《富兰克林自传》领读第2天(11月5日)
深入探索本杰明·富兰克林的生平与时代背景
一、作者背景与生平深入
今天,我们正式踏入本杰明·富兰克林那充满传奇色彩的世界。这位杰出的历史人物,于1706年1月17日出生在北美殖民地的波士顿,一个清教徒家庭中。作为家中最小的儿子,富兰克林自幼便展现出了对知识的无尽渴望和非凡的才智。尽管家境并不富裕,但他凭借着自己坚定的意志和不懈的努力,逐渐走上了自学成才的道路,最终成为了那个时代的一颗璀璨明星。
《译者导言》主要内容和观点:
主要内容
1、富兰克林生平概述:
生于1706年,卒于1790年,是美国历史上的重要人物。
他经历了从穷小子到成功印刷商、报纸创办者、邮政局长、殖民地议会议员,并最终成为开国元勋的历程。
2、自传结构介绍:
自传分为四部,首部写于1771年,最后一部写于1790年去世前。
第一部是给儿子威廉的书信,第二部至第四部记录了富兰克林的生活和经历。
自传中穿插了两封富兰克林朋友写给他的信,劝他继续写作。
3、自传特点:
自传真实再现了在时代背景之下富兰克林的人生之路,以及面对各种问题的想法和应对的做法。
富兰克林在自传中倾注于人的声音和务实精神,体现了美国实用主义的哲学。
主要观点
1、富兰克林作为美国人物代表的原因:
与美国共成长:富兰克林生于启蒙时代,与美国共同成长。
美国梦的实现者:他从一个穷小子通过自己的努力和勤奋取得了成功,体现了美国梦的精神。
实用主义的践行者:富兰克林的思想和行为都体现了实用主义,即思想产生行为,行为必有效果。
2、富兰克林的人生经历:
从小有志于海上闯荡,但受家庭经济条件限制,转而学习制造蜡烛和肥皂。
12岁成为印刷学徒,17岁离开波士顿,前往费城,开始了颠沛流离但充满机遇的人生。
在印刷业取得成功后,开始关注公益事业,并涉足政治事务,为美国的独立做出了贡献。
3、自传的教育价值:
自传中记录了富兰克林的成功秘诀,包括不断超越自我、说干就干等精神。
通过自传,读者可以了解富兰克林如何面对和克服自己的弱点,以及他勇于承认错误的勇气。
自传还涉及了政治、经济、宗教、法律等多个领域,具有极高的教育价值和史料价值。
综上所述,《译者导言》对全书进行了全面的介绍和解读,帮助我们更好地理解和欣赏这部佳作。
从《译者导言》和《富兰克林年表》,我们可以对富兰克林进行简单的生平细节分析:
·出生背景:波士顿的清教徒家庭,为他提供了严格的宗教教育和朴素的生活态度。
·性格特质:自幼展现出的才智和对知识的渴望,预示着他未来的非凡成就。
·自学成才:家境虽不富裕,但富兰克林通过自学,掌握了广泛的知识和技能,这体现了他的毅力和决心。
二、主要成就概览与《影响力》视角
富兰克林的一生充满了辉煌与成就。从科学家、发明家到文学家、政治家和外交家,他在多个领域都取得了卓越的成就。
科学成就:
·电学研究:富兰克林对电学的深入研究,为现代科学的发展奠定了坚实的基础。他提出的电荷守恒定律和电流理论,至今仍被科学界广泛认可。
·气象学研究:他在气象学领域的贡献同样显著,为天气预报和气候研究提供了重要的理论基础。
发明成就:
·避雷针:富兰克林发明的避雷针,有效地保护了建筑物免受雷击,极大地改善了人们的生活质量。
·双焦距眼镜:这一发明不仅提高了视力矫正的精度,还推动了眼镜制造业的发展。
文学与出版成就:
·《宾夕法尼亚公报》:他创办的这份报纸,成为了当时的重要媒体,为他赢得了广泛的读者和影响力。
·《穷理查年鉴》:以其独特的风格和深刻的哲理,成为了广受欢迎的读物,对人们的价值观产生了深远的影响。
政治与外交成就:
·美国独立战争:富兰克林凭借自己的智慧和勇气,为美国的建国事业做出了不可磨灭的贡献。他作为外交家,成功地争取了国际社会的支持和援助。
《影响力》视角:
富兰克林的成功在很大程度上得益于他强大的个人魅力和社交能力。他善于运用自己的智慧和才华去影响他人,赢得信任和支持。这种影响力不仅体现在他的个人成就上,还体现在他对社会变革的推动上。
三、时代背景解析与《原则》视角
富兰克林生活的时代,正值北美殖民地从英国统治下逐渐走向独立的过渡期。这一时期的社会变革剧烈,思想启蒙运动兴起,人们开始质疑传统的权威和观念,追求自由和平等。
时代背景:
·社会变革:北美殖民地逐渐从英国统治下走向独立,这一过程中充满了斗争和牺牲。
·思想启蒙:启蒙运动的影响逐渐渗透到北美殖民地,人们开始追求理性、自由和平等。
《原则》视角:
富兰克林的成功并非偶然。他坚持一系列正确的原则和价值观,这些原则指导着他的行为决策。他注重诚信、勤奋、创新和实用,这些原则不仅让他在个人成长上取得了巨大的进步,还让他在推动社会变革中发挥了重要的作用。这些原则与《原则》一书中的核心理念不谋而合,都强调了正确价值观对人生成功的重要性。
四、传记阅读技巧分享
在阅读《富兰克林自传》时,掌握一些传记阅读技巧将帮助我们更好地理解这本书。
·了解生平与时代背景:这有助于我们更好地理解富兰克林的思想和行为背后的原因。
·关注细节描写与人物刻画:这将帮助我们更深入地了解富兰克林的性格和品质。
·积极思考、提出问题、分享感悟:通过互动与交流来深化我们对这本书的理解和认识。
五、富兰克林所汲取的成长力量
从富兰克林的一生中,我们可以汲取到许多成长的力量。他的坚定意志、不懈努力、自学成才的精神,以及他在多个领域取得的卓越成就,都为我们树立了榜样。同时,他坚持的诚信、勤奋、创新和实用等原则,也为我们提供了宝贵的人生指导。
心理学知识结合:
从心理学的角度来看,富兰克林的成功也与他具备良好的自我认知、情绪管理和社交技能有关。他能够清晰地认识自己的优势和不足,并努力提升自己的能力;他能够保持冷静和理智,面对困难和挑战时能够积极应对;他善于与他人建立良好的关系,通过合作和交流来实现共同的目标。
六、扪心一问
在今天的分享结束之际,我想向各位书友提出一个扪心一问:
你是否也曾在某个领域或某个时刻,像富兰克林一样展现出坚定的意志和不懈的努力?你又是如何克服困难和挑战,最终取得成功的呢?
希望这个问题能够引发大家的深度思考,让我们在回顾自己的成长历程中,汲取到更多的力量和启示。同时,也期待大家在接下来的阅读中,能够结合富兰克林的故事和原则,去思考和探索自己的人生道路。
附:
本书的概述:
The Autobiography of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
《富兰克林自传》被公认为是改变了无数人命运的美国精读本,经久不衰的励志奇书。
Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography was written in two parts, the first was composed as a letter to his son. The second half was penned several years later and was ultimately never finished.《富兰克林自传》由两部分组成,第一部分是他给儿子写的信。第二部分是几年后所写,但最终没有完成。
Franklin’s father had 17 children from two wives. Franklin was the youngest son with two younger sisters.富兰克林的父亲有两个妻子以及17个孩子。富兰克林是男孩中年龄中最小的,他还有两个年幼的妹妹。
He was born in Boston, New England on Sunday 6th January 1706. The family had settled there after moving from England. He went to grammar school at 8 years of age but left aged 10 to help his father with his business.他于1706年1月6日出生在新英格兰的波士顿。他们家从英格兰搬到这里后,就定居在这里。富兰克林八岁开始去语法学校上学,而后在10岁辍学帮助父亲做生意。
He worked there for two years, before becoming an apprentice at his brother James’ new printing business.This job gave him access to a great many books and combined with his thirst for knowledge, it meant he would stay up most of the night reading. 富兰克林帮助父亲工作两年后,便去哥哥James的印刷厂,成为了一名学徒。这个工作让他有机会和很多书接触,加之富兰克林渴望获取知识,所以他大部分夜里都在读书。
He also dabbled in writing poetry and managed to sell some of his own work, but was later discouraged by his father. He continued to learn how to write, improving his language and after reading a book on Socrates used his “Socratic method” to practise drawing people into concessions, even if they had superior knowledge.他还涉足了诗歌创作,并设法卖掉了一些自己的作品,但是最后被父亲禁止了。而后,他继续学习如何写作,提高语言水平。在阅读了一本苏格拉底的书之后,他用“苏格拉底方法”来练习说服学识渊博的人。
Franklin’s brother began printing one of the first newspapers in America and Franklin’s job was to deliver it. Thinking his brother wouldn’t publish anything of his, he submitted an article anonymously, which was well received and encouraged by this, submitted several more.富兰克林的哥哥开始发行美国最早的报纸,而富兰克林则主要负责送报纸。富兰克林考虑到哥哥并不会刊发自己的作品,他匿名提交了一篇文章,结果被报纸录用,这激励他之后连发了好几篇文章。
After taking over the publishing of the paper for a few months, Franklin left and travelled to Philadelphia via New York, where he first met his future wife – Miss Read – and again worked for a printers.而后,富兰克林接管了哥哥的印发报纸的工作(这里是因为哥哥被举报)。几个月后,他离开了波士顿,经纽约到达了费城,在那里他见到了未来的妻子(Miss Read),并再次做起了印刷工人的工作。
He took a voyage to England, arriving in London on 24th December 1724, travelling with his friend, James Ralph. He got work immediately at a printing-house, working there for the best part of a year before moving to a greater printing-house for the remainder of his stay, about 6 months.1724年12月24日,他与朋友詹姆斯·拉尔夫一起航行到英国,抵达伦敦。(由于身无分文,富兰克林开始寻求老本行的工作)他很快在印刷厂找到了工作,并在那里工作了一年。而后便跳槽到当地一家更大的印刷厂工作了六个月。
He drank only water instead of the “strong” beer that the other workmen drank, arguing against its supposed strength through its ingredients, and saving himself four or five shillings a week. A large number of his colleagues followed his example.在其他同事醉天酒地时,富兰克林坚持喝清水。他不同意酒的成分有益的说法, 同时这也给他每周节省了4到5先令。随后大多数同事纷纷效仿。
After a two and a half month trip back, Benjamin Franklin arrived in Philadelphia on 11th October 1726. Miss Read had married somebody else in his absence but had later left him.经过两个半月的旅程,本杰明·富兰克林于1726年10月11日到达费城。在他不在期间, Read小姐已经与别人结婚,但丈夫之后离开了他。
Franklin worked running a shop business but he and the owner got seriously ill and after the owner died, the store and therefore also his employment, was lost. He decided to partner with a friend and they opened a new printing-house. It became a success due in part tothe reputation gained from Franklin’s work ethic and determination to deliver, regardless of any accidents or mishaps.富兰克林曾经营一家商店生意,但他和老板同时病重。老板去世后,商店倒闭,他的工作也就丢了。他决定和一个朋友合伙开一家新的印刷厂。印刷厂经营得非常成功,这主要归功于富兰克林的职业道德以及不论任何意外和差错也要及时修改交付的决心(书中描述富兰克林4点起床开始工作,晚上也工作到很晚,感染了很多邻居)。
By 1729, Franklin was also publishing a newspaper and had bought out his partner, thus now solely running the business. His business was given the jobs of printing paper money (which he had influenced and campaigned for through his writings) and printing the laws and votes of the government nearby. He then opened a stationers shop to further expand his business. 到1729年,富兰克林还出版了一份报纸,并买断了他的合伙人,独自经营生意。他的业务包括印刷纸币(富兰克林写的报道深受赏识,因此获取了一些业务)以及印刷附近政府的法律文件和倡议书。之后,他又开了一家文具店继续扩张他的生意。
Benjamin Franklin married Miss Deborah Read on 1st September 1730. Soon after his marriage he attempted his first public project – the building of a subscription library. He drew up the proposals, got the required subscriptions and the public library was built.This in time led to the locals being observed as more intelligent than the people of the same rank in other countries.富兰克林于1730年9月1日与Deborah Read小姐结婚。结婚后不久,他开始尝试第一个公共项目—会员制图书馆。他起草了提案,获得了所需的订阅量(起初大约为50人)并建立了公共图书馆。以至于当时大家普遍认为费城的人比其他地方的人更聪明。
Reading was the only amusement Franklin allowed himself and he set aside 1-2 hours a day to study with books. He began a project to attain moral perfection by creating a list of thirteen virtues and focusing on one each week.富兰克林将阅读作为自己的唯一娱乐活动,每天拿出1-2小时来读书。他给自己制定了一个“道德完美”计划,列举了十三种美德并在每周专注完成其中一个。
This model could be completed four times a year and whilst he never did achieve moral perfection, this system and the practising of it did provide him with a moral improvement and happiness.这个模型一年可以完成四次,尽管他从未实现“道德完美”,但这种方法及其实践过程的确让他取得道德上的进步和幸福。
He began to take a strong interest in public affairs. In Pennsylvania there was no provision for defence or educating the youth, so in 1743 Franklin drew up a proposal for an academy and the following year, a philosophical society. He also wrote a pamphlet outlining the lack of defence and promoting a voluntary association of the people. This motion received over 10,000 subscribers, who in time armed themselves and formed themselves into companies and regiments.富兰克林开始对公共事务产生浓厚兴趣。宾夕法尼亚州当时并没有防御工程和青年教育规章制度。因此,富兰克林于1743年提出了建立一所学院的方案,并于次年又提出建立一个哲学学会的提议。他还写了一本小册子,概述了缺乏防御的问题,呼吁人们组织起防御工程。这项运动得到了一万多人的支持,他们及时武装起来,组成连队和兵团。
Franklin also invented an open stove for warming rooms whilst saving fuel compared to an iron furnace. It was so popular he was offered a patent to sell thembut he refused, stating “We should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously”.富兰克林还发明了一个开放式火炉,给室内升温,这相比于铁炉节省了不少能源。“开炉”十分流行,以至于他被授予出售“开炉”的专利权,但是他拒绝了。他认为,“我们应该很高兴有机会通过我们的发明为他人服务;我们应该慷慨地,免费地去(贡献我们的发明)”。
In 1756, “General” Benjamin Franklin was sent to the North-West frontier to build forts with troops under his command to form protection from hostile Indians.1756年,本杰明·富兰克林将军被派往西北边境,在他的指挥下,部队建造了堡垒,以免受敌人(Indians)的侵害。
Ten years prior to this in 1746, Franklin began his electric experimentation. He initially performed these experiments in his house and many people came to see the wonders he would produce. One paper he wrote was about how lightning and electricity were the same. After initially being laughed at, Franklin conducted an experiment with a kite, successfully extracting sparks from a cloud.在这十年前,富兰克林开始了电学实验。他最初在自己房间里进行这些实验,很多人出于好奇来围观。他写了一篇关于闪电和电能是一样的论文。起初受到了很多人的嘲笑,但富兰克林用风筝进行了一个实验,成功从云端抽取出电火花。
Later in life Benjamin Franklin was appointed as the delegate to represent the Pennsylvania Assembly in England and was given the job of petitioning the King against the governor, who was having disputes with the assembly. The last part of the autobiography details Franklin’s meetings and discussions in London but the two sides were far from any agreement.晚年,本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)被任命为宾夕法尼亚州议会代表,前往英国向国王提出请愿书,反对与议会产生争议的州长。自传的最后一部分详细介绍了富兰克林在伦敦的会议和讨论,但双方没有达成任何协议。
His memoirs were unfinished due to his death in 1790, but he would go on to be part of the committee that drafted the US Declaration of Independence, announcing the United States of America as a sovereign state and no longer part of the British Empire.他的回忆录因1790年去世而未完成。后来富兰克林成为起草《美国独立宣言》委员会的成员,宣布美国为独立于大英帝国的主权国家。
He very much earned the title, “The First American”.他赢得了“The First American”称号。
喜马拉雅《富兰克林的一生》之1