【原创】重载深吃水船马六甲新加坡海峡东行计划

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1.电喷资料 —《船舶智能柴油机维护与管理（两本全）》原理➕案例

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海机务之家

Precautions for heavy-loaded deep-draft vessels sailing eastbound through the

为方便中越双方船员一同制作可行性方案，部分内容加入英文部分。

Malacca-Singapore Strait

The Strait of Malacca and the Strait of Singapore are among the busiest straits in the world, with hundreds of ships sailing every day. Fully loaded large bulk carriers, VLOCs and VLCCs have large mass, large inertia, large draft, and are difficult to maneuver and avoid. There are a large number of shoals and sand slopes on the bottom of the strait. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, there is a shortage of on-duty drivers. Drivers who should have trained for a period of time before taking up their posts are not promoted normally in the absence of crew members in the crew market, which has laid the root cause for the frequent occurrence of ship collisions and groundings. I hope this will attract the attention of relevant parties.

马六甲海峡和新加坡海峡是世界上最繁忙的海峡之一，每天有几百艘船舶在航行，满载的大型散货船、VLOC和VLCC质量大、惯性大、吃水大、操纵困难、避让他船困难，海峡海底有数量很多的浅滩与沙坡，由于新冠疫情和乌克兰战争的原因，导致值班驾驶员的缺乏，本应该锻炼一段时间再上岗的驾驶员，在船员市场缺人的情况下，不正常提职上岗，给船舶碰撞和搁浅事故的频发埋下了祸根，希望能引起相关人士的关注。         

*       High traffic density.

*       Vessels anchored in Close proximity.

*       Strong tidal currents.

*       Possibility of drastic visibility restrictions owing to sudden down pour in a squall.

*       Possibility of haze.

*       If arrival in hours of darkness, then the back scatters of numerous shore lights can be a cause of concern.

*       Precautionary areas - Vessels waiting for pilot, crossing / leaving traffic lanes.

*       Lane crossing vessels - tugs and tow.

Since vessel is entering high density traffic area, great care must be taken.  Please carry out a meeting with bridge team including CE to clarify any doubts, Cautionary Areas, Crossing Vessels and small boat. It is possible some of the duty officers may not have ever transited Changjiang river. Please also explain that situations change very rapidly in the straits by sudden alterations, reduction of speeds etc in the strait.  Please brief the bridge team well in advance and clearly list out their duties during the transit and approaches as per the passage plan.

 * 交通密度高。

* 船只停泊在非常接近的地方。

* 潮汐流强。

* 暴风雨中突然倾盆大雨可能导致能见度严重受限。

* 可能出现雾霾。

* 如果在黑暗中到达，那么大量岸灯的散射可能令人担忧。    

* 警戒区 - 等待引航员、穿越/离开航道的船只。

* 穿越航道的船只 - 拖船和拖船。

由于船舶正在进入高密度交通区域，因此必须非常小心。请与包括 CE 在内的驾驶台团队举行会议，以澄清任何疑虑、警戒区域、穿越船舶和小船。一些值班人员可能从未穿越过长江。还请解释一下，海峡的情况变化非常迅速，海峡突然改变、速度降低等。请提前向驾驶台团队汇报情况，并按照航行计划清楚列出他们在航行和进近过程中的职责

NAVIGATION

1) Bridge manning level must be maintained in accordance with Navigation Manual. Do not make any compromise with look outs.  ensure proper lookouts / vessel on hand strg.

2) Exercise caution in the cautionary areas. Please take timely course alteration and reduction of speed, etc. to avoid any close quarter situation.

3)  Please ensure that navigating officers, AB and lookout are adequately rested before entering  the River and during transit. Routine maintenance may be kept to minimum during this period to achieve this objective.

4) Engine room to be manned well before arrive pilot station and maintained as per the ER watch keeping guidance.

5) Ensure that you have the Engines tried out and ready for maneuver well ahead of your approach to the river,

6) Positions must be plotted frequently and compared with alternative means. Please ensure that all navigational warnings are plotted on the charts.

7) All large scale Navigational Charts must be used.

8) VTIS Zones must be marked on the charts. VHF channels after reporting must be changed. Monitor them for navigational warnings.

9) Kindly plan the passage with guidance with speed reductions as necessary for crucial legs of the passage. Pls conduct a briefing of the Bridge team prior entering the straits and highlight the precautions required.

10) Always proceed at 'Safe Speed' and do not hesitate to slow down further if the situation warrants.

11) Due to lay up of vessels the anchorage and approaches are rather congested and there have been quite a few collisions in the area.

12)You are likely to experience heavy fog and haze during your transit and this will necessitate further precautions and reduction of speed as required.

13) Crossing traffic is something to watch out for and early action should be taken whenever there is opportunity for a close quarter situation to develop.    

14) Ensure that both radars are adjusted for optimum performance and that all inputs like speed and headings are carefully cross checked.

15) Tows and barges may not necessarily exhibit the appropriate signals and the bridge team will need to identify the same and monitor them for their movement very closely.

         
2. 航道内浅点(Shallow point in the channel)：

Eastbound vessels with a draft of less than 19 m can pass through the channel at all times, but should be careful to avoid shallow spots in the channel that may affect the safety of the vessel. For the sake of safety, eastbound vessels with a draft of more than 19 m should choose the appropriate time to catch the tide (wait for high tide if necessary) to pass through the following areas:          
吃水小于19 m的东行船舶可全天候通行，但应注意避开航道内会影响船舶安全的浅点。当东行船舶吃水大于19 m时，为了安全起见，应选择适当的时机，赶潮水(必要时等候高潮时)通过下述区域：         

oa, Raffles灯塔(01-09．6N 103-44．5 E)ENE方向约4海里处位于西行通道内的浅水域：

ob, Permatang Sedepa Bank(One Fathom Bank，02-53 N 101-00 E)；

oc, Buffalo Rock灯浮(01-09．0 N 103-48．15 E)西侧东行深水航道内的浅水域(在Batu Berhanti 灯塔约WSW 方向6.1 海里处)；

od, Eastern Bank南面的浅水域(吃水小于19.5 m的船舶可随时通过此处)。如有必要，船舶在通过浅水区域时，还可视情适当减速，以减小船舶航行时的下沉量，以策安全。

In the open waters west of One Fathom Bank, the main engine forward and reverse test, emergency rudder test, double anchor lashing device untied and anchor machine tested, preparations for possible emergency anchors were made, communications, navigation equipment, navigation aids, lights, signal types and whistles were checked and tested, main engine auxiliary engines and steering gear were checked to make them available at any time. After entering the strait, the ship must be ready for navigation, emergency double anchors, and emergency anchorages must be marked on the nautical chart.          
在一拓滩西侧开敞水域，进行主机正倒车试验，应急舵测试，解开双锚绑扎装置并试验锚机，做好可能的应急锚的准备工作，检查测试通信、导航设备、助航仪器以及号灯号型和号笛工作状况，检查主机辅机和舵机，使其处于随时可用状态。船舶进入海峡后要备车航行，备应急双锚，在海图上标注应急锚地。         

         
4.报告制度：

This reporting system is a mandatory reporting system. The reporting lines and reporting contents of the relevant areas are marked in advance on the electronic nautical chart;

When entering each reporting area, report and listen on the corresponding VHF channel          
Straitrep 系统：该报告系统属于强制性报告系统，在电子海图中提前标注相关区域的报告线和报告内容；         
进入各报告区域时在相应的VHF 频道报告并守听。Malacca Strait 马六甲海峡）SECTOR 1 VHF CH66 KLANG VTSSECTOR 2 VHF CH88 KLANG VTSSECTOR 3 VHF CH84 KLANG VTSSECTOR 4 VHF CH61 KLANG VTSSECTOR 5 VHF CH88 KLANG VTSSECTOR 6 VHF CH88 JOHOR VTS          
（Singapore Strait 新加坡海峡）SECTOR 7 VHF CH73 VTIS WESTSECTOR 8 VHF CH14 VTIS CENTORSECTOR 9 VHF CH10 VTIS EAST    

VLCC, VLOC and ships with a draft of more than 15 meters must report the relevant contents to POCC (PORT OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTRE Email Address: pocc@mpa.gov.sg) 8 hours before entering the traffic separation area of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. The report format is as follows:

         
VLCC、VLOC和吃水超过15米的船舶在进入马六甲海峡和新加坡海峡分道通航区8小时前须通过邮件形式向POCC ( PORT OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTRE  邮箱地址：pocc@mpa.gov.sg )报告相关内容，报告格式如下：         

Dear POCC ,          
I request for a NAVTEX message to be broadcast during our transit through the SOMS,to advise other traffic that our vessel is in deep draught loaded condition.          
Name of ship :   M/V XXX

Call Sign : XXXXXXXXXX

DWT :  174083 mts

LOA :   289 m

Beam :   45 m

Draught :  18.6 m

Air Draught :  32.2 m          
Nature of warning :  Bulk Carrier constrained by draught - requests a wide berthSpeed of transit :   10.2 knots(6-7 KTS)          
ETA  Location                 Date / Time  (Local Time)

One Fathom Bank  :           13th FEB 2025    0100LT

Buffalo Rock     :           13th FEB 2025     0200LT

Batu Berhanti    :           13th FEB 2025    0400LT

Horsburgh        :           13th FEB 2025     0010LT          
Destination : CHINA / QINGDAOCargo on board :  Bauxite/ Manganese in bulkVessel will not be transiting with a Marine Advisor on board          
新加坡POCC接收到相关信息，会通过NAVTEX发出相应的航行通告，以警示其他船舶。         
         
PAGE:88          
         
         
超大型船或吃水大于15米的船舶，马六甲海峡，东行，一拓滩附近，需要走北门柱和南门柱两个灯标中间通行，否则有搁浅的风险，在进入该区域之前，控制速度，保持与前后船舶的距离，另注意左侧同向船舶，在通过拉孔(M)后与左后方同向船舶(吃水小于15米)保持安全距离，关注附近渔船。

Very large ships or ships with a draft of more than 15 meters, in the Strait of Malacca, eastbound, near the Ito Beach, need to pass between the two lighthouses of the North Gate Post and the South Gate Post, otherwise there is a risk of running aground. Before entering the area, control the speed, keep a distance from the ships in front and behind, and pay attention to the ships in the same direction on the left. After passing the lagging hole (M), keep a safe distance from the ships in the same direction on the left rear (draft less than 15 meters), and pay attention to nearby fishing boats.          
PAGE 91 & 92

PAGE 91

1. Prepare the vehicle for navigation, control the speed to ensure that one boat passes at a time;

 2. Predict the flow direction and speed in advance;

3. Assign a skilled sailor to steer;

4. Use the whistle or light to drive away small fishing boats in the channel in advance;

5. Control the distance from the front and rear ships;

6. After turning, pay attention to keep the distance from the left rear ship in the same direction

 7. The captain is on the bridge

 8. Pay attention to the VLCC

9. The engine gives way first, and the rudder gives way as a supplement 10. Lei Kang M sometimes does not display the radar          

备车航行，船长在驾驶台，提前控制速度，深水航道限速12节，禁止追越，与前后船保持安全距离流向流速多变，两部舵机，熟练水手操舵，加派值班人员，用汽笛或灯光提前警告航道内的渔船

Prepare the engine for sailing, the captain is on the bridge, control the speed in advance, the speed limit in deep water channels is 12 knots, overtaking is prohibited, keep a safe distance from the boats in front and behind, the flow direction and speed are variable, two steering gears, experienced sailors are at the helm, additional personnel are assigned on duty, and the fishing boats in the channel are warned in advance by whistles or lights.PAGE 99          
PAGE 103

东行船EASTBOUND

此处航线左右都有浅点，提前控制

速度，与前后船舶保持安全距离提前用汽笛或灯光警告航道内的小渔船，开启两部舵机，熟练水手操舵，船长亲自指挥，加派值班人员谨慎驾驶，避免搁浅。

Eastbound

There are shallow spots on both sides of the route here. Control the speed in advance and keep a safe distance from the ships in front and behind. Use the whistle or light to warn the small fishing boats in the channel in advance, turn on the two steering gears, and let the skilled sailors steer. The captain personally commands and adds on-duty personnel to drive carefully to avoid running aground.          
5. 深水航道 DW ( DEEP WATER ROUTE )          
PAGE:103

         
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另外，特殊注意的区域

Advice when Navigating in the Vicinity of Batu BerhantiExperienced pilots, Straits Pilots and Masters suggest the following guidance when navigating in thevicinity of Batu Berhanti:

Advice when transiting Eastbound:

Eastbound ships can be experiencing tidal rates of approximately 6 knots going with them(following tidal stream), or 4 knots against them in this area, depending on the state of the tideexperience indicates that, for a single screw ship to maintain steerage way in this area, a minimumspeed of 4-5 knots through the water is necessary, This can mean speeds of up to 9 knots over theground in this area just to maintain steerage at certain stages of the tide

be alert for ships, particularly Eastbound container ships, reducing their speed too early as theyprepare to cross over to the Eastern Boarding Ground and the Port of Singapore. They could quicklylose all their speed if they underestimate the tidal stream in this areaEastbound ships, which are bound for the Port of Singapore, will tend to keep to the North (left) ofthe lane after passing Batu Berhanti. Such ships usually slow down at the same time as they turnto port to cross the DW Route (and Westbound lanes), which can obstruct the clear passage ofEastbound deep draught vessels

a ship intending to cross should only do so when she has cleared Batu Berhanti, as attempting tocommence a turn to port in this area will increase the area of the ship's hull presented to the movingbody of water

be alert to the presence of slow moving ships approaching Batu Berhanti when the tidal stream isflowing West, The tidal stream can be flowing at speeds of up to 4 knots, which can result in slowmoving ships and Eastbound tugs making little or almost no speed over the groundbridae teams are advised to exercise additional caution when navigating in the vicinity ofBatu Berhanti.

在 Batu Berhanti 附近航行时的建议经验丰富驾驶员、海引航员和船长在 Batu Berhanti 附近航行时建议遵循以下指导：

东行转机注意事项：

东行船舶在该区域可能会经历大约 6 节的潮汐速率（顺着潮汐流），或 4 节的潮汐速率，具体取决于潮汐状态。经验表明，对于单螺旋船来说，要在该区域保持操舵方式 区域中，需要以 4-5 节的最低速度穿过水面，这可能意味着该区域的地面速度高达 9 节，只是为了在潮汐的某些阶段保持操舵

请警惕船舶，特别是东行集装箱船，在准备穿越东部登船场和新加坡港时过早降低速度。如果低估了这一地区的潮流，船只很快就会失去速度。驶往新加坡港的东行船只在经过 Batu Berhanti 后，往往会靠航道的北边（左边）行驶。此类船舶通常在转向左舷穿越 DW 航线（和西行航道）时减速，这可能会妨碍东行深吃水船舶的畅通通行

打算穿越的船舶应仅在其通过 Batu Berhanti 后才可穿越，因为试图在此区域转向左舷将增加船体暴露在流动水体中的面积

当潮汐流向西流动时，请注意靠近 Batu Berhanti 的缓慢移动船舶，潮汐流的速度可高达 4 节，这可能导致缓慢移动的船舶和东行拖船在地面上的速度很小或几乎没有速度

建议驾驶台团队在 Batu Berhanti 附近航行时要格外小心。

另外鉴于目前的船速，在装货港热带区域大约47天左右，船体有可能坞底，但是坞底的程度对速度的影响不是很大。船舶货量比以往航次大约多1万多吨货量左右，对速度影响大约1节左右。船速在巴西沿岸，强顶流的情况下的速度大约5节上下，如下图洋流在显示0.2节左右的情况下速度在7节左右。7节左右的速度对Cape船舶正好是维持舵效的基本速度要求。

在满载定速的情况下能够达到的最大速度，机动航行中穿越马六甲海峡中接送引水根本无法满足外界的自然条件。

并且根据新加坡加油锚地密度的情况大约5个CABLE左右，在船舶锚泊起锚是船速无法立即达到起速的目的，船舶正常后退的距离，很可能急速压向锚泊船舶，造成另一紧迫局面。低速的舵效极为不稳定，在等待引水的过程中，自身都难于自保，跟无法避让往来船舶。及时在短时避让其他船舶的过程中，对于Cape船舶频繁的运动状态的改变，着实不易。

针对以上的几点问题，预计措施如下：

1.海峡计划聘用当地富有丰富航海经验的引航员，这个设想其他Cape船已经实践过，并且切实可行

=== === ===     ========= =======================

西行，或者东行，都有服务的。

这次船东安排的是，上面您图中的最后一家，PSA 新加坡政府， 引航站，据说只有11名高级引水，有资质的。价格标杆，服务真不错。

新加坡PSA这家，赶紧比那些私人引航公司更好些。

价格也透明，包干，据说30个小时，14500 SGD.

正常满载=， 21.5米一下，船长自己走也行，半日潮，白天通过不大。但是欧美租家，不想冒险，必须安排引水。

-====        ===========                =========

船舶穿越马六甲海峡时，应注意以下几个关键事项：

富裕水深：

对于吃水超过15m的船舶，海峡内富裕水深至少保持3.5m以上；在Eastern Bank建议保持4.0m以上。

航道内浅点：

吃水小于19m的东行船舶可全天候通行，但应注意避开航道内会影响船舶安全的浅点。

当东行船舶吃水大于19m时，应选择适当的时机，赶潮水（必要时等候高潮时）通过。

设备检查：

在一拓滩西侧开敞水域，进行主机正倒车试验，应急舵测试，解开双锚绑扎装置并试验锚机，做好可能的应急锚的准备工作。

检查测试通信、导航设备、助航仪器以及号灯号型和号笛工作状况，检查主机辅机和舵机，使其处于随时可用状态。

报告制度：

船舶在通过浅水区域时，还可视情适当减速，以减小船舶航行时的下沉量，以策安全。

防海盗措施：

由于马六甲海峡及周边水域是海盗活动猖獗，为确保人员和船舶安全，建议减少在马六甲海峡停泊所花费的时间，考虑以最大航速航行，同时从航海的角度保证航行安全。

组织全体船员召开安全会议，学习船舶保安计划，并进行防海盗部署。

潮汐和潮流：

马六甲海峡的高潮潮水从西北向东南流，落潮潮水则从东南向西北流动。潮流的最大速度可达2.2节，属于往复流。

驾驶员在计划航行时应密切关注最新的潮汐表和相关潮流图，以确保船舶在适当的时间选择合适的潮流和避开潮汐可能引起的潜在风险。

通过遵循上述注意事项，船舶可以在穿越马六甲海峡时提高安全性，减少事故发生的可能性。

上述特别注意事项里，提及东行船舶在该区域可能会经历大约 6 节的潮汐速率，这种风险相对较高。

2.中途港口加满油，途径SUNDA海峡拖轮协助的情况下，直接到目的港口

其理由，SUNDA海峡相对来说流速比较小水域相对宽敞。附近浅滩沉船也较多。但是，相对风险来说比第一点稍微强一点

Sunda海峡是沟通印度洋和太平洋的重要水道，是世界上最繁忙的水道之一，也是连接欧洲、亚洲和澳大利亚的主要航道。然而，直接穿越Sunda海峡到达国内的航线并不常见，因为国内航线通常指的是连接特定国家或地区的航线。不过，我可以为你提供一些关于穿越Sunda海峡的航线信息：

航线概述

经过好望角的航线：从南美东部港口出发，穿过大西洋，经过好望角，再穿过印度洋和巽他海峡，最后过南海回国。

走太平洋的航线：从南美港口出发，直接穿越太平洋，放大圆航线回国。

气象特征和天气现象

南美洲起点气候特征：热带与亚热带气候，全年温暖，雨季和旱季交替明显。

大西洋航段气候特征：受西风带和副热带高压带影响，天气多变。

印度洋航段气候特征：受季风影响显著，季风带来季节性的风向变化和大量降水。

南海航段气候特征：受东亚季风影响，夏季炎热潮湿，冬季温暖湿润。

航线选择和气象保障措施

航线选择：综合考虑航程、气象条件、船舶性能等因素，选择最适合的航线。

气象保障措施：配备先进的气象观测设备，与岸基气象机构保持密切联系，制定详细的应急预案。

船舶穿越Sunda海峡时，需要注意以下关键事项以确保航行安全：

遵守分道通航制度：Sunda海峡实行分道通航制度，船舶应按照规定的航道行驶，避免与其他船舶形成碰撞风险。

保持足够航行速度：在海峡内航行时，应保持稳定的航速，避免过快或过慢的行驶，以便随时调整航向应对突发情况。

强化沟通和协调：与周围船舶保持良好的沟通，通过VHF等通讯设备定时确认对方位置及航行意图，确保航行安全。

注意潮汐和水流情况：Sunda海峡区的潮汐和海流变化较大，特别是在不同季节和气候变化时，应加强对潮汐和海流的监测，合理规划航程和时间。

使用船舶报告系统：严格遵守船舶报告系统的规定，及时通过规定的频率报告自己的位置和航行状态，确保航行信息畅通。

保持高度警觉：在狭窄和繁忙的水道中航行，需要格外注意周围环境，防止突发情况导致的碰撞或搁浅。

通过以上措施，可以有效提高船舶在Sunda海峡中的航行安全性。

3.在新加坡加油不可避免的情况下，考虑从新加坡东侧进入新加坡海峡。SUNDA海峡的风险第2点已经论述。

另外新加坡东侧，相对浅点少，水域宽敞与从西侧进入新加坡海峡的状态相比较。

新加坡海峡连接着太平洋和印度洋，是重要的航道之一。关于新加坡海峡东行与西行的比较，以下是东行和西行各自的优点：

东行的优点

交通密度较低：根据搜索结果，所有的引水登船点都设在新加坡海峡的北侧（即西行一侧）。因此，东行船只在航行中可能遇到的问题较少，如需要较少关注周围船舶的交通状况。

较慢的速度要求：在引水登船点附近，较慢的速度被视为到达，这有助于引水上船后有足够时间熟悉环境，并处理复杂的交通流。

西行的优点

交通密度较大：西行船只在航行中需要更多地关注周围的交通状况，包括他船的引水时间和有无东行船只穿越通航分道的情况，这要求西行船只必须具备更高的航行谨慎性。

穿越航道的技巧：东行船只在重载或返航时可能会遇到穿越西行航道的情况。采用抛物线型穿越方法，可以在交通密集的情况下安全穿越，前提是等待合适的时机。

总结来说，选择东行或西行应根据具体的航行需求和条件来决定。东行可能较为适合需要避免复杂交通状况的船只，而西行则适合那些能够应对较高交通密度和需要更多航行技巧的船只，对车舵锚有更高的技术要求，并且东行，相对浅点更多，水域不宽敞，在飞利浦水道，穿越拖带船舶，航速要求较高。无法发给追越船舶让路。诸多因素限制等等。控制安全性能的三件套车舵锚，需要综合评估。

中途咨询青岛韦立多位船长，航经深水航道的经验，此航段难点在于SECTOR7与8，以及转向雷康D段。流速最最大，并且在转向前，会有大片的印尼渔船，转向后，最大风险在于难于保持航向与航速。中间会有大量拖带作业船舶，浅滩，以及附近操纵灵便型船舶。

另外从船员健康方面，一半以上的船员工作已经超8个月以上，从Physical Health身体健康，Wellbeing

1. INTRODUCTION TO WELLNESS AT SEA

2. HELP IN A CRISIS

3. YOUR WELLBEING IN YOUR OWN HANDS

4. SOCIAL WELLNESS

5. EMOTIONAL WELLNESS

6. PHYSICAL WELLNESS

7. SPIRITUAL WELLNESS

Mental Health心理健康等方面，都不适合继续留船工作，并且进入新加坡前中途还有一加油港口。并且中途以中国船员还跟整个越南船员发生过不愉快，不能让驾驶员带有心理负担的去安全值航行班。这是一个风险点，并且我可以控制自己情绪，但无法控制他人的情绪，我已经努力做过这方面的疏导。但是我失败了。。。。。。。。。这是目前我能够考虑的以上各点。

以上几点仅仅是从内部考虑的几个点，还有更多的外因，我没办法控制，但综合分析，我能够在船给予驾驶员的培训或是指导仅限如下：

·The crew must understand the importance of adherence to the bridge management procedures.

·A proper lookout must be maintained at all times, along with efficient reporting to watch keeping officer.

·The lookout should not be occupied with activities that may impede the lookout.

·Proceed at safe speed and take into consideration visibility, traffic density, manoeuvrability, weather conditions and limitations of the radar.

·Every effort must be made to ascertain if a close quarters situation is developing – determine by repeated systematic observations any change in radar and compass bearings in addition to any automatic or manual radar plotting.

·Refrain from using VHF to establish passing with another ship, as an agreement could be made with wrong vessel.

·If obliged to give way, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.

·Slowing down is often the best way to avoid a close quarters situation.

·When officers hand over watch, the relieving officer must be briefed on course, speed, traffic, weather and dangers to navigation that could be expected.

·Follow STCW code requirements on rest periods in order to minimise risk of fatigue.

·Passage planning should be made with detailed plans marking dangers and safe-water limits especially in coastal waters, pilotage areas and port approaches. Review weather, current and tide conditions.

·Position must always be verified through proper use of charts, radars and other position fixing devices as well as cross checking navigational information using available means. If possible bearings should be taken.

·Always keep updated official charts for area of voyage.

·Participation at the Maritime Resource Management (MRM) Course is recommended in order to foster positive attitudes, favouring good personal communication, excellence in leadership skills and compliance with operating procedures.

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