这是中国历史研究中的最大“冤假错案”。从秦始皇到清宣统，明明两千年的专制王朝，硬被张冠李戴地定性为封建社会，致使天下以讹传讹，谬误流行至今。适时纠正这一错误，准确判断这两千年的性质，不仅有助于理解中国社会的发展何以长期停滞不前，而且可以为研究传统社会向现代社会的转型，提供一个新的思路。何谓封建？由《大英百科全书》可知，封建主义（Feudalism）一词最早出现在17世纪，用于描述中世纪的西欧社会。在各种著作和研究中，这个词的含义不尽相同，最宽泛的定义涵盖了西欧中世纪全部的经济、法律、政治和社会关系，而最狭义的用法仅指具有贵族身份的封君（Lords）和封臣（Vassals)之间的契约关系。定义无论宽窄，封君和封臣的契约关系为封建社会所特有，画龙点睛地道出了封建社会的实质。封君赐予封臣一份领地或采邑，为封臣提供保护；作为交换，封臣宣誓对领主的忠诚，以及承诺进贡、劳役和兵役等义务。封臣在自己的领地上享有较为完整的治理权或统治权，主要包括司法、财政和军权。土地与治理权是否结合在一起，封臣是否拥有治理权，这是区分封建社会与其他社会形态的关键。在中文文献中，“封建”一词经常被简化地拆解为封土建国或封爵建藩，建国或建藩准确地说明了封建社会的实质——政权的逐级承包。西欧历史上大致有国王-诸侯-骑士的三级承包，日本为幕府-大名-武士，而中国的西周则是周天子-诸侯-大夫三个等级。下级封臣均拥有治理权，诸侯、大夫等封臣不仅形同而且基本上就是自己领地上的国王。公元前221年，秦统一中国，始皇采纳丞相李斯的建议，“废封建，立郡县”，由皇帝直接派出郡守，通过从中央到地方的官僚网系，统治幅员辽阔的大帝国。虽然郡守、县令在辖区内拥有巨大的权力，他们却与昔日之诸侯不可同日而语，两者的根本区别在于权力的来源，以及由来源决定的权力性质。官员经皇帝授权进行统治，而诸侯则以承担义务换取治理权，前者为上下级的单向命令关系，而后者为双向的契约关系。封建社会中的国王得到封臣的忠诚和义务承诺的同时，必须尊重和保护封臣的权力，如果国王破坏契约，侵犯封臣的权力，封臣可以用包括军事在内的各种手段反抗。专制主义的皇帝则待官员如奴隶，所谓“君令臣死，臣不得不死”，官员不但没有自主的治理权，甚至丧失了生命的权利。简言之，官员的权力是皇帝给的，封臣的权力来自契约保障的权利。至于历代皇朝所封的王、侯，除了少数几个朝代的初期如西汉、西晋和明朝，大多数仅有爵位和收入，而无实际的地方治理权，与封臣享有的权力相比，不啻天壤之别，史家称为虚封而非实封，虚就虚在只封爵而不建国。汉高祖刘邦实封同姓九国，结果吴王刘濞造反，汉景帝平乱撤藩，此后所封诸王又回复到虚位上。如此只封不建，岂可称为封建社会？从秦到清的两千年间，中国政体的主要形态是中央集权的皇朝专制，经济上以家庭为单位的小农经济为主体，与西欧封建社会的采邑或庄园经济又有着本质的不同。在庄园中耕作的农民只有土地的使用权，而无所有权。农民接受庄园主的保护，对庄园主承担忠诚、劳役等义务，一如封臣之对于封君。中国的自耕农则拥有土地和人身自由，不必依附别人，除了向国家纳税（包括徭役），再无其他义务。从秦到清不是封建社会，学术界早已有共识，现举数例如下，有兴趣的读者可参考冯天瑜教授所著 。周谷城提出，从周武王灭商到秦统一，中国的政治是封建制度，之后变为统治于一尊的郡县制（《中国社会之结构》，1930）。瞿同祖研究了封建社会的土地、宗法、阶级和政治制度（《中国封建社会》，1936），认为周武王在全国建立了系统的封建组织，而秦统一天下，结束了封建社会。钱穆在《国史大纲》（1939）的引论中说：“以政制言，中国自秦以下，即为中央统一之局，其下郡、县相递辖，更无世袭之封君，此不足以言‘封建’”。西汉诸王仅“衣租食税”而已，封邑内的治理，仍由国家委派官吏主持。钱穆又指出，秦以后的土地可自由买卖，地主和农民为经济契约关系，不似封建社会中地主即封君，佃户为依附封君的农奴。梁漱溟也以人身依附关系作为封建制的特征（《中国文化要义》，1949），在他看来，封建制仅存于周朝，秦汉之后，进入地主-自耕农经济和官僚政治。胡适称殷商西周为封建时代，秦汉以下为专制一尊主义时代（《中国哲学史大纲》，1926）。否定秦至清的封建说，这些学者也指出了产生这一谬误的根源。从方法论上讲，不顾中国的具体情况，生搬硬套西欧社会发展阶段论的一家之言，结论不是产生于研究之后，而是先有原始社会-奴隶社会-封建社会-资本主义-社会主义的五阶段模式，再削足适履，裁量修改中国历史，以便与预定模式相契合。国情的特殊性湮没在对普遍规律的信仰之中，对社会的复杂演进过程的研究退化为简单公式的机械套用。冯天瑜教授的专著显示，秦至清封建说的首倡者为陈独秀。陈氏于明治末年多次游学日本，适逢日本思想界批判封建遗毒。陈深受影响，将清廷比作德川幕府，为保守、落后、愚昧和反动势力的总代表。明治维新推翻幕府，铲除封建制度，陈认为欲使中国现代化，也必须打倒满清，于是提出反封建的口号。清廷的确已成中国发展之障碍，但并非因为封建制，而是压抑和窒息社会活力的集权专制。郭沫若为主张封建说的另一大将，郭氏着重从经济的角度论证，中国社会的发展亦遵循“五阶段”模式，商周为奴隶制，秦汉之后则是封建制（《中国古代社会研究》，1930）。由于郭一向大胆假设和大胆立论，其观点飘移不定，不能保持首尾一致。从学术界公认的定义可知，既然封建指封土建国，或政权的逐级承包，封建社会必然是政治分权，不可能与中央集权并存。至于主要矛盾说，暂且不论在人类社会的每一发展阶段上，社会演进是否皆由两大阶级的斗争推动，世界各国封建社会的历史表明，国王和诸侯以及诸侯和诸侯之间的矛盾往往主导了社会发展的方向，农民的作用则极少见诸史册。以英国为例，自诺曼征服（1066）全面建立封建制后，王室、教会和贵族间的冲突主导了历史的进程，对英国历史有着重大影响的《大宪章》（1215），就是国王和贵族斗争的结果，双方达成妥协，以法律的形式确定了贵族的权利和义务。英国封建制的衰落与瓦解是个漫长的渐进过程，与王权和法律的扩张、经济的发展、人口的变动、农民的反抗等多种因素有关，并非主要因农民斗争而崩溃。我国春秋战国时期，王室衰微，群雄并起，激烈的军事与政治竞争迫使秦国进行改革，率先废除封建制，建立中央集权的郡县制，再经秦始皇的兼并战争，推广到全国。可见封建制之消亡，并非农民和地主的斗争所致。倒是秦统一之后，皇朝的更迭大多通过农民起义完成，农民和官僚地主之间的冲突，反有可能构成集权专制社会的主要矛盾，这正说明了秦汉以降，中国不是封建社会。应当指出的是，马克思本人并不赞同社会发展遵循普遍规律的命题，反对将西欧模式普适化，认为前资本主义的社会形态可以是多样的，例如亚细亚生产方式、斯拉夫形态的所有制、东方专制主义等，资本主义不一定非要从封建社会脱胎而来（详见冯天瑜《封建考论》，2005）。马克思还批评了“封建”概念的任意延伸和滥用，强调封土封臣、人身依附（包括封臣对封君的依附和农民对领主的依附）作为封建社会的特征，并且明确表示，君主专制和封建主义是不相容的，君主专制产生于封建制衰落之时，没有巩固而是摧毁了封建社会。秦始皇废封建、立郡县，就是集权专制与封建制度不可并存的明证。围绕着中国社会性质的判断，学界曾有中国历史分期的论战，从“五四”运动开始，至今仍未形成共识。尽管参与者众，那场论战的学术价值并不高。在社会发展“五形态”的同一前提下，争论集中于封建社会的起始点，始于春秋，还是战国，抑或秦、西汉……直到魏晋南北，每朝都有一派。无论起点在哪里，各派均以满清为封建社会的终止点。这是因为在“五形态论”的框架下，封建社会只能在清朝结束，如果划断在其他朝代比如宋元，则明清就是资本主义，无法自圆其说。起点百家争鸣，终点高度一致，这论战不显得有些怪诞吗？思维定式之害，于此可见一斑。就学术而论，可视“五形态论”为探讨西欧文明演化规律的尝试之一，它既不是惟一的，也谈不上“放之四海而皆准”。社会学的奠基人韦伯就另建体系，将西欧的历史分为古代社会、传统社会和现代社会三个阶段。英国历史学家汤因比认为，单一的直线式社会演进模式与历史不符，主张从多线式的和多模式的动态相互作用中理解历史。在“宏观历史”研究中，马克思以经济为主线，在韦伯那里是观念，而汤因比的《历史研究》则以宗教提纲挈领。角度不尽相同，各有自己的道理，复杂的人类文明历史，恐怕也只有从多方面综合考察，才可窥得真相的一二。从秦到清不是封建社会，这两千年的社会性质是什么？虽然各家众说纷纭，共同的一点是专制主义。如果此说成立，中国近代史的研究就要换个思路，资本主义生产方式未在中国出现，原因不在封建剥削和压迫，而是集权专制。市场经济所要求的权利、契约和法治意识在封建社会中并不缺乏，却遭到集权主义的压制和破坏，“资本主义萌芽”在明清之际的夭折可能不是由于封建社会太长了，而是因为封建社会太短了。中国封建社会过早地结束于秦统一之时，六百多年之后，日尔曼人方在西欧揭开封建社会的序幕。难怪梁漱溟说，中华文明是一个“早熟”的文明。
近期相关文章
、そのときボーイング747ートに座っていた。その巨大な飛行機はぶ厚い雨雲をくぐり抜けて降下し、ハンブルク空港に着陸しようとしているところだった。十一月の冷ややかな雨が大地を暗く染め、雨合羽を着た整備工たちや、のっぺりとした空港ビルの上に立った旗や、BMWの広告板やそんな何もかもをフランドル派の陰うつな絵の背景のように見せていた。やれやれ、またドイツか、と僕は思った。
飛行機が着地を完了すると禁煙のサインが消え、天井のスピーカーから小さな音でBGMが流れはじめた。それはどこかのオーケストラが甘く演奏するビートルズの 「ノルウェイの森」だった。そしてそのメロディーはいつものように僕を混乱させた。いや、いつもとは比べものにならないくらい激しく僕を混乱させ揺り動かした。
僕は頭がはりさけてしまわないように身をかがめて両手で顔を覆い、そのままじっとしていた。やがてドイツ人のスチュワーデスがやってきて、気分がわるいのかと英語で訊いた。大丈夫、少し目まいがしただけだと僕は答えた。
「本当に大丈夫？」
「大丈夫です、ありがとう」と僕は言った。スチュワーデスはにっこりと笑って行ってしまい、音楽はビリー？ジョエルの曲に変った。僕は顔を上げて北海の上空に浮かんだ暗い雲を眺め、自分がこれまでの人生の過程で失ってきた多くのもののことを考えた。失われた時間、死にあるいは去っていった人々、もう戻ることのない想い。
飛行機が完全にストップして、人々がシートベルトを外し、物入れの中からバッグやら上着やらをとりだし始めるまで、僕はずっとあの草原の中にいた。僕は草の匂いをかぎ、肌に風を感じ、鳥の声を聴いた。それは一九六九年の秋で、僕はもうすぐ二十歳になろうとしていた。
前と同じスチュワーデスがやってきて、僕の隣りに腰を下ろし、もう大丈夫かと訊ねた。
「大丈夫です、ありがとう。ちょっと哀しくなっただけだから（It‘s all right now. Thank you. I only felt lonely， you know.）」と僕は言って微笑んだ。
「Well， I feel same way， same thing， once in a while. I know what you mean.（そういうこと私にもときどきありますよ。よくわかります）」彼女はそう言って首を振り、席から立ちあがってとても素敵な笑顔を僕に向けてくれた。「I hope you‘ll have a nice trip. Auf Wiedersehen！（よい御旅行を。さようなら）」
「Auf Wiedersehen！」と僕も言った。
十八年という歳月が過ぎ去ってしまった今でも、僕はあの草原の風景をはっきりと思いだすことができる。何日かつづいたやわらかな雨に夏のあいだのほこりをすっかり洗い流された山肌は深く鮮かな青みをたたえ、十月の風はすすきの穂をあちこちで揺らせ、細長い雲が凍りつくような青い天頂にぴたりとはりついていた。空は高く、じっと見ていると目が痛くなるほどだった。風は草原をわたり、彼女の髪をかすかに揺らせて雑木林に抜けていった。梢の葉がさらさらと音を立て、遠くの方で犬の鳴く声が聞こえた。まるで別の世界の入口から聞こえてくるような小さくかすんだ鳴き声だった。その他にはどんな物音もなかった。どんな物音も我々の耳には届かなかった。誰一人ともすれ違わなかった。まっ赤な鳥が二羽草原の中から何かに怯えたようにとびあがって雑木林の方に飛んでいくのを見かけただけだった。歩きながら直子は僕に井戸の話をしてくれた。
記憶というのはなんだか不思議なものだ。その中に実際に身を置いていたとき、僕はそんな風景に殆んど注意なんて払わなかった。とくに印象的な風景だとも思わなかったし、十八年後もその風展を細部まで覚えているかもしれないとは考えつきもしなかった。正直なところ、そのときの僕には風景なんてどうでもいいようなものだったのだ。僕は僕自身のことを考え、そのときとなりを並んで歩いていた一人の美しい女のことを考え、僕と彼女とのことを考え、そしてまた僕自身のことを考えた。それは何を見ても何を感じても何を考えても、結局すべてはブーメランのように自分自身の手もとに戻ってくるという年代だったのだ。おまけに僕は恋をしていて、その恋はひどくややこしい場所に僕を運びこんでいた。まわりの風景に気持を向ける余裕なんてどこにもなかったのだ。
でも今では僕の脳裏に最初に浮かぶのはその草原の風景だ。草の匂い、かすかな冷やかさを含んだ風、山の稜線、犬の鳴く声、そんなものがまず最初に浮かびあがってくる。とてもくっきりと。それらはあまりにくっきりとしているので、手をのばせばひとつひとつ指でなぞれそうな気がするくらいだ。しかしその風景の中には人の姿は見えない。誰もいない。直子もいないし、僕もいない。我々はいったいどこに消えてしまったんだろう、と僕は思う。どうしてこんなことが起りうるんだろう、と。あれほど大事そうに見えたものは、彼女やそのときの僕や僕の世界は、みんなどこに行ってしまったんだろう、と。そう、僕には直子の顔を今すぐ思いだすことさえできないのだ。僕が手にしているのは人影のない背泉だけなのだ。
もちろん時間さえかければ僕は彼女の顔を思いだすことができる。小さな冷たい手や、さらりとした手ざわりのまっすぐなきれいな髪や、やわらかな丸い形の耳たぶやそのすぐ下にある小さなホクロや、冬になるとよく着ていた上品なキャメルのコートや、いつも相手の目をじっとのぞきこみながら質問する癖や、ときどき何かの加減で震え気味になる声（まるで強風の吹く丘の上でしゃべっているみたいだった）や、そんなイメージをひとつひとつ積みかさねていくと、ふっと自然に彼女の顔が浮かびあがってくる。まず横顔が浮かびあがってくる。これはたぶん僕と直子がいつも並んで歩いていたせいだろう。だから僕が最初に思いだすのはいつも彼女の横顔なのだ。それから彼女は僕の方を向き、にっこりと笑い、少し首をかしげ、話しかけ、僕の目をのぞきこむ。まるで澄んだ泉の底をちらりとよぎる小さな魚の影を探し求めるみたいに。个部位，直到把我痛晕。当我醒来时，我身边全是乐高，他们在忙那忙这，看着他们劳动的样子，我入神了。但我似乎也变成了个乐高人，头圆圆的，只有两根手指。我不知道自己来到了什么样的世界，我居然听得懂他们的语言，他们也并没有把我当成陌生的另类。虽然没看到自己，但我感觉到，我应该是成为了他们的一员。我身上没有一点儿钱，可我又找不到工作，还好快不行时遇见了一位好心的乐高人，他给了我点钱，并给我介绍了一份工作。我问他叫什么，他说他叫红，想成为一名元素战士。他还给我介绍了三位朋友，分别是蓝、黄和黑。认识了他们后，红想让我加入他们去寻找他爷爷没找到的宝藏，我爽快地答应了。但找了这么久，半点线索都没找着，我只好去找红，他家门是开的，我问了一声就进去了，见到一个小盒子，打开后里面放起了一首美妙的歌曲，盖子还刻着一棵大柳树。我听到有声音从我背后飘来，红竟然在哭，“对不起”，我轻轻地对他说。“没关系，只是…想…想起了爷爷，他…还在时，很喜欢听这首歌”。红断断续续地说。我忽然明白了什么，对他悄悄地说：“这和钟楼正中午时放的音乐一样”！红惊喜的盯着我，并召集了所有成员（黑、蓝、黄），并叫我绿，我们一起在钟楼那里观察，虽然我们日复一日地观察，可完全看不出有什么线索，就在大家快放弃时，我忽然想到那棵大柳树，城市里只有一棵。果然，正中午时镜子反射的光到土地上，我们找到了个拼图，我们拼完后就出现了一个通往地底的通道，我们走到最低下时发现了一条河和一艘船，我们决定坐船前行。我们完全没察觉到有坏人已经盯上我们了，水越来越汹涌，忽然，黑大叫的喊：“不好了，前面是瀑布，快把船停下来”。眼看就要掉下去时，红突然把绳套紧在岩石上，并叫我们帮忙拉，经过我们的一番努力，终于把船停下了。我们找到了个平台，那儿有一个大门，中间有一个小圆，里面有一棵大柳树的印子，我们找了好久都没找到打开门的方法，这时，一直没说话的蓝发话了，说：“我们也许可以用那个盒子试一下”。不试不知道，一试就知道，门一下子就打开了，里面全是黄金珠宝，但是，坏人们突然进来了，修炼就是夺天夺地夺他人之造化，虽然谈不上人吃人，但是生死却是必须看透。 所以死而复生对于他来说绝对是幸事，更何况重生到了洪荒，更是无上的大机缘。 虽然这里天仙遍地走，金仙不如狗，但是只要活着就有希望，反正他也是死过一次的人了。 接着龙珏很快就进入一种玄奥的状态，同时不周山的灵气也是疯狂的凝聚起来。 “不周龙脉！”不知道过了多长时间，龙珏终于清醒了过来，心中激动不已。。 刚刚他获得这一句身体的传承，他竟然是不周山的龙脉之一。不周山的龙脉是什么？乃是整个洪荒的灵气之祖，也是整个洪荒的气运所聚。 他虽然是不周山内山上一个不起眼的龙脉，但这是不周山，放在外面也是一个巨型龙脉。要是在后世，这就是一个祖龙脉，可以帮助一个门派立下万世根基。 而且他是一个有灵智的龙脉，更是可以自己修炼，凝聚天地间的灵气，自动进化。 整个不周山一共有十大祖龙脉，每一个龙脉都是巨大无比，比起传说中的昆仑山或者海外三仙岛都是不差丝毫。 但是这里可是不周山，擎天之柱，虽然很多大能在这里修炼，却是没有一个人敢挪移或者私自占有这些龙脉，因为只要谁挪移了这龙脉，那么恐怖的业力，即使圣人也要立刻暴毙。 而龙珏却是靠着吞噬这些龙脉而成长，甚至最后一举吞噬这十大祖龙脉也不是不可能。，Subhuti, what do you mean by cloud? If you are reading, I should be a sentient being. Subhuti, don't do is read, why? There is no such thing as a Buddha. If there is a sentient being called Tathagata, the Tathagata has four phases: I, man, sentient being and longevity. Subhuti means: Tathagata, have the heart of sentient beings. Subhuti thinks: Tathagata has the heart to help all living beings. Does he have this heart? Buddha is asking him: Subhuti, what is the meaning of cloud? What do you think? In other words, what do you think of this matter, this problem? Do you mean that the Tathagata has the heart to relieve sentient beings? It is wrong to say the Diamond Sutra. You should not call the Tathagata's work a thought. Don't think that the Tathagata says that the Vajrayana Sutra is to save all living beings. Don't think that the Tathagata is to save all living beings. I should be a sentient being. The Buddha is called Subhuti. Don't have this view. Don't think that the Tathagata says the Vajra Prajna Paramita Sutra is for sentient beings. This is wrong. Subhuti, what do you mean to say: Tathagata has the heart to take care of all living beings. Buddha sent Subhuti's suspicion to him. Buddha said that this sutra of Vajra Prajna Paramita does not have a mind of sentient beings, so don't think about it. Why? The essence of all living beings is Buddha, and all living beings are Buddha. This is the Mahayana doctrine. In particular, the Hua Yan Sutra is devoted to this issue, which is contained in many volumes of scriptures. It is said that all sentient beings are Buddhas. If the Tathagata is to make all sentient beings Buddhas, this is a lie. What do you mean by lying? It is me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity, not only I, what I think, this is what I think and what I think in my heart. Although all sentient beings have Buddha nature, if it is said that if it is not because of Buddha, how can he realize? With what practice can one become a Buddha? It is we who hear the Buddha's words, and only by listening to the Buddha's words can we realize this truth and become Buddhists. This Buddha tells us that Buddha transforms sentient beings into beings without transforming them. Buddha does not transform the mind of sentient beings and no sentient beings are transformed by Buddha. This is the characteristic of Vajrayana Sutra. This is why it is different from other Sutras. The Buddha has repeatedly instructed Subhuti that you must not have this kind of thought. You must not say that the Tathagata is for the sake of sentient beings, whether it is the Tathagata saying, the Tathagata practicing, or the Tathagata coming out of the world. Many other sutras say that the great cause of Buddha's birth is the salvation of all living beings. The Diamond Sutra sends out this thought and tells Subhuti that you should not have this idea. Why not call you this idea because of Buddha's salvation of all living beings and why? Subhuti, don't do is read, what reason? The reason is very simple, there is really no such thing as Buddha, so I ask you not to say that Buddha can do it. Because there is really no sentient being, such as Buddha. If there are sentient beings such as Buddha, Buddha has me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. If the Buddha wants to have this idea, I will have the idea of sentient beings, I will have the idea of sentient beings, I am Buddha, and sentient beings are sentient beings, then the Buddha has four distinct phases: I, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. In fact, the Buddha does not have me, human beings and sentient beings. Therefore, the Buddha enjoins Subbodhi that you do not have the idea of Buddha's idea of sentient beings, and at the same time you do not have doubts. Therefore, tell him not to do is to read, that is what this means. Don't do this, Buddha has no sentient beings to be able to live, no sentient beings to become Buddha, and no Buddha to live. To eliminate this idea, although all sentient beings have Buddha nature, can they be enlightened by themselves if they do not listen to what has been said? What makes you practice to become a Buddha? This is a rhetorical question, that is, let us understand that Buddha is not persistent, nor does he have my own view, human view, sentient beings view, and longevity view. Buddha transforms all living beings into nothing. Buddha transforms all living beings into beings without seeing each other and without being able to transform. There is no Buddha who can be changed, nor is there any sentient beings that can be changed. Let's understand it this way. The meaning is very deep. Let's get rid of all persistence. Because we sentient beings know and see too deeply, especially we draw the common people and Buddha very clearly, which is wrong. For example: Patriarch Danxia, he broke the attachment of the master of a temple, that is, the master monk. Buddha's heart, the heart of all living beings; Buddha's image, sentient beings' image. Persistence is very serious, he went to visit him. Seeing the temple, he went to the main hall. It was winter and the weather was very cold. Patriarch Danxia took down the wooden Buddha statues and split them, lit a fire and baked them. The abbot monk, still can promise him? I started to argue with him. The abbot said: How do you split the Buddha? How did you burn my Buddha statue? He said: I am looking for sarira. The abbot monk said: What relic is in this wood? He said: Oh, there is no sarira in the wood. I'll burn another one if there is no sarira. How do you understand? He is breaking away from this master's knowledge and vision. He is too clear about the Buddha's vision, my vision and all beings' vision. He breaks away from his knowledge and vision. As soon as he burned, he said, ' I am looking for sarira.' Where is the sarira in this place? Where is the sarira in the wooden statue? Why did he worship him without sarira? What is he doing? I'll burn another one and the host will be enlightened. Do you know the reason for his enlightenment? He disavowed his knowledge. Buddha means there is no difference among all beings. The Buddha is wood, not the real Buddha. If we normally regard Buddha statues as wood, can you practice? We really regard the Buddha as the real Buddha. There are several aspects: to a certain kind of person, it is Zen meditation for that old practitioner. he reached the peak and was too clear about the difference between Buddha and sentient beings. Patriarch Danxia broke his belief. This is not something we can use casually. You also went to the temple to take a Buddha statue and split it, then you can commit crimes and shed blood. He didn't, so there is a lot of scripture, don't misunderstand. You must not do that until then. For example, a Zen master, who has been sitting and participating in Zen for 120 years, how can you compare? You can also go there and sit there. how can you compare yourself with him for more than 20 or 30 years? You can only gain by yourself. There was a man selling tofu. when he went to jinshan temple to deliver tofu, he looked at master sitting like this. he said, ' master, one year he also sits like this when delivering tofu, and two years he sits like this. is it any good to sit like this every day?' It must be good. He asked the guest teacher, I also want to sit down. The guest teacher said, ' No, how can you run and sit down?' He said, ' I will not sit inside. the masters will sit inside the door. I will sit outside the door and sit at the back door. is that possible?' The hostess asked him to grind and say, ' okay, okay, you are not allowed to talk or make any noise here.' He sat at the back, waited for a fight, and then said to the guest teacher, ' alas, I have gained a lot from this sitting.' The insider said: What have you gained? He said: I owe me the tofu account three years ago. I have long forgotten it. I remembered several accounts in this sitting. I should go to ask for the account and collect the money. What do you think of this story? How do you understand? Therefore, we should calm down, calm down the crazy heart and floating heart. Like him who has no wisdom, we can realize wisdom. Wisdom can illuminate itself, so-called open wisdom is open mind, open mind is wisdom, simply say wisdom now. Before wisdom comes to light, can it be life or death? In the past, present and future, you have known and completely laid down your body, mind and body, seeing that it is empty, that is the meaning. Buddha does not have sentient beings, nor does he have this idea. I am capable and sentient beings are what I am capable of. If there is such an idea, if he is not a Buddha, he will not succeed, that is the meaning. Subhuti certainly understood, so the Buddha asked Subhuti: Do you think so? The Tathagata's work is to chant me to save all living beings. What if there is such an idea? It is wrong. Subhuti, don't do is read, there is no sentient beings Buddha degree. I'll tell you the truth, in fact, there is not a sentient being who is Buddha. If the Tathagata wants all beings to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be The Buddha has long been dead, without me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. That's why he said: ' Buddha spends all day without seeing sentient beings.' Because the Buddha knows Subhuti still has doubts, his heart is still not clean, and he still thinks that all living beings are what the Buddha does. All living beings are enlightened by Buddha. Buddha is enlightened by being enlightened, so Buddha wants to be enlightened. Buddha replied: All living beings do not want me to do it, nor do I want to do it. Why? All sentient beings are full of Buddha nature. All sentient beings are Buddha. This everybody can want deep participation, all living beings are Buddha originally, born Buddha has no two, heart and Buddha have no two, no two is one. All sentient beings are Buddhas and are just lost in enlightenment. This truth should be taken into consideration. It's not that scripture can't be told according to the text, but that the participant is thinking. You have to see the body, and the body is the same. No matter what its appearance is, it is the same. For example: wood. If this wood is carved into a Buddha statue, everyone will offer it there and kowtow for worship. If this wood is made into a chair, all of us will sit on it and put it under our buttocks. One kowtows and worships every day and the other sits under his buttocks. Are these two the same? But they are all made of wood. It turns out that they are all made of wood. From this truth, we all realize that the essence is the same, and all living beings and Buddha are one body. He is lost and fallen, that is, all living beings. Has he realized? Enlightenment is Buddha. The Buddha is clear, clear, sentient beings are Buddhas, future Buddhas, Buddhas are accomplished Buddhas. One has become, one has not yet become, it turned out to be one. So Subhuti, the Tathagata, said, ' If there is me, there is no me.' I am a pseudonym, I am not me, then there must be me, but ordinary people don't think so, think it is me. He thought I said I was me, said I was not me, we can understand from what we said. As we say fire, fire is not fire. When talking about fire, it is not fire, but fire, not burning our mouths, burning our tongues, this pseudonym. But if you don't say fire, how can people understand that you mean fire? Let me understand here that this is a false statement. What about Buddha? Buddha is not Buddha, that's the meaning. So Subhuti, the Tathagata, said, ' If there is me, there is no me.' Tathagata said: I am not me. However, ordinary people are persistent, saying that I am not him or you, saying that I am me, respectively. Buddha said: Ordinary people think there is me. The Buddha was afraid of Subhuti clinging to the common people. The Tathagata said, ' The common people are not common people, but common people.' Every diamond sutra has a 30% discount, a pseudonym that follows the world, and an explicit truth. No, after that, they follow the world, so all Buddhas become Buddhas, and they also show that they are just like people. Just understand this truth. The Tathagata said that I am pure in nature, and that I am always happy and pure. I am always happy and clean, not ordinary people who are greedy, angry, stupid, ignorant and false, but I am false. Buddha said that I am always happy and I am clean and virtuous. Therefore, the ordinary people think it is me, and the ordinary people have me, some people, and some people's opinions. That is the ordinary people. Why? Is there birth and death in the heart of the common man, so it is called the common man. The heart of a saint has no birth and death. He is not the common man. The man who has realized Prajnaparamita is not the common man. The man who has lost the Prajnaparamita is the common man. Therefore, ordinary people are not ordinary people, and when ordinary people realize prajnaparamita, they are not ordinary people. Another kind of said, the heart can have some, can have some ordinary, the heart is incompetent, is not ordinary, is the equality law, the law is equal. It is the equality of the law and there is no superiority or inferiority, that is to say, the suspicion is completely removed, the transcendence is immediately entered, and Bodhi is established. That is the Buddha, and all beings are equal. Subhuti, what do you mean by cloud? Can you view the Tathagata in 32 phases? Subhuti, do you think Buddhism is thirty-two and eighty good? Subhuti said: So it is. Yes, it is like this. I view the Tathagata in 32 phases. The Buddha said Subhuti: If you look at the Tathagata in 32 phases, the wheel of the holy king is the Tathagata. If you think of yourself as a Tathagata with 32 phases, you are wrong. Why? There are also 32 phases in the runner king. isn't that why the runner king has become a Buddha? Hearing this, Subhuti made a wrong answer, so he quickly corrected it. Subhuti White Buddha said: Buddha, as I understand the meaning of Buddha, should not view the Tathagata in 32 phases. How should we view the Tathagata? Therefore, the dharma body is not a phase. Tathagata: such as person, such as motionless; Newcomers, come and not come. Should appear in the world, should appear. Dharma is dharma body, because Subhuti's perseverance has not been completely eliminated and there is still this problem. Therefore, the Buddha has raised such a question mark for him. It is supposed to be asked, but Subhuti does not know the meaning of Buddha, so he answered it easily and did not intend to answer it. If so, he is right. Buddha said he was wrong. What should he do? After the Buddha said this, he knew and understood that he did not view the Tathagata in 32 phases, because the runner king has 32 phases and is the same as the Buddha. The runner king is far from the Tathagata. How can he compare with the Tathagata? He saw that his thoughts and worries were not broken, so Subhuti immediately turned around and said that if I understood the meaning of Buddha and said that Buddha asked me, I answered casually. If you ask me further, I know what you mean. You should not look at the Tathagata with the thirty-two phases. You should not look at the Buddha with the thirty-two phases. Now Subhuti is completely clear. At this Prajna meeting, Subhuti has entered the realm of Great Bodhisattva. He is not the original two-way person, but only the person and me. He has already entered the court of justice, so he should not reply小丑带着一群坏人来进攻了，我可是在书上看到过，他以前，灭了很多城市，一直没人打得过他，就在人们没办法时，有五个元素战士用一把枪把他封印起来了，没想到他怎么又出来了，我们只能躲在家里，靠着望眼镜来观察外面的状况，小丑讲很多家破坏了，并杀死了很多乐高人，就在快要炸掉城市时，五个元素战士冲了出来，击退了很多怪物，最后把小丑击败了，看着保护家园的元素战士，一种强烈的想当元素战士的情感油然而生。红、黄、蓝、黑和我，也就是绿，共同决定去参加元素五年一度的元素战士选拨赛。首先，我们需要有很快的反应能力，四面八方都会有铁球悬浮在空中，任何一个铁球随时都会掉下来把我们压成泥。我一会跳过去，一会跳过来，一个也没打中，接下来又要有速度，一个个冲得比汽车还猛。最后，我们要用一堆破烂零件造东西，可以合作，我立刻叫来了红、黄、蓝、黑，我们用这些零件造了个巨大的机器人，每个部分都有一个人来操控，开始战斗就有人的东西坏了，我们接着去了小丑住的地方，听小丑的下一步计划，小丑一直抱怨皇帝不让他全国搜捕，他想了想，忽然叫了一声：“对啊！我可以把皇帝杀掉，然后自己再坐上皇位”。我想去告诉皇帝，但又怕皇帝不信，所以我们想出了个办法，小丑应该会制造一个大麻烦，让皇帝派走所有的守卫，再去偷偷杀掉皇帝，我们要在守卫刚走就立刻去告诉皇帝，小丑要来杀他，如果时间不够，小丑出门，红、黄、蓝和黑会去拦住小丑，让小丑越晚越好。果然，小丑派兵在很多地方制造了大麻烦，皇帝那派点兵，这派点兵，兵就没有了，我赶紧跑进皇宫里把事情告诉了皇帝，还让皇帝跟官员说，如果小丑来了，问他去哪了，你们就说我出去有事，很快就回来了。然后皇帝就和我出去把士兵们带回来，皇帝回来后小丑还没来，我就趁机躲在桌子下，又过来一会儿，小丑终于来了，这次小丑又给皇帝送来了一台乐高电脑，并教皇帝在上面玩游戏，皇帝玩的都停不下来了，小丑偷偷拿出了一把剑，用力向皇帝刺去，我使用木元素把剑挡住了有的还散架了，有的一踩就碎，有的一碰就碎，但最后还有一位强者靠着会飞来躲到现在，我们启动所以炮弹来炸他。最终，他在最后一刻被打了下来，我们胜了，还要五个乐高人也被留了下来接受训练跟着定位装置，我们到了一座火山脚下，我们坐着车一路开进了云里，可又不像云，因为云没有这么大一片的，听了当地居民的谈话，才知道这叫云海，在云海里的视线越来越模糊，能见度越来越低了，只能看见距离两米内的东西，突然，前面出现一块大石头，但司机有惊无险的躲了过去，可是又有一块大石头从山上飞了下来，车子也被撞到了很远的地方，还好经验丰富的老司机带我们走出了云海，来到了山上的火山脚下，一下车，我便马上冻的全身发抖，但我一转身，又被热得像夏天里的狗一样，真是冰火两重天啊！我们走着走着就要爬火山才行了，我们艰难的抓着山上突出的石头，一步一步往上爬，才爬到一半，黄就支撑不住了，他提醒我们别太累了时，脚没踩稳，掉了下去，但还好下面有个小平台，可黄还是受伤了，我们让黑去把黄送往附近的医院，其余人继续前进。等我们到山顶时，突然从旁边飞来了一桶油，让火山喷出了一点岩浆，差点溅到我身上来，幸好我躲得快，红和蓝一下子冲上去，想抓住扔油桶的人，但他们还不知道是小丑干的，此时，小丑又逃了，可我们再次用追踪器定位时，却发现定位显示在火山里，我们虽然觉得不可能，但还是去造了一艘高温潜水艇，再穿上防高温服，再叫上恢复了的黄，就开始下潜了，下潜一千米后还没见到任何可疑的东西，正当队员们准备放弃时，忽然出现一个房子一样的建筑，我们进去一看，什么也没找到，我们只好出去外面继续下潜，可温度升到四千度时已经不能再下潜了，已经是极限温度了，可定位显示小丑还在更深处，我们又不能下去抓小丑，也不能空手回去，我们只好把希望放在那像房子一样的建筑里，我们思考了很久也没想出一个办法我找到了他们并说明了情况后，市长又派了一百个乐高士兵去支援我们，二队也答应去支援我们。在过去的路上，我一直在通过装在红身上的微型摄像头找到他们。那个城堡的主人果然是小丑，他一副高兴的样子说：“这不是元素战士吗？想不到你们也有今天”。可小丑忽然又不高兴了，说：“怎么少了一个，绿呢？绿在哪？你们把他藏哪了”？“如果绿带着带着其他乐高人来救你们，你们就活不了了，他们关进监狱去”。小丑淡淡的说：“监狱里什么也没有，而且旁边关的都是前几天失踪的人，有些有用的可以去做士兵、？师和清洁工，没用的只可以被关着，并且只能吃别人吃的剩饭，有时候没有还吃不了。所以有人已经撑不住了，被活活饿死了”。我听到小丑说只能我一个人去救红他们，否则小丑就会杀了他们，但如果我不带士兵和二队，那我肯定打不过小丑，如果我带了军队，小丑又会把红他们杀掉，在我想不出办法时，白一看我这样，问我是不是有什么事，我把刚才看到的告诉白一，白一叫上了白二、白三、白四、白五一起来想办法，最后我们决定先让士兵造一百个救生船，然后我去城堡里吸引小丑的注意力，尽量拖延时间让二队去救红他们，再让五十个士兵去救其他被关在这里的乐高人，再留五十个士兵到大门口等我消息来支援我。我走到小丑面前，和小丑聊天，聊了很久，原来跟小丑聊天这么容易啊，我还以为小丑会怀疑呢，可小丑好像看出了我细微的变化，叫了诗歌乐高人去外面看看，回来后小丑一数。怎么只有九个回来了，这九个乐高人说他们中计了，有好多士兵在外面，那个乐高人死了。我知道情况不妙，赶紧呼叫了外面的士兵。然后小丑就让所有的乐高人来杀我，就在一堆乐高人围攻我，而且士兵又没来时，刚才那九个士兵跳过来，杀了好多小丑的军队，原来那九个乐高人分别是红、黄、蓝、黑、白一、白二、白三、白四、白五，我们一起战斗，打败了很多小丑的乐高人，最后我们去抓小丑，小丑坐上船逃了，我们也坐船追，市长也派了很多乐高军人一起去追小丑。就在快要抓住小丑时，小丑从船里拿出一个盒子，我们决定可能是什么危险的武器，一下子跳到他的船上按住了那个盒子，我们正想把盒子夺过来，黑却把盒子打掉在船上一时间洛克成为了名人。洛克感觉自己很有自信了，于是就乘车来到猫王国，他骄傲地对猫们说我：“看！我现在有多强大，我可以很容易就打败你们了。”于是，洛溪就和一支叫做加菲的猫进行决斗，结果洛溪惨败而归。洛溪终于知道了，漂亮的外表，不如有一个聪明的大脑由计算机程序控制研磨制作而成，尽显完美见红他们把我抬回床上，然后我就睡着了，我醒来时红他们说我已经睡了三天三夜，小丑已经把他能管的地方全部派兵搜捕我们，因为他和皇帝闹了点小矛盾，所以他不可以全国搜捕，说完蓝就给我拿了碗饭，我飞快的吃了下去，我完全恢复后就问二队怎么样
