美国对俄50+银行及Gazprombank实施新制裁

文摘   2024-11-26 16:19   美国  
近期,美联储对俄罗斯银行的制裁措施有所放宽,但不久后,美国又对超过五十家俄罗斯银行实施了新的制裁。即便是俄罗斯大型银行中唯一未受制裁的Gazprombank,也未能幸免,被列入了制裁名单。
美国财政部外国资产控制办公室(OFAC)于当地时间11月21日宣布,将对俄罗斯天然气工业银行、五十余家俄罗斯中小银行、四十余家俄罗斯证券机构以及十五名俄罗斯金融官员实施制裁。

此次制裁范围广泛,力度之大前所未有。俄罗斯大型银行中唯一幸存的Gazprombank,也未能逃脱被制裁的命运。
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41家被制裁的俄罗斯证券登记机构

1Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Agentstvo Regionalnyi Nezavisimyi Registrator is a registrar based in Tula,Russia,and Lipetsk,Russia.
2Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Mezhregionalnyi Registratorskii Tsentr is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
3Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Natsionalnaya Spetsializirovannaya Finansovaya Kompaniya is a registrar based in Novosibirsk,Russia.
4Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Nezavisimaya Registratorskaya Kompaniya R.0.S.T.is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
5Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Professionalnyi Registratsionnyi Tsentr is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
6Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Registrator Kapital is a registrar based in Yekaterinburg,Russia.
7Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Spetsializirovannyi Registrator Kompas is a registrar based in Novokuznetsk,Russia.
8Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Surgutinvestneft is a registrar based in Surgut, Russia.
9Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Vedenie Reestrov Kompanii is a registrar based in Yekaterinburg,Russia.
10Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Independent Specialized Depository is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
11AO Reestr is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
12Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Registratsionnaya Kompaniya Tsentr Invest is a registrar based in Irkutsk,Russia,and Moscow,Russia.
13Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Depozitarnaya Kompaniya Region is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
14Evroaziatskii Registrator is a registrar based in Kazan,Russia.
15AO Spetsializirovannyi Depozitarii Infinitum is a registrar based in Moscow, Russia.
16Joint Stock Company Aktiv is a registrar based in Saint Petersburg,Russia.
17Joint Stock Company Industria Reestr is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
18Joint Stock Company RDC Paritet is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
19Joint Stock Company Registrator Intraco is a registrar based in Perm,Russia.
20Joint Stock Company Registry Society Status is a registrar based in Moscow, Russia.
21JSC DRAGA is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia,and Saint Petersburg, Russia.
22JSC Republican Specialregistrar Yakut Fund Center is a registrar based in Yakutsk,Russia.
23JSC RT Registrar is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
24JSC Service Reestr is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
25JSC Noviy Registrator is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
26Korporativnaya Registratorskaya Kompaniya is a registrar based in Moscow, Russia.
27Limited Liability Company Depositary and Corporate Technologies is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
28Limited Liability Company Special Depository Partner is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
29Limited Liability Company Specialized Depository Company Garant is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
30Moskovskii Fondovyi Tsentr is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
31National Custodial Company Stock Closed Corporation is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
32Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoy Otvetsvennostyu Oboronregistr is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
33000 Partner is a registrar based in Cherepovets,Russia.
34000 Reestr RN is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
35000 Registrator Garant is a registrar based in Moscow,Russia.
美国政府此前一直担忧,对Gazprombank实施制裁可能会对全球商品市场造成干扰。然而,鉴于俄乌冲突已持续超过一千天,美国政府最终决定加大对俄罗斯的金融制裁力度,旨在进一步将俄罗斯排除在国际金融体系之外。
Gazprombank由俄罗斯最大的能源公司——俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司设立,长期在俄罗斯能源出口中扮演关键角色。该银行不仅负责收款,还承担着支付士兵工资和抚恤金的职责。
美国财政部指出,制裁的目的是为了阻断克里姆林宫试图规避现有制裁、继续资助冲突的途径。
实际上,自2022年起,美国、英国和加拿大等国已将目光投向了Gazprombank。但由于当时欧洲国家对俄罗斯天然气的依赖程度较高,美国并未立即采取行动。如今,随着欧洲对俄罗斯能源依赖程度从40%大幅降至8%,采取行动的时机显然更为成熟。
俄罗斯向欧洲输送天然气主要依赖两条管道。2022年,北溪管道遭到破坏后,只剩下通过乌克兰的管道仍在运行。但乌克兰已明确表示,不会在明年1月1日合同到期后继续续约。乌克兰总统更是斩钉截铁地表示:“合同不会续签,没有讨论的余地。”
这表明,从明年开始,俄罗斯通过该管道向欧洲输送的天然气将彻底中断,相关收入也将不复存在。尽管俄罗斯仍有液化天然气(LNG)作为出口选项,但其规模远不及之前的管道天然气。
目前,俄罗斯出口到欧洲的LNG占其总出口量的70%,尽管这一比例看似较高,但实际数量与管道天然气的高峰期相比,差距甚远。此外,欧洲的态度也在发生变化,例如德国最近拒绝了几艘载有俄罗斯LNG的船只,这可能预示着更深层次的政策转变。
美国此次不仅对这家大型银行实施了制裁,还同时对五十余家小型银行、四十余个证券登记机构以及十五名被认定为“利用国际金融体系为战争提供资金”的官员进行了制裁。
更为严厉的是,美国还警告其他国家的银行,若参与俄罗斯自行建立的替代Swift的支付系统,同样可能面临制裁。此举显然是为了彻底切断俄罗斯的经济退路。

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