大会回顾（一）丨连接文化和自然：ICCROM-BFU 2024遗产与景观保护大会

Eugene Jo introduced the heritage site approach in his speech. The "Heritage Site Approach" is the working foundation of the World Heritage Leadership Programme project and the "World Heritage Resources Handbook" jointly developed by UNESCO and advisory bodies (ICCROM, ICOMOS, and IUCN). This method advocates the use of local and people-oriented approaches to effectively manage World Heritage and other heritage sites. She believes that this approach focuses on understanding how to manage and protect the multi-level values of heritage sites in a broader social, environmental, and economic context, adopting a place based approach to heritage management, and adopting a people-centered approach, where we must collaborate with different actors and communities. She pointed out that heritage management, as a framework, must be well integrated into local, regional, and international planning systems to ensure that the heritage agenda is fully integrated into relevant development plans and strategies, as well as other changes.

In her speech, Zhang Yahong conducted in-depth discussions on the protection and management of 11 historic parks under the Beijing Park Management Center. These parks carry rich historical and cultural heritage, among which the Summer Palace and Temple of Heaven are listed as World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. She emphasized the work principle of "protection first, strengthening management, exploring value, effective utilization, and making cultural relics come alive", and through promoting cultural relic protection planning, scientific protection and repair of ancient buildings, creating a green ecological environment system for historical gardens, strengthening cultural dissemination and public participation, comprehensively and systematically protecting garden heritage, and continuously improving the level of historical garden protection.

Claudio Cimino pointed out in his speech that in recent years, catastrophic events have occurred frequently, making heritage conservation work more difficult and complex, and becoming a problem that managers must address on a regular basis. He stated that although people have gained a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by heritage management, specific actions appear insufficient and often lag behind. Therefore, he calls for a more proactive attitude, especially in risk assessment and mitigation measures, to prevent or mitigate potential losses in the future. And by reviewing several successful case studies, it demonstrated how to protect World Heritage sites through effective risk management strategies, demonstrating the important role of international cooperation in this field.

Although Liu Qingzhu was unable to attend the event in person, he delivered an important speech via video. In the video, he specifically mentioned China's rich experience and long history in the protection of natural and cultural heritage, and used the Han Dynasty Shanglin Garden as an example to emphasize its profound influence on later garden design and symbolic significance in national culture. He also discussed the core elements of ancient garden design, such as the use of water bodies and vegetation, as well as the design concepts centered around pools and trees in ancient gardens. These traditional concepts not only reflect China's long-standing cultural traditions, but also embody the profound understanding and unique wisdom of the Chinese nation in protecting natural heritage, and have important reference value in modern garden design.

Cao Xin conducted an overall analysis of China's World Heritage sites, categorizing the rich cultural heritage into threads such as historical centers, archaeological sites, architectural complexes, artifacts, cultural landscapes, and cultural routes. From the perspective of natural elements, she analyzed their significant role in cultural heritage, discussing the fundamental impact of nature on cultural relics from angles such as water, starry skies, and rocks. She focused on the artistic representation of nature in cultural landscapes and human creation within nature. Furthermore, she discussed and summarized the interaction between culture and nature in mixed cultural and natural heritage sites, as well as the widespread interplay between culture and nature in natural heritage sites, highlighting the philosophical and cosmological views embodied in mountain and water culture. She pointed out that cultural and natural heritage have always been interdependent, and we need to look back to tradition, which is to emulate heaven and earth, and achieve harmony between humans and nature.

Clemens Küpper outlined the work of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in his speech, followed by an introduction to the IUCN's new World Heritage strategy - a lever that recognizes the cultural value of all World Heritage sites and advocates for a culture centered conservation strategy. He emphasized that the introduction of the new preliminary assessment procedure is an opportunity under the World Heritage Convention to improve the connection between nature and culture in world heritage management. He stated that the new 'Strengthening Our Heritage Toolkit 2.0' serves as a method to support the implementation of the World Heritage Strategy of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, provide information for preliminary assessments and the development of World Heritage nominations, and ensure the incorporation of cultural values into World Natural Heritage management.

At the meeting, Zhang Hong showcased the unique natural and cultural resources of the Badain Jaran Desert, including peaks, sand dunes, lakes, springs, and ancient temples. He emphasized that local governments and management departments, after successfully applying for World Heritage status, actively explore and practice a sustainable development model that combines protection and utilization through various efforts. He expressed the hope that through these measures, this precious world heritage can be better protected and valuable natural and cultural heritage can be left for future generations.

Maya Ishizawa's speech focuses on the Heritage Site Laboratory (HPL) pilot phase launched by the ICCROM-IIUCN World Heritage Leadership Project (WHL) in May 2021. During this stage, six online seminars were held to assist eight teams from different World Heritage sites (including Asanti Traditional Architecture in Ghana and Antigua Ancient City in Guatemala) in developing practice oriented research agendas, covering four priority themes: integrating different knowledge systems, analyzing governance and management systems, exploring local languages and knowledge systems, and localizing climate change. She emphasized that HPL aims to strengthen cooperation in research and heritage site management, promote international network construction, and test new concepts. Its results have been published in a special issue of the journal "Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development" and PANORAMA "Natural Cultural Solutions", and ICCROM has also released relevant reports.

Lesley Machiridza introduced the management and research status of the Great Zimbabwe National Monument (GZWHS) in his speech. As a globally renowned site listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986, Greater Zimbabwe has long been influenced by Western knowledge systems and lacks a perspective on indigenous knowledge and culture. He pointed out that the problems in site management include alienation from indigenous communities, disconnection between research and management, improper decision-making, and power struggles. To address these issues, the first phase of the Heritage Site Laboratory (HPL) pilot project (September 2021 April 2022) brought together site managers and academic researchers to form a strong research practice team. By adopting a holistic approach that connects nature and culture, the team has identified four key research priorities for GZWHS: local values and intangible cultural heritage, heritage governance, climate change and environmental sustainability, indigenous knowledge systems, and protection and display.

Steffen Fagernes Johannessen presented the industrial heritage of Rukan Notodon at the meeting. This industrial heritage complex was included in the UNESCO The World Heritage List in 2015, located in the southeast of Norway, and is famous for its unique natural landscape and hydropower facilities. He discussed how researchers and heritage managers can develop a practice oriented research agenda for this site through the Heritage Site Laboratory (HPL) pilot initiative. This agenda focuses on the comprehensive management and protection of heritage sites, as well as the connection between nature and culture, with the aim of promoting interdisciplinary cooperation and integrated management methods to achieve long-term protection and sustainable use of heritage sites.

Zhang Jie's keynote speech introduced his and his team's series of work in the protection and management of the "Spring City" cultural landscape heritage in Jinan for more than 20 years, including iterative deepening of heritage awareness, evolution of application strategies, protection management and monitoring, collaborative control of urban construction, and interdisciplinary integration. Emphasis was placed on the value and constituent characteristics of heritage, as well as the unique relationship between Jinan spring water and settlements and ecology, forming a complex system of "spring city" heritage that integrates three elements. And explore a deeper level of interdisciplinary intersection and integration for the coordinated control system and monitoring system of heritage protection and urban construction corresponding to complex systems, and carry out the "China Practice" for the difficult problem of coordinated development of global heritage protection and urban construction.

Wang Xiangrong pointed out in his speech that pond water conservancy is a long-standing agricultural water conservancy project in China, which solves the contradiction between seasonal precipitation and water use, turns barren land into fertile homes, and constructs many natural systems of cities. However, modern urban development has led to the disappearance or damage of many pond systems. Professor Wang emphasized that the value of ponds in history, culture, ecology, and other aspects should be recognized, and they should be protected and restored to promote ecological health, enhance urban characteristics, improve public spaces, enrich tourism experiences, and continue regional culture.

Du Xiaofan pointed out at the meeting that the concept of "cultural landscape" internationally has undergone long-term semantic evolution and connotation development, providing new methods and perspectives for interpreting the value of cultural heritage. He summarized the connotation and characteristics of the concept of "cultural landscape" as a methodology, focusing on its origin and changes, and further explored its application strategies, aiming to provide a new perspective and methodological reference for exploring the multiple values of cultural heritage at the current stage.

Wang Shubiao stated in his speech that the Summer Palace, as a world cultural heritage site, perfectly interprets the philosophical ideas, aesthetic concepts, and craftsmanship of ancient China on the harmonious unity of man and nature, and has important cultural, social, and cultural value. In recent years, the Summer Palace has always attached great importance to the protection of the integrity and authenticity of world heritage sites, and has carried out ancient architecture restoration, landscape restoration, exhibition, research and interpretation on this basis. The Summer Palace is willing to work with colleagues in the international world heritage community to create a model for the protection and utilization of world cultural heritage.

Hao Yingxin introduced the implementation of the preventive protection project for the cultural relics and buildings of the Temple of Heaven. The Temple of Heaven, first built in the 18th year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty (1420), is the largest and best preserved ancient temple complex for worshiping the heavens in China. Its layout of "round sky and square earth" reflects the philosophical concept of "unity of heaven and man" in ancient China. Through the implementation of this project, the Temple of Heaven has achieved significant results in protecting this important world cultural heritage, accumulated valuable experience, and demonstrated its commitment and efforts to the protection of world cultural heritage.

Eugene Jo delved into the importance and challenges of collaboration between research and practice from the perspective of World Heritage site management agencies in his speech. She pointed out that effective heritage protection not only relies on advanced science and technology, but also requires management strategies based on on-site experience. By strengthening the interaction and cooperation between research institutions and heritage site management teams, the scientific and effective nature of conservation work can be significantly enhanced. In addition, she also proposed suggestions such as establishing long-term cooperative relationships, sharing resources and information, and conducting joint training, aiming to build a multi-faceted and multi-level cooperation network to address the new challenges brought by global change and ensure the sustainable development of World Heritage sites.

Hu Xinting's keynote speech focused on how the land greening project can promote the integrity protection of Mount Huangshan World Heritage. He said that through the implementation of measures such as afforestation, ecological restoration and biodiversity protection, Mount Huangshan has significantly improved the quality of the ecological environment and enhanced the ecological function and landscape value of the heritage site. These efforts not only help to protect the natural beauty of Mount Huangshan, but also ensure the long-term protection and management of Mount Huangshan World Heritage.

Fang Yuan shared the experience of protection and management of Mount Huangshan World Heritage at the meeting through the case of Tiandu Peak closed rotation rest. As an important part of Mount Huangshan, Tiandu Peak has effectively promoted ecological restoration and resource protection through the implementation of the regular closed rest system, demonstrating the active exploration and successful practice of Mount Huangshan in the sustainable management of world heritage.

Sarah Jane Brazil gave a detailed introduction to the historical sites of coal mines in her speech. The site is part of the Australian Criminal Sites World Heritage Site, covering an area of 214 hectares, and was once used as a secondary punishment ground and industrial project for criminals in the 19th century. It is now a regenerated natural landscape with architectural ruins and traces of industrial activities. Measures have been taken to mitigate, document, and monitor the risks of coastal erosion and forest fires caused by climate change. At the same time, efforts are being made to address cultural and heritage connections with local indigenous and Tasman Peninsula communities, explore the outstanding value, governance, legal framework, and other issues of the site, and point out existing gaps, problems, and opportunities.

The keynote speech of Saeed Hmoud Salem Saeed Al Meqbaali introduced the Alain cultural sites, including Haffett, Healy, Bida Bent Saud and Oasis, which were included in the The World Heritage List in 2011. These sites showcase the continuous human habitation history from the Neolithic Age to the present day, reflecting the evolution of desert oasis culture. He emphasized that these sites, in collaboration with institutions such as heritage management research institutes, use methods such as attribute mapping to record features such as water systems, agricultural practices, and trade routes, demonstrating human intelligence and adaptability in desert environments.

Dana Altoaimi introduced the research practice of Aarsa Oasis, an evolving cultural landscape (included in the The World Heritage List in 2018) at the meeting. The research covers historical studies of Al Asa and its surrounding areas, recording and assessing the condition of oasis components, and community centered site interpretation plans. Future management actions will focus on integrating research methods into the decision-making process to ensure a deep understanding of the prominent universal value of oases and sustainable management, as proposed in the early directions of the Heritage Site Laboratory Program.

In his speech, Zhou Lyu, delved into the multiple dimensions of Beijing's central axis as a unique cultural heritage. He pointed out that the central axis is not merely a physical straight line but a complex system integrating history, culture, and natural landscapes, carrying rich historical memories and profound cultural connotations. Through research on the ancient sites, architectural styles, and spatial layouts along the central axis, Lü revealed the humanistic spirit and philosophical ideas embodied in this axis. For example, the design of the central axis follows the principles of traditional Chinese Feng Shui, reflecting the ancients' ideal pursuit of harmony between heaven, earth, and humanity; at the same time, it also embodies the political concept of supreme imperial power, symbolizing the concentration and unity of national authority.

Furthermore, Zhou Lyu, paid special attention to the relationship between the central axis and its surrounding natural environment. On this basis, he further proposed protection and development suggestions for Beijing’s central axis. He advocated that during the protection process, full consideration should be given to the diversity of culture and the integrity of the natural environment, avoiding the destructive impact brought by excessive commercial development.

Katarzyna Pałubska introduced Poland's national strategy for the protection and management of cultural relics for 2023-2026 in his speech. The strategy aims to enhance the resilience of historical resources to risks, and proposes goals such as verifying cultural relics resources, strengthening heritage protection tools, enhancing the organizational potential of heritage management systems, and leveraging the role of cultural landscapes in sustainable development in response to existing or potential threats. She emphasized that special attention should be paid to the modernization transformation of railway and mining heritage resources, as well as the comprehensive protection of historical and military heritage resources. She also stated that this strategy provides support for cultural relics and UNESCO properties in crisis situations, and promotes the stable and sustainable use of heritage through international cooperation and the inheritance of ancient handicrafts.

Du Jie's keynote speech introduced the conservation and management practices of Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area World Natural Heritage Site. Since it was included in the The World Heritage List in 1992, Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area has effectively protected its unique natural beauty and ecological environment by building a multiple monitoring system, a disaster early warning system, using innovative ecological materials and technologies to repair earthquake damaged heritage sites, adhering to scientific research, planning first, innovative management, cultural and tourism integration and other measures. Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area has not only realized the transformation from a remote mountain valley to an internationally famous tourist destination, but also explored a sustainable development path of "green water and green mountains" into "golden mountains and silver mountains", providing valuable experience for global heritage protection.

Gu Wenhua introduced the protection and management practice of the Classical Gardens of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province in his speech. He mentioned that since the Classical Gardens of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province was included in the The World Heritage List, they have been committed to protecting and inheriting their cultural heritage values by strengthening the protection of heritage values, establishing a monitoring and early warning mechanism, focusing on authenticity protection and the inheritance of restoration techniques, and innovating cultural display methods. At the same time, implementing group protection management, establishing a list protection system, expanding the open use of gardens, actively showcasing protection management experience, promoting international cultural exchanges, and gathering young people's strength to jointly promote cultural heritage protection and sustainable development.

Aya Miyazaki's speech focused on community participation in the preservation of the historic center of Mexico City (CHCM). She mentioned that CHCM has long been neglected and poorly maintained, and after democratization in the 1990s, the local community began to actively participate. Two main groups play a role: the private sector, which drives the government to improve the infrastructure and historical buildings in the city center; The second is marginalized communities, which learn skills through civic schools, initiate community projects, and improve living environments. Despite different motivations, these actions ultimately collectively promote the protection of cultural heritage.

Giancarlo Marcone's speech focuses on the changes in heritage management in Qhapaq ñan, Peru. He explored the transition from hereditary management to co management and social utilization through the self-assessment of the El Huarco project over the past 10 years (part of the Qhapaq ñan program), emphasizing the importance of focusing on the practical effects of participatory management in promoting community and local participation.

Rebe Taylor introduced in her speech the research team from the University of Tasmania (UTAS) investigating the recognition and protection of the intrinsic cultural value of Pagana (Tasmanian Indigenous) heritage in Lutruwita, Tasmania. The team is committed to developing best practices for managing World Heritage sites that respect and reflect the traditions of Tasmanian Indigenous peoples through extensive research on their customs and colonial history, ensuring that the unique cultural narrative of the Pakana people becomes the core of their ancestral land management and interpretation.

Melathi Saldin's speech revolves around the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and everyday life heritage of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in Australia. She pointed out that the Cocos Islands were ruled by the Clunies Ross family for 150 years until their merger with Australia in 1984. Despite being a military base and tourist destination, the Cocos Malay community still faces challenges such as land ownership, garbage disposal, rising sea levels, and geopolitical tensions. She explored the role of intangible cultural heritage in identity recognition, sense of belonging, and local development, particularly in addressing these challenges through social, cultural, and political work in a rapidly changing context.

Omid Oudbashi introduced Iran's experience in architectural tradition and heritage preservation at the meeting. Over the past few decades, Iran has made efforts to identify and apply traditional architectural techniques for the protection and restoration of heritage buildings and monuments. These technologies include traditional material preparation methods, masonry techniques, traditional construction techniques, and artistic techniques for decorating building surfaces. By using the methods of ancient Iranian craftsmen, architects, or artists in projects at national and world heritage sites such as Chagall Jambir, Persepolis, Nagesh Jahan Square, and Tahit Sulaiman, conservation experts have successfully preserved the integrity of these heritage sites.

Sarah Forgesson emphasized the importance of placing a climate justice perspective at the center of heritage diversity and fair climate action in her speech. She stated that in recent years, the climate crisis has become the core of discussions in various fields, and the cultural heritage sector not only faces increasingly severe impacts, but also needs to explore its key role in addressing climate change. She challenged traditional perceptions of resilience, adaptability, and relevance by showcasing global practices and exploring what just and equitable climate action is. Special emphasis was placed on the "Heritage Conservation" project, which employs a value based and diverse knowledge system approach to assess climate risks in heritage sites, supporting locally led climate adaptation actions. The article also focuses on recent research in Aotearoa, New Zealand, using the perspective of the local indigenous Maori people to explore the complex challenges faced in ensuring fair and just heritage management decisions.

Lei Guangchun's speech focused on the protection and restoration strategies of migratory bird habitats in the Huangbo Bay under the background of global climate change. As a World Natural Heritage Site, Huangbo Bay is an important migration route and habitat for numerous migratory birds. He proposed a series of protection and restoration measures, including establishing monitoring networks, implementing ecological restoration projects, strengthening international cooperation and community participation, to address the challenges brought by climate change and ensure the sustainability and ecological health of migratory bird habitats.

Salma Sabour introduced innovative methods for addressing climate change risks and adaptation strategies at World Heritage sites under local community leadership in her speech. Through multiple case studies, such as Agonbank National Park in Mauritania, he demonstrated how collaboration between communities, heritage professionals, and researchers can lead to more effective, culturally sensitive, and sustainable climate change adaptation strategies. She emphasized the importance of incorporating heritage considerations into broader climate adaptation projects, as well as improving the accuracy of risk assessment through advanced climate data models. She also introduced the Preserving Legacies initiative, which has developed guidelines for climate risk assessment, integrated diverse knowledge systems, emphasized principles of fairness and justice, and established a global data hub to empower heritage professionals and communities to effectively access, interpret, and communicate climate data, amplifying the influence of local voices in climate decision-making. In addition, she emphasized the importance of fair and impartial data collection methods. Focus group discussions and workshops that respect cultural backgrounds and community needs can promote a more comprehensive understanding of climate risks, leading to the development of more accurate and culturally appropriate adaptation plans.

Mesut Dinler introduced landscape methods for disaster and resilience in European urban environments during his speech. He emphasized the importance of achieving climate justice and sustainable urban future through heritage led thinking, proposing a systematic landscape approach that covers human and non-human interactions. This method requires transcending traditional binary oppositions and telling new heritage stories. Through projects such as AGREE, RURITAGE, and SHELTER, he demonstrated how to integrate historical urban landscape methods, climate adaptation and resilience strategies, and the complexity of managing heritage data at different geographic and scale levels. These projects demonstrate that achieving heritage led disaster resilience requires not only interdisciplinary collaboration, but also the incorporation of traditional and indigenous knowledge systems to build an inclusive and sustainable future.

国际文化遗产保护与修复研究中心

International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property