HPV感染及其治疗方法丨医学英语视听学习

Human Papilloma virus (HPV)

人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）

Human Papilloma viruses, also called HPVs, make up a group of over 100 related viruses that infect people. Most HPVs can cause common skin warts, usually on the hands or feet. 

人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）由100多种感染人体的相关病毒组成。大多数HPV可引起常见的皮肤疣，这些皮肤疣通常分布于手或足部。

However, about 40 types of HPV affect the genitals, which are the sex organs on the outside of the body. These HPVs cause the most common sexually transmitted infections, illnesses transmitted from one person to another through sexual activity. 

然而，约40种HPV会影响人类生殖器，即人体外部性器官。这些HPV会导致最常见的性传播感染，即通过性行为，由一个人传播给其它人。

Some genital HPVs are low-risk and may only cause warts on and around the genitals and anus of both women and men. Rarely, these HPVs can also cause warts inside the mouth and throat. Other genital HPVs are high-risk. They can lead to cancer of the lower end of the woman’s uterus called the cervix.  

有些生殖器HPV是低风险的，可能仅引起男女生殖器和肛周疣。罕见地，这些HPV也可能引起口腔和咽喉疣。其它生殖器HPV是高风险的，它们可能导致女性子宫下端，即宫颈，发生癌变。

Less commonly, these HPVs can lead to other genital, oral, or anal cancers in both women and men. It’s important to know that most HPV infections cause no symptoms and the low-risk genital HPVs that cause warts are not an important cause of cancer.

此外，其它男女性生殖器、口腔或肛门癌并不常见。我们应该注意的是，大多数HPV感染不会出现症状，引起疣生成的低风险生殖器HPV不是癌症的主要诱发因素。

People infected with either a high-risk or low-risk genital HPV spread it through skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.  

高风险或低风险生殖器HPV感染患者在阴道交合、肛交或口交期间会经皮肤接触传播。

For infection to occur, HPV enters through tiny cuts in the skin around or inside the penis, vagina, throat, or anus. The virus makes it way down to the cells in the bottom or basal layer of skin and infects them. 

感染发生时，HPV经阴茎、阴道、喉咙或肛门周围或内部的皮肤微小破损进入人体。这些病毒一直运动至皮肤底部或基底层细胞，并感染它们。

As the infected cells divide, the virus begins to make copies of itself. Eventually, the infected cells move up through the skin layers, releasing new viruses that can spread the infection to other cells.

随着受感染的细胞分裂，病毒开始进行自我复制。最终，受感染的细胞向上通过皮肤层，释放可以感染其它细胞的新病毒。

For most people, the cells of the immune system can destroy the infected cells along with the virus within two years, but in some people, the immune system isn’t able to destroy all the viruses, leading to an infection that doesn’t go away. HPV-infected cells may multiply over several weeks or months. 

对于大多数人而言，在两年内，免疫系统的细胞可以摧毁受感染的细胞和病毒，但是一些人的免疫系统无法摧毁所有的病毒，所以并没有摆脱感染。HPV感染的细胞可能在数周或数月内增殖。

If the cells are infected with low-risk HPV, they begin to form warts around the genitals. If the HPV is high-risk, it may damage the cells’ genetic material, causing the cells to become precancerous.

如果细胞感染了低风险HPV，它们会引起生殖器周围形成疣。高风险的HPV可能会损害细胞的遗传物质，使细胞发生癌前病变。

Over a period of years, a cancerous tumor may slowly form as the damaged cells continue to multiply. The most common cancer from high-risk genital HPV is cervical cancer. There is no cure for any type of HPV infection, however, the Gardasil vaccine can help protect against two of the most common high-risk HPVs that cause genital cancers. The vaccine also helps protect against two of the most common low-risk HPVs that cause genital warts. 

多年后，随着受损细胞不断增殖，可能会逐渐形成恶性肿瘤。高风险生殖器HPV引发的最常见的癌症是宫颈癌。我们无法治愈HPV感染，但是Gardasil疫苗可以预防引发生殖器癌的两种最常见的高风险HPV。这种疫苗还有助于预防引发生殖器疣的两种最常见的低风险HPV。

For best protection, pre-teen girls and boys should receive three doses of the vaccine over a period of six-months before any sexual activity takes place. The vaccine injects dead proteins from HPV viruses into the bloodstream. These proteins don’t cause infection, but the proteins do stimulate certain immune cells to create markers called antibodies that can identify these HPVs. Later, if the live version of these viruses invade the skin, these antibodies recognize and attach to them. 

为确保安全，青少年男女应该在发生性行为前的六个月内注射三剂疫苗。该疫苗是将HPV病毒的死蛋白注射入机体血液中。这些蛋白不会引起感染，但是会刺激某些免疫细胞产生可以识别这些HPV的标记物，即抗体。之后，如果这些病毒活体侵入皮肤，抗体会识别它们，并与之结合。

These immune cells destroy the marked viruses, which prevents an infection from happening. It is important to note that the vaccine does not protect against other types of HPV not included in the vaccine. The vaccine also doesn’t reliably treat cells that are already infected. High-risk genital HPVs that cause cervical cancer are most treatable when diagnosed early. 

免疫细胞会摧毁被标记的病毒，预防感染。需要注意的是，Gardasil疫苗并不能预防其他不受其控制的HPV，也不能真正的治疗已经受感染的细胞。早期诊断最可能治愈引发宫颈癌的高风险生殖器HPV。

Women should have a Pap test to see if their cervix has abnormal or precancerous cells even if they’ve had a HPV vaccine. Check with a healthcare provider to find out how often to get this test. 

即使已经注射HPV疫苗，女性朋友们也应当进行Pap检查，确定自身宫颈细胞是否异常或成为癌前细胞。关于多久进行这项检查，大家可以咨询医生。

During this procedure, a healthcare professional will collect a small sample of cells from the cervix. These cells will be examined under a microscope to see if they’re abnormal or cancerous. A separate HPV test will look for genetic material from high-risk types of HPV. When a Pap test and HPV test are done together, it’s called contesting. 

检查期间，医生会收集少量宫颈细胞样本，将这些样本置于显微镜下，观察是否异常或癌变。单独的HPV检查有助于发现高风险HPV的遗传物质。我们将同时进行Pap检查和HPV检查称为“联合检测”。

If these tests show abnormal cells, a healthcare provider will recommend specific treatment based on the woman’s age, medical history, and the abnormality of her cells.

如果这些检查均显示细胞发生异常，医生将根据患者年龄、病史及异常细胞推荐具体的治疗方案。

While there is no cure for an HPV infection, both abnormal and cancerous cells can be treated. Some types of HPV can cause common skin warts or genital warts. The warts may go away without treatment as the immune system fights off the HPV infection.

虽然无法治愈HPV感染，但是可以治疗异常和癌变细胞。某些类型的HPV可引起常见的皮肤疣或生殖器疣。由于免疫系统可以抵御HPV感染，这些疣不经治疗也可能会消失。 

If the warts are painful or don’t go away, visit a healthcare provider, so they can examine the warts to determine the best way to remove them. Although you can treat common warts at home, do not treat genital warts yourself. 

如果疣非常疼痛或未消退，则应拜访医生，他们可以通过检查，确定去除疣的最佳方案。患者虽然可以自己治疗普通疣，但是无法治疗生殖器疣。

Procedures to remove either common warts or genital warts include freezing with cryotherapy, burning with an electric current called electrocautery, or by surgical removal. 

去除普通疣或生殖器疣的方式包括冷冻祛除、电流灼烧（电灼术）、或手术祛除。

For more information, talk to a healthcare professional.

更多详情，请咨询医生。