燕窝中富含蛋白质、碳水化合物、唾液酸,还包括丰富的矿物质和多种必须常量和微量元素(如 Na、Ca、Mg、K、P、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Mo、Co、Se、Cr)、维生素(如维生素 A、维生素 D、维生素 C、维生素 B1、 维生素 B7),其中蛋白质氨基酸种类丰富且必须氨基酸比例较大。燕窝肽在以肽为主要成分的同时也包含了燕窝中的一些其他营养成分。
由于燕窝肽中的蛋白质大部分被水解为肽,因此从科学定义上蛋白质含量通常不应作为考量指标,应通过氨基酸含量、组成、氨基酸一级序列结构、肽分子量综合表示。大部分文献表明燕窝肽至少含 18 种氨基酸,且具有优良的氨基酸组成[19,35,40]。
Bai等[19]测定了燕窝肽的氨基酸含量和组成,发现燕窝肽中的氨基酸含量为 68.89 g/100 g,特别是燕窝肽中的总必需氨基酸达到30.90 g/100 g,占总氨基酸的 44.89%,明显高于其他富含蛋白质的食物(如鸡蛋 4.7~7.0 g/100 g 和牛奶 1.1 g/100 g),同时远高于 FAO/WHO 推荐的优质蛋白质标准。
燕窝肽中的唾液酸备受关注。相对于燕窝中的唾液酸含量(7.64%~12.52%)[10],燕窝肽中的唾液酸含量被报道可高达 200.3 g/kg(即 20.03%)[41]。王鑫[9]在中性蛋白酶酶解所得燕窝肽中检测到 59.10%的唾液酸含量。因此,单从唾液酸的角度,燕窝肽相对于燕窝而言也是一种更为优良的补充剂。
燕窝肽中同样存在其他燕窝中存在的活性成分,例如表皮生长因子。Bai 等[12]探究了不同酶处理所得燕窝肽的表皮生长因子含量,在实验条件下的所有燕窝肽中均发现了表皮生长因子的存在。
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