陈志武:中国的政府规模有多大?

创业   2024-09-16 18:55   北京  

陈志武,生于1962年7月,1979年考入中南矿冶学院,耶鲁大学金融学博士,曾获得过墨顿·米勒奖学金。前耶鲁大学金融学教授(1999-2017),亦曾担任北京大学经济学院特聘教授、清华大学社会科学学院特聘教授。此文发表于2008年。


2007年,国家财政税收增加了31%,达到5.1万亿元,占GDP的21%,相当于3.7亿城镇居民的可支配收入、12.3亿农民的纯收入。也就是说,政府一年花的钱等于3.7亿个城镇居民、12.3亿农民一年可以花的钱。政府要这么多的老百姓才能供养,当然很庞大。这里,我们不妨从几个不同角度来把握其“大小”。


跟历史比,跟美国比

相对帝制时期的政府规模如何?既然中国今日又逢盛世,我们不妨先以康乾盛世时期作为一个参照。

乾隆中期的1766年,朝廷财政税收为4937万两银子。在1760年前后,荷兰东印度公司对当时的北京、广州老百姓的收入和消费做过细致调查,据其历史档案,那时一个普通北京人的年收入大约为24两银子(每月2两左右)。这样,4937万两银子相当于205万普通北京人的收入,即只要205万个北京人的收入就够供养盛世时期的乾隆政府,那当然是小政府。

我们或可说当时中国其他地方居民的收入比北京低,所以,以北京人收入作为标准,降低了为供养乾隆政府所需要的人数。但是,那时的全国人均收入不一定比北京低多少,比如,1950年以前北京的人均收入属全国平均水平,最多是中等偏上,只有到实行了国有制计划经济之后,北京的相对人均收入才开始飙升,把全国其他地方甩在身后。

退一步讲,即使乾隆时期全国城镇平均收入只有北京人的一半,那么,朝廷岁入也只是410万人的年收入,跟今天的3.7亿个城镇居民、12.3亿农民的可支配收入才能支持政府的开支,无法相提并论。

也许我们会说,今天任何国家的政府规模都不能跟过去的做直接比较,因为传统农业经济对政府的依赖度低,而现代经济的交易复杂性特别高,所以,离不开政府在安全和产权与契约保障方面的支持。没有政府保护产权、维护契约权益,就难以有现代经济。这当然有道理。

按照这个思路推下去,美国应该是一个很好的参照系,因为美国的金融证券市场、知识产权市场以及其他现代产业在全球来说最发达,此外,它还扮演世界警察角色,所以它的政府职能应该不低于任何其他国家。在社会福利支持上,美国也不亚于西欧。

然而,2007年美国联邦政府的财政税收为2.4万亿美元,占GDP的18%,相当于8500万普通美国人一年的可支配收入。也就是说,为了支持美国政府的开支,需要8500万美国人的可支配收入,这当然远比中国政府的开支需要3.7亿城市居民的可支配收入低。

中国有5.4亿城镇居民、8亿农民,加在一起,去年民间的可支配收入总共为10.7万亿元。也就是说,5.1万亿元的政府财政税收约等于民间可支配收入总额的一半。相比之下,美国民间的可支配收入总量为8.4万亿美元,2.4万亿美元的政府财政税收相当于民间可支配收入总量的四分之一。

由此可见,我们的政府规模相对远大于美国政府。


政府规模是如何变迁的?

过去30年里,中国的政府规模并非一开始就这么大。如果说“小政府、大社会”一直是改革的理想,那么,1978-1995年间确是如此走向。改革之初的1978年,国家财政税收相当于3.3亿城镇居民的可支配收入、8.5亿农民的纯收入。那时的政府也不小,这就是为什么要改革政府的原因之一,但那时的政府毕竟要负责城市人从摇篮到坟墓方方面面的生活开支,所以,政府当然大。

随着改革的进行,到1985年,财政税收相当于2.7亿城镇居民、5亿农民的纯收入。到1995年,财政税收相当于1.46亿城镇居民、3.9亿农民的纯收入。1.46亿城镇人口的可支配收入才能支持政府的开支,政府还是很大,可那是近30年里“最小”的政府了。

1993—1994年的分税制改革从根本上逆转了头17年的方向。那次改革把税权下放,从中央到省、到地方、到县和乡,每级只要求下一级在每项税种中往上交多少比例的税收,剩下的权限就留给下级政府。从表面看,税权下放而不是由中央统一掌权,是件好事,会给地方更多发展经济的激励。

只不过,当时好心的改革设计者没想到或不愿意想到,在没有实质性权力制约的体系下,特别是在新加税种的权力不在立法机构而是在行政部门的国情下,把税权下放等于是为各级政府随意加税大开绿灯,国民没有正式途径对随意增加的税负表达意见。

经常有人说,在别国行得通的制度安排,一到中国就水土不服。之所以如此,是因为在中国没有对征税权的根本性约束。所以,水土不服的根源在于有没有对权力的制约上。

1995年后财政税收逐年回升,到2004年,财政税收相当于2.8亿城镇居民的可支配收入、9亿农民的纯收入。随后的三年更是加速征税,到2007年,政府的财政税收已经远远超过改革开放初1978年时的规模,达到历史“最大”规模。

我们也可以把政府、城镇居民、农民看成中国的三大群体。那么,在改革开放的成果中,哪个群体受益最多呢?自1995年到2007年的12年里,政府财政税收年均增长16%(去掉通货膨胀率后),城镇居民可支配收入年均增长8%,农民的纯收入年均增长6.2%。这期间,GDP的年均增长速度为10.2%。

因此,只有政府的收入以远高于GDP的速度在增长,城镇居民的收入增长速度次之,农民的收入增长最慢,速度远低于GDP的增速。从1995到2007年,去掉通胀成分后,政府财政收入增加5.7倍,城镇居民人均可支配收入增加1.6倍,农民人均纯收入仅增长1.2倍。


财政税收之外

不过,上面的计算只反映了政府总收入的一部分,还有预算外的政府收入、资产增值和资产性收入并不在其内。也就是说,财政税收只是政府最“看得见”的收入部分。实际上,随着中国经济这些年的高速发展,政府作为中国最大的资产所有者,其拥有的国有企业资产、公有土地以及矿产资源的增值比财政税收更大、增长速度更快。

到2006年,国有土地的总价值大约为50万亿元。国资委主任李荣融在2007年8月《求是》杂志上谈到,到2006年底,全国有11.9万家国有企业,平均每家资产为2.4亿元,所有国企资产加在一起值29万亿元。

也就是说,2006年底,国有土地加国有企业的总价值为79万亿元。去年,中国GDP增长11.4%,假设土地和国有资产以同样于GDP的增速升值(资产升值速度一般高于GDP),这意味国有资产去年增值9万亿,比财政税收的5.1万亿多80%。

2007年,国有企业的总利润为1.6万亿元。因此,去年国家资产和土地所有者的“可支配收入”共有10.6万亿元。

把国家的资产性可支配收入和财政税收的5.1万亿加在一起,去年政府可以支配的总收入是15.7万亿元,这等于11.4亿城镇居民的可支配收入、37.9亿农民的纯收入。

中美民间财富结构对比

当然中国家庭也持有财富,包括房地产、企业股权、金融证券、银行储蓄等等,只不过主要是城镇居民有这些,农民没有土地、也没有太多储蓄,他们的财富很少。

据发改委估算,到2005年底,全国城镇居民的总资产价值为20.6万亿。如果过去两年均按略高于2005年GDP的速度增值,也即按每年15%增值,那么,到去年底,全国居民资产为27.6万亿元,不到价值为88万亿的国有资产与国有土地的三分之一。

中国民间资产加国有资产共115.6万亿元,相当于GDP的4.7倍。

相比之下,美国政府基本没有生产性资产,也只有少量的土地。至2007年底,美国私人家庭资产的总值为73万亿美元,相当于GDP的5.4倍,比中国的总资产与GDP比值略高一些。

其原因是美国资产的金融化程度全球最高,资产流动性越大,其资本价值就越高。但两国的总资产与GDP之比,大致相当。

可是,在两国,财富在民间和政府之间的分享结构截然不同。在中国,多于76%的资产由政府拥有,民间只有不到四分之一的资产。而在美国,其资产基本都在民间个人和家庭手中。这两种不同的财富持有结构会带来什么差别呢?

其差别表现在很多方面,包括经济增长模式、产业结构、法治发展上,等等。这里,让我们集中看看,这种结构对国家和民间在财富赛跑上有什么影响。

美国家庭资产的73万亿美元中,有近35万亿来自过去十年的资产增值,而从劳动等可支配收入中累计储蓄的才1.5万亿美元。所以,美国人的财富增长基本靠资产升值,而由劳动等所得的非资产性可支配收入(去年为8.4万亿美元)基本全部花掉,这既是为什么美国的储蓄率现在为-1%,也是为什么美国的内需这么强盛。

好在美国的资产基本都是私人所有,所以,美国人能够只靠资产升值来使自己的财富水平上升。

中国的115.6万亿元资产财富中,只有27.6万亿是民间私人的,剩下的88万亿属国家所有。如果2008年中国GDP和资产价值都上升10%,那么,老百姓从资产升值中得到2.76万亿元,而政府能得到8.8万亿元。政府从经济增长所带来的资产财富升值中得到的份额,是民间的三倍。

这就是为什么在中国资产升值难以带来消费的财富效应、资产升值带动不了太多的内需增长的原因。


国家的钱花到哪里了?

按照上面谈到的,去年政府财政税收5.1万亿,国有资产与土地升值至少9万亿,国有企业的总利润为1.6万亿元,政府总共有15.7万亿的收入可以花,这些钱花在哪里了?如果政府把钱花在民生上,那不是从相当程度上代替了老百姓花吗?在效果上,由老百姓自己花这些钱和由政府代替老百姓花,这两种安排会有大的区别吗?

按照许多主张政府要推出各种名目税收的人的说法,通过税收和国有资产,政府能够实现“第二次再分配”,以降低收入差距。但是,实际真的如此吗?

据财政部长谢旭人介绍,2007年政府在直接涉及老百姓的医疗卫生、社会保障和就业福利上的开支,总共约6000亿元,相当于财政总开支的15%,为全年GDP的2.4%,分到13亿人身上,人均461元(相当于城镇居民人均可支配收入的3%)。

而在没有国有经济的美国,去年在同样三项上的开支约为15000亿美元,相当于联邦政府总开支的61%,为美国GDP的11.5%,分到3亿美国人身上,人均5000美元(相当于美国人均可支配收入的18%)。

许多人说,中国还处于发展中阶段,所以没法跟美国以及其他市场经济国家比。这种说法站不住脚。美国去年的财政税收仅占GDP的18%,而中国5.1万亿元财政收入占GDP的20%。

所以,即使不算国企收入和国有资产增值,仅财政税收,中国政府的相对收入就高于美国,没有理由在民生上的开支比例低于美国。中国政府不是没有钱花,而是没有对财政预算过程的实质监督,以至于政府钱多后更倾向于在形象工程、政府办公大楼上浪费,在高资源消耗、高环境污染又不创造就业的工业项目上投资,也当然为腐败提供了温床。

正因为中国太多的收入和资产财富掌握在政府手中,而不是将更多收入、更多资产由私人去消费、去投资,使跟民生贴近的服务业难以发展。在这种情况下,第三产业发展所需要的投资和消费需求从哪里来呢?

既然美国政府为了刺激经济从次级按揭贷款危机中走出来,而给每家老百姓寄支票直接退税,把钱退给纳税人自己去花,那么,我们为什么不能把一些税收、国企利润、国有资产增值退回给中国家庭呢?

比如,也给他们寄去汇票。国民们也该直接分享一点国企的红利了。当然,最好是把许多国有企业资产民营化、把土地还给农民,因为这些本来就是国民自己的。



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  記憶というのはなんだか不思議なものだ。その中に実際に身を置いていたとき、僕はそんな風景に殆んど注意なんて払わなかった。とくに印象的な風景だとも思わなかったし、十八年後もその風展を細部まで覚えているかもしれないとは考えつきもしなかった。正直なところ、そのときの僕には風景なんてどうでもいいようなものだったのだ。僕は僕自身のことを考え、そのときとなりを並んで歩いていた一人の美しい女のことを考え、僕と彼女とのことを考え、そしてまた僕自身のことを考えた。それは何を見ても何を感じても何を考えても、結局すべてはブーメランのように自分自身の手もとに戻ってくるという年代だったのだ。おまけに僕は恋をしていて、その恋はひどくややこしい場所に僕を運びこんでいた。まわりの風景に気持を向ける余裕なんてどこにもなかったのだ。
  でも今では僕の脳裏に最初に浮かぶのはその草原の風景だ。草の匂い、かすかな冷やかさを含んだ風、山の稜線、犬の鳴く声、そんなものがまず最初に浮かびあがってくる。とてもくっきりと。それらはあまりにくっきりとしているので、手をのばせばひとつひとつ指でなぞれそうな気がするくらいだ。しかしその風景の中には人の姿は見えない。誰もいない。直子もいないし、僕もいない。我々はいったいどこに消えてしまったんだろう、と僕は思う。どうしてこんなことが起りうるんだろう、と。あれほど大事そうに見えたものは、彼女やそのときの僕や僕の世界は、みんなどこに行ってしまったんだろう、と。そう、僕には直子の顔を今すぐ思いだすことさえできないのだ。僕が手にしているのは人影のない背泉だけなのだ。
  もちろん時間さえかければ僕は彼女の顔を思いだすことができる。小さな冷たい手や、さらりとした手ざわりのまっすぐなきれいな髪や、やわらかな丸い形の耳たぶやそのすぐ下にある小さなホクロや、冬になるとよく着ていた上品なキャメルのコートや、いつも相手の目をじっとのぞきこみながら質問する癖や、ときどき何かの加減で震え気味になる声(まるで強風の吹く丘の上でしゃべっているみたいだった)や、そんなイメージをひとつひとつ積みかさねていくと、ふっと自然に彼女の顔が浮かびあがってくる。まず横顔が浮かびあがってくる。これはたぶん僕と直子がいつも並んで歩いていたせいだろう。だから僕が最初に思いだすのはいつも彼女の横顔なのだ。それから彼女は僕の方を向き、にっこりと笑い、少し首をかしげ、話しかけ、僕の目をのぞきこむ。まるで澄んだ泉の底をちらりとよぎる小さな魚の影を探し求めるみたいに。个部位,直到把我痛晕。当我醒来时,我身边全是乐高,他们在忙那忙这,看着他们劳动的样子,我入神了。但我似乎也变成了个乐高人,头圆圆的,只有两根手指。我不知道自己来到了什么样的世界,我居然听得懂他们的语言,他们也并没有把我当成陌生的另类。虽然没看到自己,但我感觉到,我应该是成为了他们的一员。我身上没有一点儿钱,可我又找不到工作,还好快不行时遇见了一位好心的乐高人,他给了我点钱,并给我介绍了一份工作。我问他叫什么,他说他叫红,想成为一名元素战士。他还给我介绍了三位朋友,分别是蓝、黄和黑。认识了他们后,红想让我加入他们去寻找他爷爷没找到的宝藏,我爽快地答应了。但找了这么久,半点线索都没找着,我只好去找红,他家门是开的,我问了一声就进去了,见到一个小盒子,打开后里面放起了一首美妙的歌曲,盖子还刻着一棵大柳树。我听到有声音从我背后飘来,红竟然在哭,“对不起”,我轻轻地对他说。“没关系,只是…想…想起了爷爷,他…还在时,很喜欢听这首歌”。红断断续续地说。我忽然明白了什么,对他悄悄地说:“这和钟楼正中午时放的音乐一样”!红惊喜的盯着我,并召集了所有成员(黑、蓝、黄),并叫我绿,我们一起在钟楼那里观察,虽然我们日复一日地观察,可完全看不出有什么线索,就在大家快放弃时,我忽然想到那棵大柳树,城市里只有一棵。果然,正中午时镜子反射的光到土地上,我们找到了个拼图,我们拼完后就出现了一个通往地底的通道,我们走到最低下时发现了一条河和一艘船,我们决定坐船前行。我们完全没察觉到有坏人已经盯上我们了,水越来越汹涌,忽然,黑大叫的喊:“不好了,前面是瀑布,快把船停下来”。眼看就要掉下去时,红突然把绳套紧在岩石上,并叫我们帮忙拉,经过我们的一番努力,终于把船停下了。我们找到了个平台,那儿有一个大门,中间有一个小圆,里面有一棵大柳树的印子,我们找了好久都没找到打开门的方法,这时,一直没说话的蓝发话了,说:“我们也许可以用那个盒子试一下”。不试不知道,一试就知道,门一下子就打开了,里面全是黄金珠宝,但是,坏人们突然进来了,修炼就是夺天夺地夺他人之造化,虽然谈不上人吃人,但是生死却是必须看透。   所以死而复生对于他来说绝对是幸事,更何况重生到了洪荒,更是无上的大机缘。   虽然这里天仙遍地走,金仙不如狗,但是只要活着就有希望,反正他也是死过一次的人了。   接着龙珏很快就进入一种玄奥的状态,同时不周山的灵气也是疯狂的凝聚起来。   “不周龙脉!”不知道过了多长时间,龙珏终于清醒了过来,心中激动不已。。   刚刚他获得这一句身体的传承,他竟然是不周山的龙脉之一。不周山的龙脉是什么?乃是整个洪荒的灵气之祖,也是整个洪荒的气运所聚。   他虽然是不周山内山上一个不起眼的龙脉,但这是不周山,放在外面也是一个巨型龙脉。要是在后世,这就是一个祖龙脉,可以帮助一个门派立下万世根基。   而且他是一个有灵智的龙脉,更是可以自己修炼,凝聚天地间的灵气,自动进化。   整个不周山一共有十大祖龙脉,每一个龙脉都是巨大无比,比起传说中的昆仑山或者海外三仙岛都是不差丝毫。   但是这里可是不周山,擎天之柱,虽然很多大能在这里修炼,却是没有一个人敢挪移或者私自占有这些龙脉,因为只要谁挪移了这龙脉,那么恐怖的业力,即使圣人也要立刻暴毙。   而龙珏却是靠着吞噬这些龙脉而成长,甚至最后一举吞噬这十大祖龙脉也不是不可能。,Subhuti, what do you mean by cloud? If you are reading, I should be a sentient being. Subhuti, don't do is read, why? There is no such thing as a Buddha. If there is a sentient being called Tathagata, the Tathagata has four phases: I, man, sentient being and longevity. Subhuti means: Tathagata, have the heart of sentient beings. Subhuti thinks: Tathagata has the heart to help all living beings. Does he have this heart? Buddha is asking him: Subhuti, what is the meaning of cloud? What do you think? In other words, what do you think of this matter, this problem? Do you mean that the Tathagata has the heart to relieve sentient beings? It is wrong to say the Diamond Sutra. You should not call the Tathagata's work a thought. Don't think that the Tathagata says that the Vajrayana Sutra is to save all living beings. Don't think that the Tathagata is to save all living beings. I should be a sentient being. The Buddha is called Subhuti. Don't have this view. Don't think that the Tathagata says the Vajra Prajna Paramita Sutra is for sentient beings. This is wrong. Subhuti, what do you mean to say: Tathagata has the heart to take care of all living beings. Buddha sent Subhuti's suspicion to him. Buddha said that this sutra of Vajra Prajna Paramita does not have a mind of sentient beings, so don't think about it. Why? The essence of all living beings is Buddha, and all living beings are Buddha. This is the Mahayana doctrine. In particular, the Hua Yan Sutra is devoted to this issue, which is contained in many volumes of scriptures. It is said that all sentient beings are Buddhas. If the Tathagata is to make all sentient beings Buddhas, this is a lie. What do you mean by lying? It is me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity, not only I, what I think, this is what I think and what I think in my heart. Although all sentient beings have Buddha nature, if it is said that if it is not because of Buddha, how can he realize? With what practice can one become a Buddha? It is we who hear the Buddha's words, and only by listening to the Buddha's words can we realize this truth and become Buddhists. This Buddha tells us that Buddha transforms sentient beings into beings without transforming them. Buddha does not transform the mind of sentient beings and no sentient beings are transformed by Buddha. This is the characteristic of Vajrayana Sutra. This is why it is different from other Sutras. The Buddha has repeatedly instructed Subhuti that you must not have this kind of thought. You must not say that the Tathagata is for the sake of sentient beings, whether it is the Tathagata saying, the Tathagata practicing, or the Tathagata coming out of the world. Many other sutras say that the great cause of Buddha's birth is the salvation of all living beings. The Diamond Sutra sends out this thought and tells Subhuti that you should not have this idea. Why not call you this idea because of Buddha's salvation of all living beings and why? Subhuti, don't do is read, what reason? The reason is very simple, there is really no such thing as Buddha, so I ask you not to say that Buddha can do it. Because there is really no sentient being, such as Buddha. If there are sentient beings such as Buddha, Buddha has me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. If the Buddha wants to have this idea, I will have the idea of sentient beings, I will have the idea of sentient beings, I am Buddha, and sentient beings are sentient beings, then the Buddha has four distinct phases: I, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. In fact, the Buddha does not have me, human beings and sentient beings. Therefore, the Buddha enjoins Subbodhi that you do not have the idea of Buddha's idea of sentient beings, and at the same time you do not have doubts. Therefore, tell him not to do is to read, that is what this means. Don't do this, Buddha has no sentient beings to be able to live, no sentient beings to become Buddha, and no Buddha to live. To eliminate this idea, although all sentient beings have Buddha nature, can they be enlightened by themselves if they do not listen to what has been said? What makes you practice to become a Buddha? This is a rhetorical question, that is, let us understand that Buddha is not persistent, nor does he have my own view, human view, sentient beings view, and longevity view. Buddha transforms all living beings into nothing. Buddha transforms all living beings into beings without seeing each other and without being able to transform. There is no Buddha who can be changed, nor is there any sentient beings that can be changed. Let's understand it this way. The meaning is very deep. Let's get rid of all persistence. Because we sentient beings know and see too deeply, especially we draw the common people and Buddha very clearly, which is wrong. For example: Patriarch Danxia, he broke the attachment of the master of a temple, that is, the master monk. Buddha's heart, the heart of all living beings; Buddha's image, sentient beings' image. Persistence is very serious, he went to visit him. Seeing the temple, he went to the main hall. It was winter and the weather was very cold. Patriarch Danxia took down the wooden Buddha statues and split them, lit a fire and baked them. The abbot monk, still can promise him? I started to argue with him. The abbot said: How do you split the Buddha? How did you burn my Buddha statue? He said: I am looking for sarira. The abbot monk said: What relic is in this wood? He said: Oh, there is no sarira in the wood. I'll burn another one if there is no sarira. How do you understand? He is breaking away from this master's knowledge and vision. He is too clear about the Buddha's vision, my vision and all beings' vision. He breaks away from his knowledge and vision. As soon as he burned, he said, ' I am looking for sarira.' Where is the sarira in this place? Where is the sarira in the wooden statue? Why did he worship him without sarira? What is he doing? I'll burn another one and the host will be enlightened. Do you know the reason for his enlightenment? He disavowed his knowledge. Buddha means there is no difference among all beings. The Buddha is wood, not the real Buddha. If we normally regard Buddha statues as wood, can you practice? We really regard the Buddha as the real Buddha. There are several aspects: to a certain kind of person, it is Zen meditation for that old practitioner. he reached the peak and was too clear about the difference between Buddha and sentient beings. Patriarch Danxia broke his belief. This is not something we can use casually. You also went to the temple to take a Buddha statue and split it, then you can commit crimes and shed blood. He didn't, so there is a lot of scripture, don't misunderstand. You must not do that until then. For example, a Zen master, who has been sitting and participating in Zen for 120 years, how can you compare? You can also go there and sit there. how can you compare yourself with him for more than 20 or 30 years? You can only gain by yourself. There was a man selling tofu. when he went to jinshan temple to deliver tofu, he looked at master sitting like this. he said, ' master, one year he also sits like this when delivering tofu, and two years he sits like this. is it any good to sit like this every day?' It must be good. He asked the guest teacher, I also want to sit down. The guest teacher said, ' No, how can you run and sit down?' He said, ' I will not sit inside. the masters will sit inside the door. I will sit outside the door and sit at the back door. is that possible?' The hostess asked him to grind and say, ' okay, okay, you are not allowed to talk or make any noise here.' He sat at the back, waited for a fight, and then said to the guest teacher, ' alas, I have gained a lot from this sitting.' The insider said: What have you gained? He said: I owe me the tofu account three years ago. I have long forgotten it. I remembered several accounts in this sitting. I should go to ask for the account and collect the money. What do you think of this story? How do you understand? Therefore, we should calm down, calm down the crazy heart and floating heart. Like him who has no wisdom, we can realize wisdom. Wisdom can illuminate itself, so-called open wisdom is open mind, open mind is wisdom, simply say wisdom now. Before wisdom comes to light, can it be life or death? In the past, present and future, you have known and completely laid down your body, mind and body, seeing that it is empty, that is the meaning. Buddha does not have sentient beings, nor does he have this idea. I am capable and sentient beings are what I am capable of. If there is such an idea, if he is not a Buddha, he will not succeed, that is the meaning. Subhuti certainly understood, so the Buddha asked Subhuti: Do you think so? The Tathagata's work is to chant me to save all living beings. What if there is such an idea? It is wrong. Subhuti, don't do is read, there is no sentient beings Buddha degree. I'll tell you the truth, in fact, there is not a sentient being who is Buddha. If the Tathagata wants all beings to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be The Buddha has long been dead, without me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. That's why he said: ' Buddha spends all day without seeing sentient beings.' Because the Buddha knows Subhuti still has doubts, his heart is still not clean, and he still thinks that all living beings are what the Buddha does. All living beings are enlightened by Buddha. Buddha is enlightened by being enlightened, so Buddha wants to be enlightened. Buddha replied: All living beings do not want me to do it, nor do I want to do it. Why? All sentient beings are full of Buddha nature. All sentient beings are Buddha. This everybody can want deep participation, all living beings are Buddha originally, born Buddha has no two, heart and Buddha have no two, no two is one. All sentient beings are Buddhas and are just lost in enlightenment. This truth should be taken into consideration. It's not that scripture can't be told according to the text, but that the participant is thinking. You have to see the body, and the body is the same. No matter what its appearance is, it is the same. For example: wood. If this wood is carved into a Buddha statue, everyone will offer it there and kowtow for worship. If this wood is made into a chair, all of us will sit on it and put it under our buttocks. One kowtows and worships every day and the other sits under his buttocks. Are these two the same? But they are all made of wood. It turns out that they are all made of wood. From this truth, we all realize that the essence is the same, and all living beings and Buddha are one body. He is lost and fallen, that is, all living beings. Has he realized? Enlightenment is Buddha. The Buddha is clear, clear, sentient beings are Buddhas, future Buddhas, Buddhas are accomplished Buddhas. One has become, one has not yet become, it turned out to be one. So Subhuti, the Tathagata, said, ' If there is me, there is no me.' I am a pseudonym, I am not me, then there must be me, but ordinary people don't think so, think it is me. He thought I said I was me, said I was not me, we can understand from what we said. As we say fire, fire is not fire. When talking about fire, it is not fire, but fire, not burning our mouths, burning our tongues, this pseudonym. But if you don't say fire, how can people understand that you mean fire? Let me understand here that this is a false statement. What about Buddha? Buddha is not Buddha, that's the meaning. So Subhuti, the Tathagata, said, ' If there is me, there is no me.' Tathagata said: I am not me. However, ordinary people are persistent, saying that I am not him or you, saying that I am me, respectively. Buddha said: Ordinary people think there is me. The Buddha was afraid of Subhuti clinging to the common people. The Tathagata said, ' The common people are not common people, but common people.' Every diamond sutra has a 30% discount, a pseudonym that follows the world, and an explicit truth. No, after that, they follow the world, so all Buddhas become Buddhas, and they also show that they are just like people. Just understand this truth. The Tathagata said that I am pure in nature, and that I am always happy and pure. I am always happy and clean, not ordinary people who are greedy, angry, stupid, ignorant and false, but I am false. Buddha said that I am always happy and I am clean and virtuous. Therefore, the ordinary people think it is me, and the ordinary people have me, some people, and some people's opinions. That is the ordinary people. Why? Is there birth and death in the heart of the common man, so it is called the common man. The heart of a saint has no birth and death. He is not the common man. The man who has realized Prajnaparamita is not the common man. The man who has lost the Prajnaparamita is the common man. Therefore, ordinary people are not ordinary people, and when ordinary people realize prajnaparamita, they are not ordinary people. Another kind of said, the heart can have some, can have some ordinary, the heart is incompetent, is not ordinary, is the equality law, the law is equal. It is the equality of the law and there is no superiority or inferiority, that is to say, the suspicion is completely removed, the transcendence is immediately entered, and Bodhi is established. That is the Buddha, and all beings are equal. Subhuti, what do you mean by cloud? Can you view the Tathagata in 32 phases? Subhuti, do you think Buddhism is thirty-two and eighty good? Subhuti said: So it is. Yes, it is like this. I view the Tathagata in 32 phases. The Buddha said Subhuti: If you look at the Tathagata in 32 phases, the wheel of the holy king is the Tathagata. If you think of yourself as a Tathagata with 32 phases, you are wrong. Why? There are also 32 phases in the runner king. isn't that why the runner king has become a Buddha? Hearing this, Subhuti made a wrong answer, so he quickly corrected it. Subhuti White Buddha said: Buddha, as I understand the meaning of Buddha, should not view the Tathagata in 32 phases. How should we view the Tathagata? Therefore, the dharma body is not a phase. Tathagata: such as person, such as motionless; Newcomers, come and not come. Should appear in the world, should appear. Dharma is dharma body, because Subhuti's perseverance has not been completely eliminated and there is still this problem. Therefore, the Buddha has raised such a question mark for him. It is supposed to be asked, but Subhuti does not know the meaning of Buddha, so he answered it easily and did not intend to answer it. If so, he is right. Buddha said he was wrong. What should he do? After the Buddha said this, he knew and understood that he did not view the Tathagata in 32 phases, because the runner king has 32 phases and is the same as the Buddha. The runner king is far from the Tathagata. How can he compare with the Tathagata? He saw that his thoughts and worries were not broken, so Subhuti immediately turned around and said that if I understood the meaning of Buddha and said that Buddha asked me, I answered casually. If you ask me further, I know what you mean. You should not look at the Tathagata with the thirty-two phases. You should not look at the Buddha with the thirty-two phases. Now Subhuti is completely clear. At this Prajna meeting, Subhuti has entered the realm of Great Bodhisattva. He is not the original two-way person, but only the person and me. He has already entered the court of justice, so he should not reply小丑带着一群坏人来进攻了,我可是在书上看到过,他以前,灭了很多城市,一直没人打得过他,就在人们没办法时,有五个元素战士用一把枪把他封印起来了,没想到他怎么又出来了,我们只能躲在家里,靠着望眼镜来观察外面的状况,小丑讲很多家破坏了,并杀死了很多乐高人,就在快要炸掉城市时,五个元素战士冲了出来,击退了很多怪物,最后把小丑击败了,看着保护家园的元素战士,一种强烈的想当元素战士的情感油然而生。红、黄、蓝、黑和我,也就是绿,共同决定去参加元素五年一度的元素战士选拨赛。首先,我们需要有很快的反应能力,四面八方都会有铁球悬浮在空中,任何一个铁球随时都会掉下来把我们压成泥。我一会跳过去,一会跳过来,一个也没打中,接下来又要有速度,一个个冲得比汽车还猛。最后,我们要用一堆破烂零件造东西,可以合作,我立刻叫来了红、黄、蓝、黑,我们用这些零件造了个巨大的机器人,每个部分都有一个人来操控,开始战斗就有人的东西坏了,我们接着去了小丑住的地方,听小丑的下一步计划,小丑一直抱怨皇帝不让他全国搜捕,他想了想,忽然叫了一声:“对啊!我可以把皇帝杀掉,然后自己再坐上皇位”。我想去告诉皇帝,但又怕皇帝不信,所以我们想出了个办法,小丑应该会制造一个大麻烦,让皇帝派走所有的守卫,再去偷偷杀掉皇帝,我们要在守卫刚走就立刻去告诉皇帝,小丑要来杀他,如果时间不够,小丑出门,红、黄、蓝和黑会去拦住小丑,让小丑越晚越好。果然,小丑派兵在很多地方制造了大麻烦,皇帝那派点兵,这派点兵,兵就没有了,我赶紧跑进皇宫里把事情告诉了皇帝,还让皇帝跟官员说,如果小丑来了,问他去哪了,你们就说我出去有事,很快就回来了。然后皇帝就和我出去把士兵们带回来,皇帝回来后小丑还没来,我就趁机躲在桌子下,又过来一会儿,小丑终于来了,这次小丑又给皇帝送来了一台乐高电脑,并教皇帝在上面玩游戏,皇帝玩的都停不下来了,小丑偷偷拿出了一把剑,用力向皇帝刺去,我使用木元素把剑挡住了有的还散架了,有的一踩就碎,有的一碰就碎,但最后还有一位强者靠着会飞来躲到现在,我们启动所以炮弹来炸他。最终,他在最后一刻被打了下来,我们胜了,还要五个乐高人也被留了下来接受训练跟着定位装置,我们到了一座火山脚下,我们坐着车一路开进了云里,可又不像云,因为云没有这么大一片的,听了当地居民的谈话,才知道这叫云海,在云海里的视线越来越模糊,能见度越来越低了,只能看见距离两米内的东西,突然,前面出现一块大石头,但司机有惊无险的躲了过去,可是又有一块大石头从山上飞了下来,车子也被撞到了很远的地方,还好经验丰富的老司机带我们走出了云海,来到了山上的火山脚下,一下车,我便马上冻的全身发抖,但我一转身,又被热得像夏天里的狗一样,真是冰火两重天啊!我们走着走着就要爬火山才行了,我们艰难的抓着山上突出的石头,一步一步往上爬,才爬到一半,黄就支撑不住了,他提醒我们别太累了时,脚没踩稳,掉了下去,但还好下面有个小平台,可黄还是受伤了,我们让黑去把黄送往附近的医院,其余人继续前进。等我们到山顶时,突然从旁边飞来了一桶油,让火山喷出了一点岩浆,差点溅到我身上来,幸好我躲得快,红和蓝一下子冲上去,想抓住扔油桶的人,但他们还不知道是小丑干的,此时,小丑又逃了,可我们再次用追踪器定位时,却发现定位显示在火山里,我们虽然觉得不可能,但还是去造了一艘高温潜水艇,再穿上防高温服,再叫上恢复了的黄,就开始下潜了,下潜一千米后还没见到任何可疑的东西,正当队员们准备放弃时,忽然出现一个房子一样的建筑,我们进去一看,什么也没找到,我们只好出去外面继续下潜,可温度升到四千度时已经不能再下潜了,已经是极限温度了,可定位显示小丑还在更深处,我们又不能下去抓小丑,也不能空手回去,我们只好把希望放在那像房子一样的建筑里,我们思考了很久也没想出一个办法我找到了他们并说明了情况后,市长又派了一百个乐高士兵去支援我们,二队也答应去支援我们。在过去的路上,我一直在通过装在红身上的微型摄像头找到他们。那个城堡的主人果然是小丑,他一副高兴的样子说:“这不是元素战士吗?想不到你们也有今天”。可小丑忽然又不高兴了,说:“怎么少了一个,绿呢?绿在哪?你们把他藏哪了”?“如果绿带着带着其他乐高人来救你们,你们就活不了了,他们关进监狱去”。小丑淡淡的说:“监狱里什么也没有,而且旁边关的都是前几天失踪的人,有些有用的可以去做士兵、?师和清洁工,没用的只可以被关着,并且只能吃别人吃的剩饭,有时候没有还吃不了。所以有人已经撑不住了,被活活饿死了”。我听到小丑说只能我一个人去救红他们,否则小丑就会杀了他们,但如果我不带士兵和二队,那我肯定打不过小丑,如果我带了军队,小丑又会把红他们杀掉,在我想不出办法时,白一看我这样,问我是不是有什么事,我把刚才看到的告诉白一,白一叫上了白二、白三、白四、白五一起来想办法,最后我们决定先让士兵造一百个救生船,然后我去城堡里吸引小丑的注意力,尽量拖延时间让二队去救红他们,再让五十个士兵去救其他被关在这里的乐高人,再留五十个士兵到大门口等我消息来支援我。我走到小丑面前,和小丑聊天,聊了很久,原来跟小丑聊天这么容易啊,我还以为小丑会怀疑呢,可小丑好像看出了我细微的变化,叫了诗歌乐高人去外面看看,回来后小丑一数。怎么只有九个回来了,这九个乐高人说他们中计了,有好多士兵在外面,那个乐高人死了。我知道情况不妙,赶紧呼叫了外面的士兵。然后小丑就让所有的乐高人来杀我,就在一堆乐高人围攻我,而且士兵又没来时,刚才那九个士兵跳过来,杀了好多小丑的军队,原来那九个乐高人分别是红、黄、蓝、黑、白一、白二、白三、白四、白五,我们一起战斗,打败了很多小丑的乐高人,最后我们去抓小丑,小丑坐上船逃了,我们也坐船追,市长也派了很多乐高军人一起去追小丑。就在快要抓住小丑时,小丑从船里拿出一个盒子,我们决定可能是什么危险的武器,一下子跳到他的船上按住了那个盒子,我们正想把盒子夺过来,黑却把盒子打掉在船上一时间洛克成为了名人。洛克感觉自己很有自信了,于是就乘车来到猫王国,他骄傲地对猫们说我:“看!我现在有多强大,我可以很容易就打败你们了。”于是,洛溪就和一支叫做加菲的猫进行决斗,结果洛溪惨败而归。洛溪终于知道了,漂亮的外表,不如有一个聪明的大脑由计算机程序控制研磨制作而成,尽显完美见红他们把我抬回床上,然后我就睡着了,我醒来时红他们说我已经睡了三天三夜,小丑已经把他能管的地方全部派兵搜捕我们,因为他和皇帝闹了点小矛盾,所以他不可以全国搜捕,说完蓝就给我拿了碗饭,我飞快的吃了下去,我完全恢复后就问二队怎么样

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