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从“鸟类快绝种了”谈汉语名词的类指
李旭平
提要
本文旨在探讨汉语中“名类”复合词的语义特点。我们认为“名类”和普通光杆名词都属于类指表达，但是“名类”所表示的类指物体只能谓词化为由“表类个体”构成的集合，其相应的语义类型为 <k, t>，而不能是类型为<e, t>的个体集合。复合词“名类”是量词短语“类＋名”相对的名词化形式，但它所表示的类指个体必须属于大众分类学中的“基本范畴”。我们认为，汉语的光杆名词表示类指时，它的语义内涵类似于英语的光杆复数形式，而复合词“名类”语义更加接近英语“the+N” 这一类指短语。
关键词
类指，量词，光杆名词，名类
A Note on Reference to Kinds in Mandarin:
The N-leikind Compound
XuPing Li
Abstract
This squib examines a special kind-referring expression in Mandarin Chinese, the N-leikind compound. We show that like Mandarin bare nouns, N-leikind compounds also denote kinds, but they can only be instantiated by sets of (sub)kind entities at type <k, t>, and not sets of individuals at type <e, t>. Specifically, those kind entities belong to basic-level categories in some folk taxonomy. We claim that N-lei is the nominalization counterpart of the classifier phrase lei-N, and it denotes superkinds, which are instantiated by sets of subkind entities. Accordingly, Mandarin bare nouns are comparable to bare plurals in English, whereas N-lei is comparable to definite singulars in English.
Keywords
kind terms, bare noun, kind classifier, N-lei
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