燕窝肽及相关产物与健康:研究概况

文摘   2024-09-27 16:08   海南  
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本文大部分内容引用自:郭宝忠.燕窝肽及相关产物与健康:研究概况[J/OL].现代食品科技,1-11[2024-09-27].https://doi.org/10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.9.1058.


燕窝(特指可食用燕窝,又名“Edible bird’s nest”、“Swiftlet's nest”),历史文献中屡次出现,为东方滋补佳品。在中国古代,如唐、元、清,燕窝常出现在皇家的食谱和儒家的诗文中,是身份和地位的象征[2-4]。中医经典中,其功效描述为“益气化痰、滋肾养肺、补脾和胃、调补虚劳”[4]。

随着时间的推移,现代医药科学研究证明,燕窝在美白、抗病毒、免疫调节、智力和记忆力增强、神经退行性疾病改善和抗氧化等多个领域都展现出了其独特的功效[1,2,5-7],这使得其在现代医学领域的价值逐渐凸显。

 


最新的研究进展更是令人振奋,燕窝的水解物——燕窝肽,在一些领域被证实具有更为优越的生物活性,超越传统燕窝[8,9]。本文详细介绍了燕窝肽的组成特征、燕窝肽的健康效应。旨在帮助更多的学者和消费者深入了解燕窝和燕窝肽的价值,并为未来的燕窝和燕窝肽 研究明确方向,提升燕窝营养的利用效率和应用价值。


01





燕窝肽概述


2023 年 6 月由中国食品工业协会组织制定的 T/CNFIA 172-2023《燕窝肽》团体标准正式发布,其中定义了燕窝肽,为“以食用燕窝为原料,经水解工艺生产的,主要成分的相对分子质量低于10000的产品”。

实际上,早在1984 年,北京医学院生物化学教研室的童坦君和美国生物制品标准局生物化学与生物物理研究部的刘德勇就通过胃蛋白酶消化、葡聚糖凝胶 G50 分离,从燕窝中得到了燕窝肽,当时被称为“糖肽”[13,14]。因此,燕窝肽可定义为以食用燕窝为原料,经水解工艺生产的,主要成分为氨基酸通过肽键连接而成的相对分子质量低于10000的肽, 次要成分可包括低聚糖、唾液酸等燕窝特征性成分。

目前,研究人员、企业更多地将燕窝肽命名为燕窝提取物、燕窝水解物等。因此,本综述也将燕窝提取物、 燕窝水解物纳入了燕窝肽范畴。但要说明的是排除了不包含肽的燕窝提取物,如燕窝唾液酸提取物



02





燕窝肽的组成特征 

燕窝中富含蛋白质、碳水化合物、唾液酸,还包括丰富的矿物质和多种必须常量和微量元素(如 Na、Ca、Mg、K、P、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Mo、Co、Se、Cr)、维生素(如维生素 A、维生素 D、维生素 C、维生素 B1、 维生素 B7),其中蛋白质氨基酸种类丰富且必须氨基酸比例较大。燕窝肽在以肽为主要成分的同时也包含了燕窝中的一些其他营养成分


由于燕窝肽中的蛋白质大部分被水解为肽,因此从科学定义上蛋白质含量通常不应作为考量指标,应通过氨基酸含量、组成、氨基酸一级序列结构、肽分子量综合表示。大部分文献表明燕窝肽至少含 18 种氨基酸,且具有优良的氨基酸组成[19,35,40]。


Bai等[19]测定了燕窝肽的氨基酸含量和组成,发现燕窝肽中的氨基酸含量为 68.89 g/100 g,特别是燕窝肽中的总必需氨基酸达到30.90 g/100 g,占总氨基酸的 44.89%,明显高于其他富含蛋白质的食物(如鸡蛋 4.7~7.0 g/100 g 和牛奶 1.1 g/100 g),同时远高于 FAO/WHO 推荐的优质蛋白质标准


燕窝肽中的唾液酸备受关注。相对于燕窝中的唾液酸含量(7.64%~12.52%)[10],燕窝肽中的唾液酸含量被报道可高达 200.3 g/kg(即 20.03%)[41]。王鑫[9]在中性蛋白酶酶解所得燕窝肽中检测到 59.10%的唾液酸含量。因此,单从唾液酸的角度,燕窝肽相对于燕窝而言也是一种更为优良的补充剂。


燕窝肽中同样存在其他燕窝中存在的活性成分,例如表皮生长因子。Bai 等[12]探究了不同酶处理所得燕窝肽的表皮生长因子含量,在实验条件下的所有燕窝肽中均发现了表皮生长因子的存在




03





燕窝肽的健康效应


 燕窝肽健康效应文献报道如表 2 所示。目前对燕窝肽的健康效应报道具有一定规模,主要表现在抗氧化、抗衰老、美白、提高免疫、抗炎等方面。从细分功能上,燕窝肽具有多种健康效应,但不应将燕窝肽作为万能物质。从底层逻辑上,燕窝肽具有多种细分的健康效应归功于某些共有的生物活性。




04





结论


燕窝肽的制备方式极大地影响了其组成、结构和分子量,导致其功能性质不一。同时,由于其独特的结构和分子量分布,燕窝肽被赋予了不同于燕窝的内服、外用两种使用方式。

在健康效应方面,燕窝肽在抗氧化、 抗衰老、美白、抗炎、皮肤保护、抗病毒、免疫调节、神经退行性疾病改善等多个领域都展现出了其独特的功效。特别是,在特定领域燕窝肽具有优于燕窝的特点。

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