国际空间站肌肉萎缩研究与锻炼系统揭秘【Unity·Cil·8】

The Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System (MARES), part of the Human Research Facility (HRF), will be launched in a stowed position inside the HRF MARES Rack, which will in turn be integrated into a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) for launch and transport to the ISS. When deployed, MARES will attach to the seat tracks of an International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) located in the Columbus Laboratory. The hardware can be divided into five components:main electro-mechanical box, human restraint system, linear adapter, vibration isolation frame, and a laptop.

肌肉萎缩研究和锻炼系统（MARES）是人类研究设施（HRF）的一部分，将在HRF MARES机架内的收起位置发射，而该机架又将被集成到多功能物流模块（MPLM）中，以便发射和运输到国际空间站。部署后，MARES将连接到位于哥伦布实验室的国际标准有效载荷架（ISPR）的座椅轨道上。硬件可分为五个组件：主机电箱、人体约束系统、线性适配器、隔振架和笔记本电脑。

The main box contains the powerful MARES direct drive motor which provides the core mechanical stimulus of the facility. The motor is capable of producing torques in the range of 3 Nm to 900 Nm. To give some examples of common torque values from "everyday life", a Black and Decker Cordless drill has about 12 Nm of torque, a 20 cm wrench with 120 N of force applied (about 30 lbs) gives 24 Nm of torque and a 2002 Ford Focus ZTS running at 4500 RPM has 183 Nm of torque.

主机箱包含强大的MARES直驱电机，可提供设施的核心机械刺激。该电机能够产生 3 Nm 至 900 Nm 范围内的扭矩。举一些“日常生活”中常见扭矩值的例子，Black and Decker 充电式电钻的扭矩约为 12 Nm，20 厘米扳手施加 120 N（约 30 磅）的扭矩为 24 Nm，2002 年福特福克斯 ZTS 以 4500 RPM 的速度运行，扭矩为 183 Nm。

This MARES direct drive motor is capable of producing rotation at angular velocities between 5 degrees/sec and 515 degrees/s, or 343 degrees/s for eccentric motion. The main box also contains power, control, supervision, and servo drive electronics, cooling fans, and a connector panel used to connect the HRF workstation and other external devices to MARES, such as PEMS II.

这种MARES直驱电机能够以5度/秒至515度/秒之间的角速度产生旋转，对于偏心运动，角速度为343度/秒。主机盒还包含电源、控制、监控和伺服驱动电子设备、冷却风扇以及用于将 HRF 工作站和其他外部设备连接到 MARES（如 PEMS II）的连接器面板。

The MARES motor may need up to 8 kW to accelerate but only for some tens of milliseconds. To minimize peak external power usage, MARES employs a battery, housed in the main box, which distributes these short power spikes over longer time periods. Using the battery as a buffer, MARES will consume an average of 150-200 W during a typical experimental session.

MARES 电机可能需要高达 8 kW 的功率才能加速，但只有几十毫秒。为了最大程度地减少峰值外部电力使用，MARES采用了一个电池，该电池安装在主机盒中，该电池在较长的时间内分配这些短的功率尖峰。使用电池作为缓冲器，MARES 在典型的实验过程中平均消耗 150-200 W。

The human restraint system includes the fully adjustable chair that the crewmember sits on, as well as a set of adjustable levers, connectors, pads, restraints, and handgrips designed by biomechanics experts to support the nine joint configurations with subjects ranging from 5 to 95 percentile in size. The restraint system aims to isolate muscle groups under study and maintain the alignment of the joint and motor axes, while maintaining an acceptable subject comfort. The restraint system also includes a pantograph, which is capable of translating and rotating the chair into a wide range of positions relative to the main box.

人体约束系统包括机组人员所坐的完全可调节的椅子，以及一套由生物力学专家设计的可调节杠杆、连接器、垫子、约束装置和手柄，以支持九种关节配置，受试者的大小范围从 5 到 95% 不等。约束系统旨在隔离正在研究的肌肉群，并保持关节和运动轴的对齐，同时保持可接受的受试者舒适度。约束系统还包括一个受电弓，该受电弓能够将椅子平移和旋转到相对于主箱子的广泛位置。

The linear adapter is used to convert the motor rotation into linear movements. It can be used for exercising one or both arms or legs at any inclination and includes force and torque sensors at the handgrips.

线性适配器用于将电机旋转转换为线性运动。它可用于在任何倾斜度下锻炼一只或两只手臂或腿，并在手柄上包括力和扭矩传感器。

The vibration isolation frame is used to keep facility forces internal to MARES by mechanically isolating MARES from the ISPR seat track and the ISS.

隔振框架用于通过将 MARES 与 ISPR 座椅轨道和国际空间站进行机械隔离，将设施力保持在 MARES 内部。

Finally, the laptop allows for the crewmember to control and monitor MARES operations, including set-up procedures, experiment steps, data display, data processing, results summaries, and programming of a desired experiment/exercise scenario.

最后，笔记本电脑允许机组人员控制和监控MARES的操作，包括设置程序、实验步骤、数据显示、数据处理、结果摘要以及所需实验/演习场景的编程。

The MARES software is designed to clearly guide the subject/operator through all steps with tailored instructions, including text, graphics, and interaction prompts. It is fully programmable, allowing the user to set up complex movements by selecting from a pre-defined set of basic control algorithms for the motor, known as basic motion units (BMUs), and building up a sequence of exercise steps or routines.

MARES 软件旨在通过量身定制的说明（包括文本、图形和交互提示）清楚地指导受试者/操作员完成所有步骤。它是完全可编程的，允许用户通过从一组预定义的电机基本控制算法（称为基本运动单元 （BMU））中进行选择来设置复杂的运动，并建立一系列锻炼步骤或程序。

There is a BMU for each mode of muscle contraction, including: isometric (muscle contraction at a fixed length, i.e. no movement), isotonic concentric (muscle shortens as it contracts at a constant torque), isokinetic concentric (muscle shortens as it contracts but at a constant velocity), isotonic and isokinetic eccentric (muscle extended). In addition, there are eleven more BMUs used to support more sophisticated experimental setups, including: spring, friction, additional moment of inertia or mass, pseudo-gravitational, position control, velocity control, torque/force control, power control, physical elements, extended torque or force control and quick release.

每种肌肉收缩模式都有一个 BMU，包括：等距（肌肉以固定长度收缩，即没有运动）、等渗同心（肌肉在恒定扭矩下收缩时缩短）、等速同心（肌肉在收缩时缩短但以恒定速度）、等渗和等速偏心（肌肉伸展）。此外，还有 11 种 BMU 用于支持更复杂的实验设置，包括：弹簧、摩擦、额外惯性矩或质量、伪重力、位置控制、速度控制、扭矩/力控制、功率控制、物理元素、扩展扭矩或力控制以及快速释放。

BMUs can be combined into distinct MARES profiles to create complex motions and to simulate common exercise routines used on Earth. These profiles can be developed on the ground by collaborating scientists and medical operations officers and uplinked to the MARES.

BMU可以组合成不同的MARES配置文件，以创建复杂的运动并模拟地球上使用的常见锻炼程序。这些概况可以由合作的科学家和医疗运营官员在地面上开发，并上行到MARES。

In summary, MARES provides a flexible and accurate tool for studying the muscle-skeletal system in the microgravity environment. It will serve both the space research/human physiology communities, as well as the Medical Operations (MEDOPS) officers, who are responsible for maintaining crew health during long-duration space flight. MARES is capable of providing quantifiable stimuli to a wide range of space flight participants and accurately measuring these crewmembers' muscle performance. MARES will be launched inside a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM). Once the MPLM is berthed to the ISS, MARES will be transferred to the Columbus Laboratory, where it will be deployed for operations.

总之，MARES为研究微重力环境中的肌肉骨骼系统提供了一种灵活而准确的工具。它将为太空研究/人类生理学界以及医疗行动（MEDOPS）官员提供服务，他们负责在长时间的太空飞行中保持机组人员的健康。MARES能够为广泛的太空飞行参与者提供可量化的刺激，并准确测量这些宇航员的肌肉表现。 MARES将在多功能物流模块（MPLM）内推出。一旦MPLM停泊到国际空间站，MARES将被转移到哥伦布实验室，在那里它将被部署进行操作。

MARES will be aisle-mounted to the seat tracks in the Columbus Laboratory and can be retracted and stowed by the crew in the HRF MARES rack when not in use.

MARES将安装在哥伦布实验室的座椅轨道上，在不使用时，工作人员可以缩回并存放在HRF MARES机架中。

When in use, the crewmember taking part an investigation will occupy the MARES seat and operate the facility using the MARES laptop. Crewmembers will also be responsible for setting up any desired external devices, such as the PEMS II or an electromyogram device (EMG; device used to measure electrical impulses of muscles).

使用时，参与调查的机组人员将占据MARES座椅并使用MARES笔记本电脑操作设施。机组人员还将负责设置任何所需的外部设备，例如 PEMS II 或肌电图设备（EMG;用于测量肌肉电脉冲的设备）。

Operations of MARES follow a set of computer-based instructions known as the MARES Experiment Procedures. These Experiment Procedures are made up of a sequence of prompts, MARES Profiles (which are in turn made up of a combination of BMUs; see above), commanding of external devices, displays of data, real-time processing of data, and steps to select data for storage and/or downlink. Experiment Procedures can be stored on the MARES prior to launch, or uploaded from the ground as new experiments or exercise routines are developed.

MARES的操作遵循一套基于计算机的指令，称为MARES实验程序。这些实验程序由一系列提示、MARES 配置文件（又由 BMU 组合组成;见上文）、外部设备命令、数据显示、数据实时处理以及选择要存储和/或下行链路的数据的步骤组成。实验程序可以在发射前存储在MARES上，也可以在开发新的实验或锻炼程序时从地面上传。

Finally, flight operations of MARES will be monitored and managed on the ground by a Tele-Science Center at NASA's Johnson Space Center and the Payload Operations and Integration Center at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.

最后，MARES的飞行操作将由美国宇航局约翰逊航天中心的远程科学中心和美国宇航局马歇尔太空飞行中心的有效载荷操作和集成中心在地面上进行监控和管理。