Theory and Practice
Abstract
This book presents the theory and practice of differential antennas for the first time. An effort has been made to give a theoretical treatment of differential antennas while keeping in mind the aspects of practical applications from simple discrete wire to sophisticated integrated designs in antenna-in-package (AiP) or antenna-on-chip (AoC) technologies. More importantly, this book reveals the new relationship between differential and single-ended antennas, which is useful because the properties of either differential or single-ended antenna can be determined from the other whose solution is already known. In addition, this book describes how differential antennas can be measured with special emphasis on the balun methods. Overall, this book is ideal for senior and graduate level students, researchers, and radio frequency engineers.
Figure 1 Photo of the book in author’s hand in the air above a beautiful hill
Highlights
Chapter 1 introduces some basic concepts associated with differential antennas including balanced and unbalanced antennas, even and odd modes, differential and single-ended circuits, mixed-mode S-parameters, and typical baluns. The important ratio of 2:1 for many differential structures and their single-ended counterparts is specifically articulated.
Chapter 2 examines the differential wire antennas such as dipole, loop, and Yagi-Uda configurations. Having validated Storer’s theory for impedance and Rao’s derivation for radiation of a loop antenna, a study of the loop-dipole composite antenna is conducted.
Chapter 3 first considers the differential slot antenna as complementary to the dipole antenna based on the Booker’s seminal paper. An emphasis is given to extend the Booker’s relation for differential complementary slot and dipole to single-ended counterparts. Then, the self-complementary antennas inspired by the slot antenna is mentioned in terms of the Mushiake’s work. Finally, the Yin-Yang antennas that explores both complementary and coupling concepts simultaneously is discussed. It is seen that the slot antenna is a key component of the Yin-Yang antennas. This is the first time that the ancient Chinese Yin-Yang philosophy has been explored to guide the broadband antenna design.
Chapter 4 presents differential microstrip patch antennas. It is the core of the book as it reveals the new ratio of the impedance of a differential microstrip patch antenna to its single-ended counterpart being 4:1 rather than 2:1. The new ratio has been confirmed valid in many other types of antennas. This finding that has crucial implication for impedance matching represents the latest achievement in the history of general antenna theory.
Chapter 5 discusses differential microstrip shorted patch antennas. It shows how the long-last problem of lower H-plane cross-polarization level (XPL) can be elegantly solved. More significantly, it demonstrates both theoretically and experimentally that the size of a differential shorted patch antenna can be smaller than that of the single-ended counterpart for the same resonant frequency. The size reduction of the differential shorted patch antenna is determined by the electric coupling effect. In addition, the differential planar inverted-F antennas and the differential magneto-electric dipole antennas are included.
Chapter 6 depicts microstrip slot antennas. It shows how to excite microstrip slot antennas differentially for the first time.
Chapter 7 presents differential microstrip grid array antennas. It reviews the fundamental characteristics of microstrip grid array antennas, compares the novel with the usual differential excitation technique, gives the design procedure, formulas, and examples, discloses an impedance matching method for large microstrip grid array antennas, devises the slow-wave structure for miniaturisation of microstrip grid array antennas, shows the microstrip grid array antenna that also acts as a meshed microstrip patch antenna to operate concurrently in dual current modes at high and low frequencies, and illustrates the use of the empty areas of the loops of a microstrip grid array antenna to house other types of antenna elements to realize co-aperture antenna arrays.
Chapter 8 describes differential printed antennas. A printed antenna is an antenna printed on one surface of a dielectric substrate where no ground plane is printed directly underneath the radiator on the other surface of the dielectric substrate. There are many types of printed antennas. Only are quasi-Yagi, fractal, and spiral antennas covered for end-fire radiation, multiband, and wideband operations, respectively. For quasi-Yagi antennas, the excitation and propagation of surface waves are the basis of the operation. For fractal antennas, special attention is given to the analysis, design, and measurement of a Sierpinski gasket dipole fed by a differential coplanar strip line. For spiral antennas, the analysis and design of an equiangular spiral antenna for wideband operation are conducted.
Order information
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Acknowledgements
The author greatly appreciates the long-term collaboration with Profs. Junfa Mao, Linsheng Wu, Min Tang, Liang Zhou, and Changzhan Gu of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Prof. Wenmei Zhang of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Prof. Guoxin Zheng of Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Prof. Qingxin Chu of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Prof. Yilong Lu of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and Dr. Duixian Liu of IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York, United States.
The author is grateful to Prof. Xiaowei Zhu and Ms. Yinyue Zhao of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, for their contribution to the analysis and design of differential magnetoelectric dipole and array.
About the author
Yueping Zhang is currently Professor with the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He was Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (IEEE AP-S) (2018–2020) and Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (IEEE TAP) (2010–2016).
Prof. Zhang has published numerous papers, including two invited and one regular papers in the Proceedings of the IEEE and one invited paper in the IEEE TAP. He is the Chinese radio scientist who has published a historical article in an English learned journal such as the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. He received the 2012 IEEE AP-S Sergei A. Schelkunoff Prize Paper Award. He also received the Best Paper Award of the Journal of Microwaves of Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE) in 2023.
Prof. Zhang has been invited to deliver plenary, keynote, and invited speeches at the flagship conferences organized by national and international learned societies since 2000. He received a few Best Paper Awards from the International Conferences held in the United Kingdom and China.
Prof. Zhang holds eight US patents. He has made pioneering and significant contributions to the development of antenna-in-package (AiP) technology that have had a profound impact on antennas and electronic packaging. He received the 2020 IEEE AP-S John Kraus Antenna Award. He also received the 2022 Exceptional Technical Achievement Award from the IEEE Electronics Packaging Society.
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