词
am、is、are/was、were
助动词
do/does/did
情态动词
can/could、may、must、should、will
填空:
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#01八、 动词的时态
一般现在时
表示经常发生或反复发生的动作,这种用法经常与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, never等时间状语连用。
She usually gets up at 6:30.
I often go to school on foot.
I play football after school every afternoon.
表示现在的情况或状态
I enjoy football.
Does Molly live here?
She speaks Spanish.
表示客观真理
The sun rises in the east and sets in the wast.
The earth travels around the sun.
一般现在时的第三人称单数
规则 | 例词 |
一般动词加s | like-likes, run-runs, read-reads, look-looks |
以/s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/音结尾或以字母o结尾的动词,加es | watch-watches, do-does, finish-finishes |
以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加es | study-studies, apply-applies |
中译英
月亮绕着地球转。
Marry说英语。
他们经常打篮球。
我的老师有时候走路来学校。
我从来不去医院。
一般过去时
表示过去某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:two days ago, yesterday, just, now, last night, last year, in 2016.
一般过去时的构成:
陈述句:主语+be(was/were)(+not)+其他.
疑问句:Be(was/were)+主语+其他? Did+主语+动词原形+其他?
I met Mike last year.
She came to see you yesterday.
They went to Shanghai last weekend.
Did you go to Beijing last summer holiday?
规则动词的过去式
规则 | 例词 |
一般情况加ed | help-helped, look-looked, work-worked |
以不发音的e结尾,加d | like-liked, love-loved, live-lived |
以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加ed | try-tried, study-studied, cry-cried |
以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母后加ed | plan-planned, stop-stopped |
不规则动词的过去式见六年级下课本附录。
用所给词的适当形式填空:
There a tree in front of the house last year.(be动词)
Her mother to hospital last month.(go)
The boy an old man yesterday.(help)
My mother in the factory.(work)
Mike’s sister last night.(cry)
一般将来时
表示将要发生的动作,常用的时间状语有:in two days, tomorrow, in the future, this afternoon/morning, next week/month/year等。
一般将来时的构成:
陈述句:主语+will/shall/be(not)going to+动词原形.
一般疑问句:Will/shall+主语+动词原形? Be+主语+going to +动词原形?
We will have a brithday party tomorrow.
They are going to see a film this afternoon.
I will go to America next Friday.
填空
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现在进行时
表示现在或当前一段时间内正在进行或存在的状态, 通常与:now, listen, at the moment连用
现在进行时的构成:
陈述句:主语+be(am/is/are)+(not)+动词的现在分词
疑问句:Be(is/are)+主语+动词现在分词?
I am reading a book.
My father is cooking.
Is she telling a story to students?
What are you doing now?
动词的现在分词
一般情况下直接加ing | play-playing, look-looking, talk-talking |
以不发音的e结尾,去e再加ing | like-liking,love-loving, take-taking |
以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加ing | run-running, shop-shopping, swim-swimming |
少数以ie结尾的,先变ie为y再加ing | die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying |
以oe,ee结尾的,直接加ing | see-seeing, agree-agreeing |
用所给词的适当形式填空
Look! The boy (read)book.
The girls (have)breakfast now.
Tom (play)football on the playground at the moment.
Listen! They (sing)in the music room.
她正在睡觉。(中译英)
She is dancing in the gym.(改为否定句,改为一般疑问句,并做否定回答)
The teacher is running on the street.(对划线部分提问)
01
小学英语基础句型
陈述句
陈述事实的句子
肯定句 | 如:I am a Superman! | |
否定句 | 如:I am not a Superman! | |
肯定句如何变成否定句呢? | 句子中有be动词的,直接在be动词后加not | 如:He is my brother.(改为否定句) |
练习:My mother is a head teacher.(改为否定句) | ||
练习:They are my friends.(改为否定句) | ||
句子中有情态动词的,直接在情态动词后加not | 如:You can come here. (改为否定句) | |
练习:I will go to the park tomorrow.(改为否定句) | ||
练习:She can read some books.(改为否定句) | ||
句子中没有be动词、情态动词, | 如:They like play football.(改为否定句) | |
练习:She studies English at school.(改为否定句) | ||
练习:Mike likes running.(改为否定句) |
一般疑问句
一般疑问句 用yes/no回答的句子 | 句 式 结构 | Be动词+主语+其他? | -Are you a student? -Yes,I am./ No, I am not. |
情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他? | -Can you play the piano? -Yes, I can./No, I can not. | ||
Do/Does/Did+主语+动词原形+其他? | -Do you go to school by bus? -Yes, I do./No, I do not. | ||
肯定句如何变一般疑问句? | 句子中有be动词的,把be动词提到句首,句号变问号 | 如:He is a writer.(改为一般疑问句) Is he a writer? 练习:I am a Chinese.(改为一般疑问句) | |
句子中有情态动词(can、will),把情态动词提到句首,句号变问号 | 如:They can dance.(改为一般疑问句) Can they dance? 练习:I can clean the room.(改为一般疑问句) | ||
句子中没有be动词、情态动词,只有实义动词,在句首加上“助动词do/does”,当主语是第三人称单数时,用does提问,实义动词变为原形,句号变问号 | 如:He likes cat.(改为一般疑问句) Does he like cat? 练习:They have some flowers.(改为一般疑问句) | ||
注: 1. 第一人称I/we变成you, my/our变成 your,am 变成 are, 2. 疑问句中some 变any | 将下列句子改为一般疑问句: We want to the park. My mother is happy. I will buy some bread. |
疑问句
特殊疑问句 就句中的某一部分提问 | 句型结构 | 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 | 如:What is your name? Where is your school? |
特殊疑问词 | what | 对指物名词或者实义动词提问 如果问颜色呢??? | The boy is making a cake. is the boy doing? |
which | 对名词前定语提问,必须和名词连用 | I’m going to take the shirt on the right. are you going to take? | |
who | 对指人名词或代词提问 | She is my sister. is she? | |
whose | 对物主代词和名词所有格提问 | This is my coat. coat is this? | |
when | 对具体时间提问 | I go home at night. do you go home? | |
where | 对具体地点提问 | They play basketball in the park. do they play basketball? | |
why | 对表原因的从句提问,常见的由because引导的从句 | She went to hospital last night because she was ill. did she go to hospital last night? | |
how | 对方式或程度提问 问年龄、身高、长度、体重等??? | My mother likes oranges very much. does your mother like oranges? |
对划线部分提问
This car is red. | She goes to school by subway. | These flowers are my grandmother’s. |
其他句型
There be 句型
There be 某地有某物/某人,表示存在关系 | 句型结构 | There is + 主语(可数名词单数/不可数名词)+ 地点. | There a student in the classroom. |
There are + 主语(可数名词复数)+ 地点. | There seven cats in the tree. | ||
当主语是两个或者两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词的数一致。(就近原则) | There a teacher and many students in our classroom. There many students and a teacher in our classroom. | ||
否定形式 | There be + not + 主语(某物/某人)+地点. | There are some trees behind the building.(改为否定句) | |
一般疑问句 | Is/Are there +主语(某物/某人)+地点+? | There are some fish in the water.(改为一般疑问句) |
练习:
1. There ( )some books and a pen on the desk.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
2. There are ( )many flowers in the park.
A. no B. not C. any D. few
3.( )there any boys in the room?
A. Is B. Are C. is D. are
4. There are some flowers and a bag on the table.(改为一般疑问句)
5. There is a doctor in the office. (对划线部分提问)
6. 房间里有一张桌子、两把椅子和三个孩子。(中译英)
have 和 has 的用法
sb.have/has sb./sth.
某人拥有某人/物
sth. have/has sth.
某物拥有某物
强调所属、拥有关系。
单数 | 复数 | |||
第一人称 | I | have | we | have |
第二人称 | you | have | you | have |
第三人称 | he | has | they | have |
she | has | |||
it | has | |||
其他第三人称单数 | has |
如:I have a book.
My sister a big house.
The table has four legs.
We some toys.
Their parents four children.
感叹句
The flowers are beautiful. | The cat is lovely. | The cake is delicious. |
The flowers are very beautiful. | The cat is very lovely. | The cake is very delicious. |
How beautiful the flowers are! | How lovely the cat is! | |
What beautiful flowers(they are)! | What a lovely cat (it is)! |
感叹句句型结构:
How+形容词+主语+谓语!
What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数
What +形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词
用“What, What a/an, How”填空
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What 与 How转换
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the girl is! | they are! | big factory it is! |
将下列句子改为感叹句
The girl is pretty. | This is an old book. | The food is so nice. |
祈使句
祈使句 用以表达命令、请求、劝告等 | 肯定祈使句 | 动词原形+其他. | Be late. |
否定祈使句 | Don’t+动词原形+其他. No+动名词 | Don’t be late. No smoking/parkingswimming! | |
Let开头的祈使句 | Let+主语(宾格)+动词原形+其他. | Let’s go! |
连线
No swimming! | No calling! | No speaking! | ||||||
No photo! | Caution wet floor! | No walking! | ||||||
No parking! | No smoking! | No fire! |